Malathion

Names
Other names| 2-(Dimethoxyphosphinothioylthio) butanedioic acid diethyl ester
Malathion
Carbofos
Maldison
Mercaptothion
Ortho malathion

IUPAC name

* Diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]butanedioate

Chemical and physical data
Formula| C10H19O6PS2
Molar mass| 330.358021
3D model (JSmol)|

* Interactive image

Density| 1.23 g/cm3 g/cm3
Boiling point| at 0.7 mmHg
Solubility in water| 145 mg/L at 20 °C[1] mg/mL (20 °C)

SMILES

* O=C(OCC)C(SP(=S)(OC)OC)CC(=O)OCC

InChI

* InChI=1S/C10H19O6PS2/c1-5-15-9(11)7-8(10(12)16-6-2)19-17(18,13-3)14-4/h8H,5-7H2,1-4H3 Y

* Key:JXSJBGJIGXNWCI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y

Malathion is an organophosphate insecticide which acts as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. In the USSR, it was known as carbophos, in New Zealand and Australia as maldison and in South Africa as mercaptothion.

## Contents

* 1 Use
* 1.1 Medical
* 1.2 Pesticide
* 2 Side effects
* 2.1 Cancer
* 3 Mechanism of action
* 4 Production method
* 5 Other animals
* 5.1 Amphibians
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links

## Use[edit | edit source]

### Medical[edit | edit source]

Malathion in low doses (0.5% preparations) is used as a treatment for:

* Head lice and body lice. Malathion is approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for treatment of pediculosis.[5][6] It is claimed to effectively kill both the eggs and the adult lice, but in fact has been shown in UK studies to be only 36% effective on head lice, and less so on their eggs.[7] This low efficiency was noted when malathion was applied to lice found on schoolchildren in the Bristol area in the UK, and it is assumed[by whom?] to be caused by the lice having developed resistance against malathion.
* Scabies[8]

Preparations include Derbac-M, Prioderm, Quellada-M[9] and Ovide.[10]

### Pesticide[edit | edit source]

Malathion is a pesticide that is widely used in agriculture, residential landscaping, public recreation areas, and in public health pest control programs such as mosquito eradication.[11] In the US, it is the most commonly used organophosphate insecticide.[12]

A malathion mixture with corn syrup was used in the 1980s in Australia and California to combat the Mediterranean fruit fly.[13] In Canada and the US starting in the early 2000s, malathion was sprayed in many cities to combat west Nile virus.[14] Malathion was used over the last couple of decades on a regular basis during summer months to kill mosquitoes, but homeowners were allowed to exempt their properties if they chose.[citation needed] Today, Winnipeg is the only major city in Canada with an ongoing malathion adult-mosquito-control program.[15][16]

## Side effects[edit | edit source]

Malathion is of low toxicity. Its metabolite malaoxon is 61x more toxic,[17] being a more potent inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase.[18]

According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, no reliable information is available on adverse health effects of chronic exposure.[19] In 1981, B. T. Collins,[20] director of the California Conservation Corps, publicly swallowed a mouthful of dilute malathion solution to demonstrate its safety following an outbreak of Mediterranean fruit flies in California. Malathion was sprayed over a 1,400 sq mi (3,600 km2) area to control the flies.[21]

### Cancer[edit | edit source]

Malathion is classified by the IARC as probable carcinogen (group 2A). Malathion is classified by US EPA as having "suggestive evidence of carcinogenicity".[22] This classification was based on the occurrence of liver tumors at excessive doses in mice and female rats and the presence of rare oral and nasal tumors in rats that occurred following exposure to very large doses. Exposure to organophosphates is associated with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Malathion used as a fumigant was not associated with increased cancer risk. Between 1993 and 1997, as part of the Agricultural Health Study, no clear association between malathion exposure and cancer was reported.[23]

## Mechanism of action[edit | edit source]

Malathion is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, a diverse family of chemicals. Upon uptake into the target organism, it binds irreversibly to the serine residue in the active catalytic site of the cholinesterase enzyme. The resultant phosphoester group is strongly bound to the cholinesterase, and irreversibly deactivates the enzyme which leads to rapid build-up of acetylcholine at the synapse.[24]

## Production method[edit | edit source]

Malathion is produced by the addition of dimethyl dithiophosphoric acid to diethyl maleate or diethyl fumarate. The compound is chiral but is used as a racemate.

## Other animals[edit | edit source]

### Amphibians[edit | edit source]

Malathion is toxic to leopard frog tadpoles.[25]

## See also[edit | edit source]

* Isomalathion
* 1989 California medfly attack
* Pesticide toxicity to bees

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ↑ Tomlin, C.D.S. (ed.). The Pesticide Manual - World Compendium, 11th ed., British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, England 1997, p. 755
2. ↑ Hansch, C., Leo, A., D. Hoekman. Exploring QSAR - Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society., 1995., p. 80
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0375". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Malathion". Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH). National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
5. ↑ "Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pediculosis capitis (head lice) in children and adults 2008". National Guideline Clearinghouse. Archived from the original on 2013-02-26. Retrieved 2013-01-22.
6. ↑ Amy J. McMichael; Maria K. Hordinsky (2008). Hair and Scalp Diseases: Medical, Surgical, and Cosmetic Treatments. Informa Health Care. pp. 289–. ISBN 978-1-57444-822-1. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
7. ↑ Downs AM, Stafford KA, Harvey I, Coles GC (1999). "Evidence for double resistance to permethrin and malathion in head lice". Br. J. Dermatol. 141 (3): 508–11. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1999.03046.x. PMID 10583056. S2CID 25087526.
8. ↑ Julia A. McMillan; Ralph D. Feigin; Catherine DeAngelis; M. Douglas Jones (1 April 2006). Oski's pediatrics: principles & practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1–. ISBN 978-0-7817-3894-1. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
9. ↑ British National Formulary 54th Ed. Sept 2007. ISBN 978-0-85369-736-7. ISSN 0260-535X
10. ↑ "AHFS Drug Information". American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. 13 January 2011. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2011.
11. ↑ Malathion for mosquito control Archived 2011-03-07 at the Wayback Machine, US EPA
12. ↑ Bonner MR, Coble J, Blair A, et al. (2007). "Malathion Exposure and the Incidence of Cancer in the Agricultural Health Study". American Journal of Epidemiology. 166 (9): 1023–1034. doi:10.1093/aje/kwm182. PMID 17720683.
13. ↑ Edwards JW, Lee SG, Heath LM, Pisaniello DL (2007). "Worker exposure and a risk assessment of malathion and fenthion used in the control of Mediterranean fruit fly in South Australia". Environ. Res. 103 (1): 38–45. Bibcode:2007ER....103...38E. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2006.06.001. PMID 16914134.
14. ↑ Shapiro, H.; Micucci, S. (2003-05-27). "Pesticide use for West Nile virus". Canadian Medical Association Journal. 168 (11): 1427–1430. PMC 155959. PMID 12771072. "An extensive re-evaluation of malathion was completed by the US Environmental Protection Agency in 2000. The PMRA has also re-evaluated malathion and approved its use as a mosquito adulticide."
15. ↑ Winnipeg, City of. "Insect Control - Public Works - City of Winnipeg". winnipeg.ca. Archived from the original on 2021-09-05. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
16. ↑ "Malathion winnipeg". www.podolsky.ca. Archived from the original on 2016-09-16. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
17. ↑ Edwards D (2006). "Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Malathion" (PDF). US Environmental Protection Agency - Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances EPA 738-R-06-030 Journal: 9. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
18. ↑ Rodriguez, O. P.; Muth, G. W.; Berkman, C. E.; Kim, K.; Thompson, C. M. (February 1997). "Inhibition of various cholinesterases with the enantiomers of malaoxon". Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 58 (2): 171–176. doi:10.1007/s001289900316. ISSN 0007-4861. PMID 8975790. S2CID 29903092.
19. ↑ "US Department of Health and Human Services: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry - Medical Management Guidelines for Malathion". Archived from the original on 2008-03-31. Retrieved 2008-04-02.
20. ↑ "California Death Index, 1940-1997 [Database Online]". Provo, Utah: The Generations Network. 2000. Archived from the original on 2012-09-30. Retrieved 2009-12-14.
21. ↑ Bonfante, Jordan (1990-01-08). "Medfly Madness". TIME. Archived from the original on July 24, 2008. Retrieved May 21, 2009.
22. ↑ Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Malathion (Revised) Archived 2017-04-30 at the Wayback Machine, US EPA, May 2009
23. ↑ "Active Ingredient Fact Sheets". npic.orst.edu. Archived from the original on 2019-12-12. Retrieved 2021-10-26.
24. ↑ Colovic, Mirjana B.; Krstic, Danijela Z.; Lazarevic-Pasti, Tamara D.; Bondzic, Aleksandra M.; Vasic, Vesna M. (2013). "Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: Pharmacology and Toxicology". Current Neuropharmacology. 11 (3): 315–335. doi:10.2174/1570159X11311030006. PMC 3648782. PMID 24179466.
25. ↑ "Low Concentrations Of Pesticides Can Become Toxic Mixture For Amphibians". Science Daily. November 18, 2008. Archived from the original on June 30, 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2012.

## External links[edit | edit source]

Identifiers:|

* ATC code:

* P03AX03 (WHO)

* CAS Number: 121-75-5 Y
* PubChem CID: 4004
* DrugBank:

* DB00772 Y

* ChemSpider:

* 3864 Y

* UNII:

* U5N7SU872W

* KEGG:

* D00534 Y

* ChEBI:

* CHEBI:6651

* ChEMBL:

* ChEMBL1200468 N

|

* Malathion Technical Fact Sheet - National Pesticide Information Center Archived 2015-04-05 at the Wayback Machine
* Malathion General Fact Sheet - National Pesticide Information Center Archived 2021-02-12 at the Wayback Machine
* Malathion Pesticide Information Profile - Extension Toxicology Network Archived 2021-04-11 at the Wayback Machine
* ATSDR ToxFAQs
* CDC - NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards Archived 2021-03-21 at the Wayback Machine
* Re-evaluation of Malathion Archived 2011-01-12 at the Wayback Machine by the Pest Management Regulatory Agency of Canada
* Malathion in the Pesticide Properties DataBase (PPDB)

* v
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Ectoparasiticides / arthropod (P03A)

Insecticide/pediculicide|

| Chlorine-containing products|

* Lindane

|

Chloride channel|

* Ivermectin

Organophosphate|

* Malathion

Acaricide/miticide/scabicide|

| Pyrethrines|

* Permethrin#
* Pyrethrum
* Phenothrin
* Bioallethrin

|

Chloride channel|

* Ivermectin

Sulfur-containing products|

* Disulfiram
* Dixanthogen
* Mesulfen
* Thiram

Chlorine-containing products|

* Lindane

Benzoate|

* Benzyl benzoate#

Organophosphate|

* Malathion

Other/ungrouped|

* Dimethicone
* Quassia
* toluidine (Crotamiton)

* #WHO-EM
* ‡Withdrawn from market
* Clinical trials:
* †Phase III
* §Never to phase III

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Pest control: Insecticides

Carbamates|

* Aldicarb
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Inorganic compounds|

* Aluminium phosphide
* Boric acid
* Chromated copper arsenate
* Copper(II) arsenate
* Copper(I) cyanide
* Cryolite
* Diatomaceous earth
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Insect growth regulators|

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Organochlorides|

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Organophosphorus|

* Acephate
* Azamethiphos
* Azinphos-methyl
* Bensulide
* Chlorethoxyfos
* Chlorfenvinphos
* Chlorpyrifos
* Chlorpyrifos-methyl
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* Diisopropyl fluorophosphate
* Dimefox
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* Ethion
* Ethoprop
* Fenamiphos
* Fenitrothion
* Fenthion
* Fosthiazate
* Isoxathion
* Malathion
* Methamidophos
* Methidathion
* Mevinphos
* Mipafox
* Monocrotophos
* Naled
* Omethoate
* Oxydemeton-methyl
* Parathion
* Parathion-methyl
* Phenthoate
* Phorate
* Phosalone
* Phosmet
* Phoxim
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* Quinalphos
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* Tribufos
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Pyrethroids|

* Acrinathrin
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* Bifenthrin
* Bioallethrin
* Cyfluthrin
* Cyhalothrin
* Cypermethrin
* Cyphenothrin
* Deltamethrin
* Empenthrin
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* Pyrethrum
* Resmethrin
* Silafluofen
* Tefluthrin
* Tetramethrin
* Tralomethrin
* Transfluthrin

Ryanoids|

* Chlorantraniliprole
* Cyantraniliprole
* Flubendiamide
* Ryanodine
* Ryanodol

Other chemicals|

* Afoxolaner
* Amitraz
* Azadirachtin
* Buprofezin
* Chlordimeform
* Chlorfenapyr
* Cyromazine
* Fenazaquin
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* Fipronil
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* Sesamex
* Spinosad
* Sulfluramid
* Tebufenozide
* Tebufenpyrad
* Veracevine
* Xanthone
* Metaflumizone

Metabolites|

* Oxon
* Malaoxon
* Paraoxon
* TCPy

Biopesticides|

* Bacillus thuringiensis
* Baculovirus
* Beauveria bassiana
* Beauveria brongniartii
* Metarhizium acridum
* Metarhizium anisopliae
* Nomuraea rileyi
* Lecanicillium lecanii
* Paecilomyces fumosoroseus
* Paenibacillus popilliae
* Purpureocillium lilacinum

* v
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Acetylcholine metabolism and transport modulators

Enzyme
(modulators)|

| ChAT|

* Inhibitors: 1-(-Benzoylethyl)pyridinium
* 2-(α-Naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium
* 3-Chloro-4-stillbazole
* 4-(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine
* Acetylseco hemicholinium-3
* Acryloylcholine
* AF64A
* B115
* BETA
* CM-54,903
* N,N-Dimethylaminoethylacrylate
* N,N-Dimethylaminoethylchloroacetate

|

AChE|

* Inhibitors: Reversible: Carbamates: Aldicarb
* Aminocarb
* Bendiocarb
* Bufencarb
* Carbaryl
* Carbendazim
* Carbetamide
* Carbofuran
* Carbosulfan
* Chlorbufam
* Chloropropham
* Dimetilan
* Ethienocarb
* Ethiofencarb
* Fenobucarb
* Formetanate
* Formparanate
* Methiocarb
* Methomyl
* Metolcarb
* Miotine
* Oxamyl
* Phenmedipham
* Pinmicarb
* Pirimicarb
* Propamocarb
* Propham
* Propoxur
* Thiofanox; Stigmines: Distigmine
* Eptastigmine
* Ganstigmine
* Neostigmine
* Phenserine
* Physostigmine
* Pyridostigmine
* Quilostigmine
* Rivastigmine
* Terestigmine; Others: Acotiamide
* Ambenonium
* Caffeine
* Donepezil
* EA-3990
* EA-4056
* Edrophonium
* Galantamine
* Huperzine A
* Ipidacrine
* Itopride
* Ladostigil
* Minaprine
* Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)
* T-1123
* TL-599
* TL-1238
* Tacrine
* Zanapezil

* Irreversible: Organophosphates: 2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate
* Acephate
* Guanitoxin
* Armine
* Azinphos-ethyl
* Azinphos-methyl
* BAY-29952
* Bensulide
* Cadusafos
* Carbophenothion
* Chlorethoxyfos
* Chlorfenvinphos
* Chlorpyrifos
* Chlorpyrifos-methyl
* Coumaphos
* Crotylsarin
* Cyanophos
* Cyclosarin (GF)
* Demephion
* Demeton
* Demeton-S-methyl
* Dialifor
* Diazinon
* Dichlorvos
* Dicrotophos
* Diisopropyl fluorophosphate
* Diisopropylphosphate
* Dimefox
* Dimethoate
* Dimethyl 4-(methylthio)phenyl phosphate
* Dioxathion
* Disulfoton
* EA-2012
* EA-2054
* EA-2098
* EA-2192
* EA-2613
* EA-3148
* EA-4352
* Echothiophate
* Ethylsarin (GE)
* Endothion
* Ethion
* Ethoprop
* Fenamiphos
* Fenitrothion
* Fenthion
* Fluorotabun
* Fonofos
* Formothion
* Fosthiazate
* GD-42
* GH
* GT-45
* GV
* Hexaethyl tetraphosphate
* Isofluorophate
* Isoxathion
* Leptophos
* Malaoxon
* Malathion
* Methamidophos
* Methidathion
* Methyl phenkapton
* Methylfluorophosphonylcholine (MFPCh)
* Metrifonate
* Mevinphos
* Mipafox
* Monocrotophos
* Naled
* Novichok agent
* Omethoate
* Oxydemeton-methyl
* Paraoxon
* Parathion
* Parathion-methyl
* Phorate
* Phosalone
* Phosfolan
* Phosmet
* Phosphamidon
* Phoxim
* Pirimiphos-methyl
* Profenofos
* Prothoate
* Ro 3-0340
* Ro 3-0346
* Ro 3-0347
* Ro 3-0351
* Ro 3-0352
* Ro 3-0397
* Ro 3-0411
* Ro 3-0412
* Ro 3-0417
* Ro 3-0419
* Ro 3-0422
* Ro 3-0433
* Sarin (GB)
* Schradan
* Soman (GD)
* Tabun (GA)
* Tebupirimfos
* Temefos
* Terbufos
* Tetrachlorvinphos
* Tetraethyl pyrophosphate
* Triazofos
* Tribufos
* Trichlorfon
* Trichloronate
* Tricresyl phosphate
* VE
* VG
* VM
* VP
* VS
* VR
* VX; Others: Demecarium
* Fasciculins (green mamba toxins) (1, 2, 3, 4)
* Onchidal (Onchidella binneyi)
* Methanesulfonyl fluoride

* Unsorted: α-Pinene
* α-Viniferin
* Affinine
* Affinisine
* Arisugacin A
* Bulbocapnine
* Conodurine
* Coronaridine
* Corydaline
* Corynoline
* Crimidine
* Cyclanoline
* Cymserine
* Harmaline
* Kobophenol A
* Lactucopicrin
* Lycorine
* Phosacetim
* Rosmarinic acid
* Stercuronium iodide
* Taspine
* Tetrahydrocannabinol
* Ungeremine
* Ungiminorine
* Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride
* BW284C51
* TMTFA

* Reactivators: Asoxime chloride
* Methoxime
* Obidoxime
* Pralidoxime
* Trimedoxime bromide

BChE|

* Inhibitors: Affinine
* Affinisine
* Conodurine
* Cymserine
* Ladostigil
* Profenamine (ethopropazine)
* Rivastigmine
* Tacrine
* ZINC-12613047
* Many of the other AChE inhibitors listed above

Transporter
(modulators)|

| CHT|

* Inhibitors: Hemicholinium-3 (hemicholine)
* Triethylcholine

* Enhancers: Coluracetam

|

VAChT|

* Inhibitors: Vesamicol

Release
(modulators)|

| Inhibitors|

* SNAP-25 inactivators: Botulinum toxin (A, C, E)

* VAMP inactivators: Botulinum toxin (B, D, F, G)

* Others: Bungarotoxins (β-bungarotoxin, γ-bungarotoxin)

|

Enhancers|

* LPHN agonists: α-Latrotoxin

* Others: Atracotoxins (e.g., robustoxin, versutoxin)
* Crotoxin

See also: Receptor/signaling modulators • Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators • Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators

* v
* t
* e

Consumer food safety

Adulterants, food contaminants|

* 3-MCPD
* Aldicarb
* Antibiotic use in livestock
* Cyanide
* Formaldehyde
* HGH controversies
* Lead poisoning
* Melamine
* Mercury in fish
* Sudan I

Flavorings|

* Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
* Salt
* Sugar
* High-fructose corn syrup

Intestinal parasites and parasitic disease|

* Amoebiasis
* Anisakiasis
* Cryptosporidiosis
* Cyclosporiasis
* Diphyllobothriasis
* Enterobiasis
* Fasciolopsiasis
* Fasciolosis
* Giardiasis
* Gnathostomiasis
* Paragonimiasis
* Toxoplasmosis
* Trichinosis
* Trichuriasis

Microorganisms|

* Botulism
* Campylobacter jejuni
* Clostridium perfringens
* Cronobacter
* Enterovirus
* Escherichia coli O104:H4
* Escherichia coli O157:H7
* Hepatitis A
* Hepatitis E
* Listeria
* Norovirus
* Rotavirus
* Salmonella
* Vibrio cholerae

Pesticides|

* Chlorpyrifos
* DDT
* Lindane
* Malathion
* Methamidophos

Preservatives|

* Benzoic acid
* Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
* Sodium benzoate

Sugar substitutes|

* Acesulfame potassium
* Aspartame
* Saccharin
* Sodium cyclamate
* Sorbitol
* Sucralose

Toxins, poisons, environment pollution|

* Aflatoxin
* Arsenic contamination of groundwater
* Benzene in soft drinks
* Bisphenol A
* Dieldrin
* Diethylstilbestrol
* Dioxin
* Mycotoxins
* Nonylphenol
* Shellfish poisoning

Food contamination incidents|

* Devon colic
* Swill milk scandal
* Esing Bakery incident
* 1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
* 1900 English beer poisoning
* Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
* Minamata disease
* 1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
* Toxic oil syndrome
* 1985 diethylene glycol wine scandal
* UK mad cow disease outbreak
* 1993 Jack in the Box E. coli outbreak
* 1996 Odwalla E. coli outbreak
* 2006 North American E. coli outbreaks
* ICA meat repackaging controversy
* 2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
* 2008 Chinese milk scandal
* 2008 Irish pork crisis
* 2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
* 2011 Germany E. coli outbreak
* 2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
* 2013 Bihar school meal poisoning
* 2013 horse meat scandal
* 2015 Mozambique beer poisoning
* 2017 Brazil weak meat scandal
* 2017–18 South African listeriosis outbreak
* 2018 Australian rockmelon listeriosis outbreak
* 2018 Australian strawberry contamination
* Food safety incidents in China
* Food safety incidents in Taiwan
* Food safety in Australia
* Foodborne illness
* outbreaks
* death toll
* United States

Regulation, standards, watchdogs|

* Acceptable daily intake
* E number
* Food labeling regulations
* Food libel laws
* International Food Safety Network
* ISO 22000
* Nutrition facts label
* Organic certification
* The Non-GMO Project
* Quality Assurance International
* Food Standards Agency

Institutions|

* Institute for Food Safety and Health
* European Food Safety Authority
* Food and Drug Administration
* International Food Safety Network
* Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
* Food Information and Control Agency (Spain)
* Centre for Food Safety (Hong Kong)
* Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (South Korea)

*[CID]: Compound ID
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[ChAT]: Choline acetyltransferase
*[AChE]: Acetylcholinesterase
*[BChE]: Butyrylcholinesterase
*[CHT]: Choline transporter
*[VAChT]: Vesicular acetylcholine transporter
*[SNAP-25]: Synaptosomal-associated protein 25
*[VAMP]: Vesicle-associated membrane protein
*[LPHN]: Latrophilin