Alker

Short description: Earth-based stabilized building material

Alker is an earth-based stabilized building material produced by the addition of gypsum, lime, and water to earth with the appropriate granulometric structure and with a cohesive property. Unbaked and produced on-site either as adobe blocks or by pouring into mouldings (the rammed earth technique), it has significant economical and ecological advantages.[1] Its physical and mechanical properties are superior to traditional earth construction materials, and are comparable to other stabilized earthen materials. The ratios of the mixture are determined in accordance with the purpose of construction. Alker has primarily been used as a wall construction material; for this purpose, the addition of 8-10% gypsum, 2.5-5% lime, and 20% water to earth produces optimum results[citation needed]. These ratios may change according to the nature and content of clay in the soil.

## Contents

* 1 Research
* 2 Properties
* 3 References
* 4 Further reading

## Research

The initial research for Alker was completed in 1980 at the Faculty of Architecture of Istanbul Technical University.[2] The word Alker is an abbreviation combining the first syllables of the Turkish words for Gypsum (Alçı) and Adobe (Kerpiç). Alker was inspired by a traditional plaster material consisting of a mixture of earth, gypsum and lime, which has been in use in the earthen architecture of Anatolia since the neolithic era due to its high water resistance.[3] The initial project for Alker was based on the addition only of gypsum to earth with the appropriate qualities. The addition of lime was introduced later, and improved the material's earthquake resistant properties. Research on the properties and application methods of Alker has continued, mainly at Istanbul Technical University.[4][5][6][7][8]

Alker has been used in numerous constructions in Turkey, where it was first developed, as well as in other countries. One of the earliest among these, constructed in 1995 in Istanbul Technical University's Ayazağa Campus, has been in continuous use without needing significant repair. In this particular construction process, the material was poured into mouldings and rammed, with a view to exploring possibilities for mass construction with Alker.

## Properties

Alker is characterized by its quick setting time (approximately 20 minutes), hence preventing clay shrinkage and eliminating the need for curing and drying processes. If needed, a retarding agent may also be added to the mixture. It is a porous material with a lower volumetric weight, and nearly four times more pressure resistance compared to traditional earthen wall materials. Structurally, Alker is comparable to concrete as a conglomerate material. It must be noted however that while properties of concrete improve in direct ratio to the amount of cement it contains, increased amounts of clay (the binding element) in the Alker mixture have negative effects on its physical properties, particularly in terms of pressure and erosion resistance.[9]

Alker exhibits high resistance to water-related erosion, in contrast to traditional unbaked earthen building materials which are characterized by poor resistance to water. In erosion tests pure earthen materials completely dissolve; the erosion rate in Alker is minimal. The material gains a rigidity of 0.375 MPa during the setting process, within the first twenty minutes after pouring. It gains rigidity while containing 20% moisture, which makes it possible to remove mouldings and stack blocks shortly after pouring the material.[10]

Its unit weight is lower than those of comparable building materials. Its shrinkage and expansion rates are low, and are comparable to those of concrete. As such, it can be poured continuously without necessitating a contraction joint. It is characterized by resistance to water and moisture. The ratio of lime in the mixture can be modified in order to eliminate water-related erosion. Experiments on capillary water absorption have shown that increased amounts of lime in the mixture results in an increase in quantity and in reduced width of capillary canals, proving the material's erosion resistance. Compressive and shear strength and modules of elasticity and rigidity present advantages in terms of earthquake resistance. Once the mixture is poured into a mould, the production process is completed, and a significant degree of rigidity is reached. It does not require curing and drying, providing economy of time, labor, and energy. Resistance to pressure is 3,5 - 4 MPa. The lime in the mixture reduces resistance to pressure to a minimal degree, while increasing elasticity and resistance to impact. During pressure tests cube-shaped blocks fracture in pyramidal forms, comparable to concrete blocks, and do not disintegrate in the way unstabilized earthen blocks do.[11]

Alker is not a patented material. It has been developed with the aim of creating a widely used low-cost Ecological Building material available for self-building as well as for larger sustainable architecture projects. A number of projects have been developed that are based on Alker (gypsum- and lime-stabilized earth) technology. Among these is cast earth, which uses the Alker mixture with the addition of a retarding agent in order to lengthen the setting time. If Alker is to be produced on the construction site, addition of a retarding agent is not necessary.

Stabilization of earth only with gypsum addition does not produce material with the same physical and mechanical properties as that with lime and gypsum addition, and increased amounts of gypsum result in raised costs.

## References

1. ↑ A Compendium of Information on Selected Low-cost Building Materials. United Nations Center for Human Settlements, 1986, p. 40; Sustainable Building Design Manual, vol. 2: Sustainable building design practices, (New Delhi: Energy and Resources Institute, 2004), pp. 121, 131; Horst Schroeder, Sustainable Building with Earth (Heidelberg, New York: Springer, 2016), pp. 320 ff.
2. ↑ Ruhi Kafescioğlu, Nihat Toydemir, Erol Gürdal ve Bülent Özüer, “Yapı Malzemesi Olarak Kerpicin Alçı ile Stabilizasyonu”, TÜBİTAK Mühendislik Araştırma Grubu, Proje no: 505, 1980.
3. ↑ Naumann, Rudolf, Architektur Kleinasiens von ihren Anfängen bis zum Ende der hethitischen Zeit (Tubingen: Wasmuth, 1971); Gourdin, W.H. and W.D. Kingery, “The Beginnings of Pyrotechnology: Neolithic and Egyptian Lime Plaster”, Journal of Field Archeology, v. 15 (1975):133-150.
4. ↑ Ruhi Kafescioğlu, “Thermal Properties of Mudbricks: the Example of Gypsum Stabilized Adobe,” Proceedings of the Expert Group Meeting on Energy-Efficient Building Materials for Low-Cost Housing, United Nations Human Settlement Division, Amman, 1987
5. ↑ Bilge Işık, Tugsad Tulbentci, Sustainable housing in island conditions using Alker-gypsum-stabilized earth: A case study from northern Cyprus, Building and Environment, Volume 43, Issue 9, September 2008, pp. 1426-1432
6. ↑ Ruhi Kafescioğlu, ”Gypsum-stabilized Adobe (Alker) Structures: An Evaluation of Their Social, Economic, and Environmental Advantages,” 8th International Seminar on Structural Masonry: Proceedings; 05-07 November 2008, ed. Leyla Tanaçan (Istanbul: Istanbul Technical University, 2008)
7. ↑ Bekir Pekmezci, Ruhi Kafescioğlu ve Ebrahim Aghazadeh, “Improved Performance of Earth Structures by Lime and Gypsum Addition,” METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 29(2012): 205-221
8. ↑ Burhan Çiçek, “Küreken 2013: Designing a New Village with Rammed Earthen Construction in Eastern Anatolia,” Vernacular Heritage and Earthen Architecture: Contributions for Sustainnable Development, ed. Correia and Rocha (London: Taylor and Francis, 2014), pp. 263-268.
9. ↑ B. Pekmezci, R. Kafescioglu and I. Aghazadeh, "Improved Performance of Earth Structures by Lime and Gypsum Addition," METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, v. 29, 2012, pp. 215-217
10. ↑ B. Pekmezci, R. Kafescioglu and I. Aghazadeh, "Improved Performance of Earth Structures by Lime and Gypsum Addition," METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, v. 29, 2012, pp. 206-209.
11. ↑ Ruhi Kafescioglu, "Gypsum-stabilized Adobe (Alker) Structures: An Evaluation of Their Social, Economic, and Environmental Advantages," 8th International Seminar on Structural Masonry: Proceedings, 05-07 November 2008, ed. L. Tanacan, Istanbul: ITU, 2008, pp. 51-59

## Further reading

* Bergaya, Faïza (ed.), Developments in Clay Science, c. 1, Netherlands: Elsevier, 2006.
* Işık, B., P. Özdemir ve H. Boduroğlu, “Earthquake Aspects of Proposing Gypsum Stabilized Earth (Alker) Construction for Housing in the Southeast (GAP) Area of Turkey”, Workshop on Recent Earthquakes and Disaster Prevention Management, Earthquake Disaster Prevention Research Center Project (JICA), General Directorate of Disaster Affairs (GDDA), Middle East Technical University, Ankara, 10–12 March 1999.
* Kafescioğlu, Ruhi, “Thermal Properties of Mudbricks: the Example of Gypsum Stabilized Adobe,” Proceedings of the Expert Group Meeting on Energy-Efficient Building Materials for Low-Cost Housing, United Nations Human Settlement Division, Amman, 1987.
* Kafescioğlu, Ruhi, Nihat Toydemir, Erol Gürdal ve Bülent Özüer, “Yapı Malzemesi Olarak Kerpicin Alçı ile Stabilizasyonu”, TÜBİTAK Mühendislik Araştırma Grubu, Proje no: 505, 1980.
* Pekmezci, Bekir, Ruhi Kafescioğlu ve Ebrahim Aghazadeh, “Improved Performance of Earth Structures by Lime and Gypsum Addition,” METU Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, c. 29, sayı 2, Ankara: ODTÜ, Şubat 2012, s. 205–221.
* Rael, Ronald, Earth Architecture, NY: Princeton Architectural Press, 2009.
* Schroeder, Horst, Lehmbau: Mit Lehm ökologisch planen und bauen, Almanya: Wieweg+Teubner, 2010.
* Schwalen, Harold C., “Effect of Soil Texture Upon the Physical Characteristics of Adobe Bricks,” Technical Bulletin, University of Arizona Agricultural Experiment Station, no. 58, 1935, s. 275–294.

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