Alcoholism

Alcoholism refers to addiction to alcoholic beverages. The medical term used to refer to alcoholism is alcohol dependence. A person can be diagnosed with alcohol dependence if at least three of these criteria occur during the same 12-month span: (a) tolerance (i.e., more alcohol is needed to produce the same effect); (b) alcohol withdrawal; (c) alcohol is used in larger amounts or over longer periods than intended (i.e., loss of control); (d) chronic desire or unsuccessful attempts to reduce drinking; (e) a great deal of time is spent obtaining or using alcohol; (f) other activities are reduced in order to use or recover from using alcohol; (g) drinking continues despite persistent problems that it either causes or makes worse.[1]

"Alcohol contributes to approximately 88,000 deaths annually in the US, making it the third leading preventable cause of death," and years are subtracted from life expectancy due to alcoholism.[2]

As with any addiction, both affirmative and defensive approaches can be helpful to overcome it. Developing healthy hobbies, particularly ones that actively use the mind such as writing, chess-playing, Bible-reading, and debate, can drive out the unhealthy habit of drinking alcohol.

## Contents

* 1 Causes
* 2 Health and other effects
* 3 Alcohol withdrawal
* 4 Treatment
* 5 The negative effects of excess alcohol use on an individual’s personality
* 6 Atheism and alcoholism
* 6.1 Secular countries/regions and alcoholism
* 6.2 Atheism, alcoholism and anger
* 6.3 Irreligion, alcoholism and various generations in the United States
* 6.4 Binge drinking and brain damage
* 6.5 Atheism, binge drinking and suicide
* 7 See also
* 8 References

## Causes[edit]

See also: Alcohol abuse

* ... one note is found to be common to all alcoholics - emotional immaturity. Closely related to this is an observation that an unusually large number of alcoholics start out in life as an only child, as a younger child, as the only boy in a family of girls or the only girl in a family of boys. Many have records of childhood precocity and were what are known as spoiled children. [1]

## Health and other effects[edit]

People with alcoholism have difficulty controlling their drinking, and thus tend to continue to drink despite problems that it causes. For example, being intoxicated or hung over can cause poor performance at school or work, leading to poor grades or loss of employment. Intoxication also impairs judgment, which may lead to legal problems when people engage in behaviors that they would think better of when sober (e.g., driving under the influence). Alcoholism can also be damaging to the family, leading to marital discord or divorce, and can contribute to domestic violence.

Alcohol intoxication is commonly associated with crime; in cases where husbands murder their wives, about 66% of the cases involved drinking.[3]

Chronic, heavy drinking also causes a number of health problems, including cirrhosis of the liver, heart disease, cancer, pancreatitis, sexual dysfunction, and alcohol-induced dementia.

## Alcohol withdrawal[edit]

As noted above, alcohol withdrawal is a primary feature of alcoholism. Withdrawal can occur when a person who is normally a heavy drinker tries to quit or is unable to obtain alcohol. Alcohol withdrawal can lead directly to death. Heavy drinking reduces the brain's supply of GABA. Both alcohol and GABA limit the firing of synapses in the brain. When neither is present in sufficient amounts, uncontrolled firing of synapses may occur, causing delirium tremens ("the DTs"). Symptoms of delirium tremens include hallucinations, convulsions, seizures, and heart failure. Delirium tremens can be controlled fairly easily with medical supervision, often with the use of benzodiazepines.

## Treatment[edit]

A number of methods to solve alcoholism are available for alcoholism, including faith in God, detoxification, psychotherapy, self-help groups, and medications.

Faith based

St. Paul defends his preaching (Giovanni Ricco)

The Apostle Paul wrote concerning drunkards and becoming free of enslavement to a drunken lifestyle:

“  |  Or do you not know that the unrighteous will not inherit the kingdom of God? Do not be deceived; neither fornicators, nor idolaters, nor adulterers, nor [a]effeminate, nor homosexuals, nor thieves, nor the covetous, nor drunkards, nor revilers, nor swindlers, will inherit the kingdom of God. Such were some of you; but you were washed, but you were sanctified, but you were justified in the name of the Lord Jesus Christ and in the Spirit of our God. - I Corinthians 6:9-11 (NASB)  |  ”

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The Bible teaches that excess alcohol use is a sin.[4] Bible believing Christians commonly assert that the root cause of alcoholism is often spiritual/character issues and through the power of God these can be addressed.[5]

Many troubled people turn to alcohol as a means to escape their personal problems rather than rely on the power of God.

Christian author Sue Earl wrote:

“  |  Is God absent in heaven? Has God become indifferent and cold like some men, who have totally destroyed their sense of feel, or is God suffering with the sufferers? Mankind tries to deaden pain with drugs, alcohol, escapism, but if we attempt to deaden the pain we become indifferent and lose the ability to love. God is not an arbitrary force or blind fate of destiny who has no feelings. God is love. Love has a cost — suffering. God cared so much about people's sufferings that He sent Jesus to suffer and die for mankind. Not only did Jesus suffer when He died, God suffered. Christ's suffering reveals a passionate and loving God. For God to be man's redeemer, He had to be involved in Jesus' death. God made atonement and took away sin.[6] |  ”

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Australian online opinion writer and lecturer in ethics and philosophy at several Melbourne theological colleges, Bill Muehlenberg, in his essay The Unbearable Heaviness of Being (In a World Without God) wrote:

“  |  Announcing, and believing, that God is dead has consequences. And it is we who suffer the most for it. We cannot bear the whole universe on our shoulders. We were not meant to. We must let God be God. Only then can men be men. Only then can we find the way forward to be possible, and the burdens not insurmountable.[7] |  ”

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Detoxification is an abrupt cessation of drinking, often accompanied by medications such as benzodiazepines to minimize withdrawal symptoms. Detoxification helps a person to cope with the physiological effects of chronic heavy drinking, but does not help with issues such as urges to drink or underlying reasons for alcohol dependence. Consequently, additional treatment is usually required for a successful outcome.

Psychotherapy for alcohol dependence can occur in individual or group format. This treatment helps an individual to be aware of underlying issues that may have led or contributed to alcoholism (e.g., depression). Psychotherapy also provides an individual with skills to help prevent relapse, such as avoiding situations in which not drinking would be difficult. As noted earlier, studies indicate that consumers of secular counseling psychology for alcoholism receive hardly any benefit at all.[8][9] For more information please see: Ineffectivness of counseling psychology

Self-help groups are commonly used by those suffering from alcoholism. The best known is Alcoholics Anonymous, in which members acknowledge their problems with alcohol and provide support for other members.

Medications are often used to discourage alcohol use. Antabuse (disulfiram) interrupts the metabolization of alcohol, increasing the amount of acetaldehyde in the body and leading to substantial hangover symptoms shortly after drinking and discouraging those who have taken the medication from drinking. Naltrexone is a medication that binds to opioid receptors in the brain, decreasing alcohol cravings and promoting abstinence.

## The negative effects of excess alcohol use on an individual’s personality[edit]

Alterations in four of the “Big Five” personality traits are linked to problematic alcohol use.[10]

The article Alcohol Use in Adults May Lead to Detrimental Personality Changes by Claire Wilcox, MD states:

“  |  Alterations in four of the “Big Five” personality traits are linked to problematic alcohol use.

Personality traits have been shown to contribute to problematic drinking; in some studies, higher extraversion, lower conscientiousness, lower agreeableness, and lower openness have predicted later greater alcohol use. However, the opposite is possible, as higher alcohol consumption in adolescents and young adults has been shown to predict higher neuroticism and lower conscientiousness. To learn whether alcohol use in adults predicts later changes in personality traits, researchers pooled data on 39,722 respondents from six longitudinal surveys conducted in Germany, Australia, and the U.S. (mean age, 52; 54% women).

Analyses adjusted for baseline personality trait score, age, sex, race/ethnicity, and the length of follow-up time. The four self-reported alcohol use variables at baseline (high average alcohol consumption, binge drinking, alcohol-related problems, and risky alcohol use [i.e., any of the other three variables]) predicted lower agreeableness and conscientiousness at follow-up (mean, 5.6 years). In addition, all baseline variables except alcohol consumption predicted lower emotional stability. Baseline risky drinking and high consumption predicted higher extraversion.

These results highlight the possibility of a vicious cycle, in which alcohol contributes to harmful personality change, which then contributes to greater drinking.[11]

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Northbound Treatment, which offers alcohol and drug treatment, has multiple locations throughout California. Northbound Treatment has an article entitled Common Alcoholic Personality Traits & Changes which discusses the short and long terms effects of excessive drinking effects on an individuals personality.

Psych Central features an article Does Drinking Alcohol Change Your Personality? which offers information on how alcohol affects brain function.

The journal article Are Changes in Personality Traits and Alcohol Use Associated? A Cohort Study Among Young Swiss Men published in the journal Frontiers in Psychiatry noted:

“  |  Results: Aggression–hostility, sensation seeking, and sociability were significantly and positively cross-sectionally associated with both alcohol use variables. Drinking volume and these three personality traits bidirectionally predicted each other. Binge drinking was bidirectionally associated with sensation-seeking only, whereas aggression–hostility and sociability only predicted binge drinking, but not vice versa. Changes in alcohol use were significantly positively associated with changes in aggression–hostility, sensation seeking, and sociability. Associations reached small Cohen's effect sizes for sociability and sensation seeking, but not for aggression–hostility. Associations with neuroticism–anxiety were mostly not significant.

Conclusion: The direction of effects confirmed findings from other studies, and the association between changes in personality and alcohol use support the idea that prevention programs should simultaneously target both.[12]

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According to the journal article Alcohol use and personality change in middle and older adulthood published in the journal the Journal of Personalized Medicine: "Findings from the Health and Retirement Study Latent difference score models indicated decreases in extraversion to be attenuated for individuals categorized as light-to-moderate drinkers at baseline, while decreases in conscientiousness were accentuated by having experienced alcohol dependence symptoms. Moreover, personality difference scores correlated with changes in the amount of alcohol consumed at follow-up."[13]

## Atheism and alcoholism[edit]

According to the World Health Organization's (WHO) regional office in Europe, "The WHO European Region has the highest proportion in the world of total ill health and premature death due to alcohol.[14]

See also: Atheism and alcoholism

Atheists and atheistic cultures often have significant problems with excess alcohol usage (For more information please see: Atheism and alcoholism).

### Secular countries/regions and alcoholism[edit]

Secular Europe:

According to the World Health Organization's (WHO) regional office in Europe, "The WHO European Region has the highest proportion in the world of total ill health and premature death due to alcohol.[15]

* Secular Europe and alcoholism

* Britain and alcoholism

* Atheistic France and alcoholism

* Atheistic Germany and alcoholism

* Atheistic Czech Republic and alcoholism

* Atheistic Estonia and alcoholism

* Irreligious Finland and alcoholism

* Atheistic Denmark and alcoholism

* Atheistic Netherlands and alcoholism

* Atheistic Sweden and alcoholism

Australia:

An Australian National Council on Drugs (ANCD) report indicated that 20% of Australians drink at levels putting them at risk of lifetime harm.[16]

* Irreligious Australia and alcoholism

Alcoholism was a serious social problem in the former atheistic Soviet Union.[17] Between 1940 and 1980, this atheist state had the largest increase of the amount of alcohol usage in the developed world.[18]

Asian countries:

* Atheistic China and alcoholism

* North Korea and alcoholism

* Nontheistic Thailand and alcoholism

History of communism:

Alcoholism was a serious social problem in the former atheistic Soviet Union.[19] Between 1940 and 1980, this atheist state had the largest increase of the amount of alcohol usage in the developed world.[20]

* Soviet Union and alcoholism

* Communist East Germany and alcoholism

### Atheism, alcoholism and anger[edit]

Atheism, alcoholism and anger

### Irreligion, alcoholism and various generations in the United States[edit]

* Irreligion, generations in the United States and alcoholism

Recent generations in the United States:

* Irreligion, baby boom generation and alcoholism
* Irreligion, Generation X and alcoholism
* Irreligion, millenials and alcoholism

### Binge drinking and brain damage[edit]

See also: Atheism and the brain

A 2012 study suggests that a habit of binge drink risks serious brain damage including increasing memory loss later in adulthood.[21][22]

Currently, there is a downward trend in intelligence scores in secular countries (see: Intelligence trends in religious countries and secular countries).

### Atheism, binge drinking and suicide[edit]

Binge drinking is a potent risk factor for suicide.[23] Atheists have a higher suicide rate than the general population.

## See also[edit]

* Alcohol abuse
* American Medical Association
* Doctor

## References[edit]

1. ↑ American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. APA, Washington, D.C.
2. ↑ https://www.hvrc.com/end-stage-alcoholism-life-expectancy/
3. ↑ http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/pub/press/spousfac.pr
4. ↑ Is alcohol abuse a sin or a disease?
5. ↑ Is alcohol abuse a sin or a disease?
6. ↑ Empowered for Life Success: Living in God's Grace, Truth, and Love, By Sue Earl. page 70-71
7. ↑ http://www.billmuehlenberg.com/2008/05/26/the-unbearable-heaviness-of-being-in-a-world-without-god/
8. ↑ http://www.spring.org.uk/2005/07/psychological-treatments-for-alcoholism.php
9. ↑ http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/5/75/abstract
10. ↑ Alcohol Use in Adults May Lead to Detrimental Personality Changes by Claire Wilcox, MD
11. ↑ Alcohol Use in Adults May Lead to Detrimental Personality Changes by Claire Wilcox, MD
12. ↑ Are Changes in Personality Traits and Alcohol Use Associated? A Cohort Study Among Young Swiss Men by Gerhard Gmel1, Simon Marmet1, Joseph Studer and Matthias Wicki, Frontiers in Psychiatry, 23 December 2020, Sec. Addictive Disorders, Volume 11 - 2020 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.591003
13. ↑ Alcohol use and personality change in middle and older adulthood, Journal of Personalized Medicine, 2018 Dec; 86(6): 1003–1016. Published online 2018 Feb 14. doi: 10.1111/jopy.12371
14. ↑ World Health Organization's (WHO) regional office in Europe - Alcohol usage of Europe
15. ↑ World Health Organization's (WHO) regional office in Europe - Alcohol usage of Europe
16. ↑ One in eight deaths of young Australians attributable to alcohol: National Council on Drugs report By Jane Mower, Updated 19 Nov 2013, 7:28pm
17. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18245818
18. ↑ Alcoholism in the Soviet Union
19. ↑ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18245818
20. ↑ Alcoholism in the Soviet Union
21. ↑ http://alcoholism.about.com/cs/binge/a/aa000818a.htm
22. ↑ http://www.scripps.edu/newsandviews/e_20121022/koob.html
23. ↑ O'Connell, H; Lawlor, BA (October–December 2005). "Recent alcohol intake and suicidality--a neuropsychological perspective". Irish journal of medical science 174 (4): 51–4