List of additives for hydraulic fracturing

Short description: none

The differences between additives for hydraulic fracturing in different countries are the type of chemicals used (hazardous, non-hazardous), the disclosure of chemicals and the composition of fracturing fluid. In 2010, Halliburton announced the creation of food additive based hydraulic fracturing fluid in response to calls for transparency and demand for a "more environmentally friendly" unconventional hydrocarbon production.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Europe
* 2 United Kingdom
* 3 United States
* 4 See also
* 5 References

## Europe

In Europe, Poland, Norway and Germany have the largest reserves of shale gas, and drillings are underway.[2]

## United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the environmental regulator permits only chemical additives which are classed as non hazardous to groundwater for fracturing fluids.[3][4][5] Operators are required to disclose the content of hydraulic fracturing fluids to the relevant environment agency[6] while the composition must be disclosed if the regulator demands it.[7] The permitted additives for hydraulic fracturing fluid include polycrylamide, hydrochloric acid and a biocide.

CAS Number | Chemical Constituent | Commercial use [8]

|
|

9003-05-8 | poly(2-prop-enamide)/Polyacrylamide | EOR friction reducer
7647-01-0 | Hydrochloric acid | Pre-fracturing to clean perforations, water pH adjuster
14808-60-7 | Crystalline Silica (Quartz) | Proppant
111-30-8 | Glutaraldehyde | Biocide
7647-14-5 | Sodium Chloride | Chem tracer
7727-37-9 | Nitrogen | Waterless hydraulic fracturing

## United States

In the US, about 750 compounds have been listed as additives for hydraulic fracturing, also known as ingredients of pressurized fracking fluid,[9] in an industry report to the US Congress in 2011 after originally being kept secret for "commercial reasons".[10][11] The following is a partial list of the chemical constituents in additives that are used or have been used in fracturing operations, as based on the report of the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, some are known to be carcinogenic.[12]

CAS Number | Chemical Constituent | Commercial use [8]

|
|

2634-33-5 | 1,2-Benzisothiazolin-2-one / 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one | Insecticide Spray, Stain Remover
95-63-6 | 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene | Automatic Transmission Sealer
123-91-1 | 1,4-Dioxane | Wood Parquet Adhesive
3452-07-1 | 1-eicosene | No record
629-73-2 | 1-hexadecene | No record
112-88-9 | 1-octadecene | No record
1120-36-1 | 1-tetradecene | Stain Remover
10222-01-2 | 2,2 Dibromo-3-nitrilopropionamide, a biocide | No record
27776-21-2 | 2,2'-azobis-{2-(imidazlin-2-yl)propane}-dihydrochloride | No record
73003-80-2 | 2,2-Dibromomalonamide | No record
15214-89-8 | 2-Acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulphonic acid sodium salt polymer | No record
46830-22-2 | 2-acryloyloxyethyl(benzyl)dimethylammonium chloride | No record
52-51-7 | 2-Bromo-2-nitro-1,3-propanediol | Deodorant, Conditioner
111-76-2 | 2-Butoxy ethanol | Engine Cleaner
1113-55-9 | 2-Dibromo-3-Nitriloprionamide (2-Monobromo-3-nitriilopropionamide) | No record
104-76-7 | 2-Ethyl Hexanol | Diesel Fuel Treatment
67-63-0 | 2-Propanol / Isopropyl Alcohol / Isopropanol / Propan-2-ol | Damar Varnish, Gloss
26062-79-3 | 2-Propen-1-aminium, N,N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl-chloride, homopolymer | Volumizing Conditioner
9003-03-6 | 2-propenoic acid, homopolymer, ammonium salt | Moisturizer, Sunscreen
25987-30-8 | 2-Propenoic acid, polymer with 2 p-propenamide, sodium salt / Copolymer of acrylamide and sodium acrylate | No record
71050-62-9 | 2-Propenoic acid, polymer with sodium phosphinate (1:1) | No record
66019-18-9 | 2-propenoic acid, telomer with sodium hydrogen sulfite | No record
107-19-7 | 2-Propyn-1-ol / Propargyl alcohol | No record
51229-78-8 | 3,5,7-Triaza-1-azoniatricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decane, 1-(3-chloro-2-propenyl)-chloride, | Clean Pressed Powder
115-19-5 | 3-methyl-1-butyn-3-ol | No record
127087-87-0 | 4-Nonylphenol Polyethylene Glycol Ether Branched / Nonylphenol ethoxylated / Oxyalkylated Phenol | Chrome Wheel Cleaner
64-19-7 | Acetic acid | Silicone Sealant
68442-62-6 | Acetic acid, hydroxy-, reaction products with triethanolamine | No record
108-24-7 | Acetic Anhydride | No record
67-64-1 | Acetone | Solvent, Clear Finish Gloss
38193-60-1 | Acrylamide – sodium 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonate copolymer | Moisture, Lotion
25085-02-3 | Acrylamide – Sodium Acrylate Copolymer or Anionic Polyacrylamide | No record
25987-30-8 | 2-Propenoic acid, polymer with 2-propenamide, sodium salt | No record
69418-26-4 | Acrylamide polymer with N,N,N-trimethyl-2[1-oxo-2-propenyl]oxy Ethanaminium chloride | No record
15085 | −02-3 Acrylamide-sodium acrylate copolymer | No record
68551-12-2 | Alcohols, C12-C16, Ethoxylated (a.k.a. Ethoxylated alcohol) | Floor Cleaner, Stain Remover
64742-47-8 | Aliphatic Hydrocarbon / Hydrotreated light distillate / Petroleum Distillates / Isoparaffinic Solvent / Paraffin Solvent / Napthenic Solvent | Tar Remover, Lubricant
64743-02-8 | Alkenes | No record
68439-57-6 | Alkyl (C14-C16) olefin sulfonate, sodium salt | Car Wash, Dog Shampoo
9016-45-9 | Alkylphenol ethoxylate surfactants | Engine Cleaner, Rubber Sealant
1327-41-9 | Aluminum chloride | Antiperspirant
73138-27-9 | Amines, C12-14-tert-alkyl, ethoxylated | No record
71011-04-6 | Amines, Ditallow alkyl, ethoxylated | No record
68551-33-7 | Amines, tallow alkyl, ethoxylated, acetates | No record
1336-21-6 | Ammonia | Stripper, Glue, Tire Repair
631-61-8 | Ammonium acetate | Haircolor Shine
68037-05-8 | Ammonium Alcohol Ether Sulfate | No record
7783-20-2 | Ammonium bisulfate | Ant Killer, Weed & Moss Control
10192-30-0 | Ammonium bisulfite | No record
12125-02-9 | Ammonium chloride | Brass & Copper Polish, Bleach
7632-50-0 | Ammonium citrate | No record
37475-88-0 | Ammonium Cumene Sulfonate | No record
1341-49-7 | Ammonium hydrogen-difluoride | Wheel Cleaner, Glass Etching
6484-52-2 | Ammonium nitrate | Moisture Control, Ink Cartridge
7727-54-0 | Ammonium Persulfate / Diammonium peroxidisulphate | Latex Paint, Maximizing Powder
1762-95-4 | Ammonium Thiocyanate | Liquid Hide Glue
7664-41-7 | Aqueous ammonia | Paint Stripper, Caulk
121888-68-4 | Bentonite, benzyl(hydrogenated tallow alkyl) dimethylammonium stearate complex / organophilic clay | Wine clearing agent, "Detox" Product
71-43-2 | Benzene | Fuel System Cleaner, Degreaser
119345-04-9 | Benzene, 1,1'-oxybis, tetratpropylene derivatives, sulfonated, sodium salts | Toilet Cleaner, Rust Neutralizer
74153-51-8 | Benzenemethanaminium, N,N-dimethyl-N-[2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)oxy]ethyl]-, chloride, polymer with 2-propenamide | No record
10043-35-3 | Boric acid | Roach Killer, Stain Remover
1303-86-2 | Boric oxide / Boric Anhydride | Carpenters Glue
71-36-3 | Butan-1-ol | Interior/Exterior Paint
68002-97-1 | C10 – C16 Ethoxylated Alcohol | Floor Finish Remover, Degreaser
68131-39-5 | C12-15 Alcohol, Ethoxylated | Graffiti Remover, Radiator Flush
10043-52-4 | Calcium chloride | Chlorinating Sanitizer, Ice Melt
124-38-9 | Carbon dioxide | Penetrant, Lubricator
68130-15-4 | Carboxymethylhydroxypropyl guar | No record
9012-54-8 | Cellulase / Hemicellulase Enzyme |
9004-34-6 | Cellulose |
10049-04-4 | Chlorine dioxide |
77-92-9 | Citric Acid |
94266-47-4 | Citrus Terpenes |
61789-40-0 | Cocamidopropyl betaine |
68155-09-9 | Cocamidopropylamine Oxide |
68424-94-2 | Coco-betaine |
7758-98-7 | Copper(II) sulfate |
31726-34-8 | Crissanol A-55 |
14808-60-7 | Crystalline Silica (Quartz) |
7447-39-4 | Cupric chloride dihydrate |
1120-24-7 | Decyldimethyl Amine |
2605-79-0 | Decyl-dimethyl Amine Oxide |
3252-43-5 | Dibromoacetonitrile |
25340-17-4 | Diethylbenzene |
111-46-6 | Diethylene glycol |
22042-96-2 | Diethylenetriamine penta (methylenephonic acid) sodium salt |
28757-00-8 | Diisopropyl naphthalenesulfonic acid |
68607-28-3 | Dimethylcocoamine, bis(chloroethyl) ether, diquaternary ammonium salt |
7398-69-8 | Dimethyldiallylammonium chloride |
25265-71-8 | Dipropylene glycol |
139-33-3 | Disodium Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetate |
5989-27-5 | D-Limonene |
123-01-3 | Dodecylbenzene |
27176-87-0 | Dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid |
42504-46-1 | Dodecylbenzenesulfonate isopropanolamine |
50-70-4 | D-Sorbitol / Sorbitol |
37288-54-3 | Endo-1,4-beta-mannanase, or Hemicellulase |
149879-98-1 | Erucic Amidopropyl Dimethyl Betaine |
89-65-6 | Erythorbic acid, anhydrous |
54076-97-0 | Ethanaminium, N,N,N-trimethyl-2-[(1-oxo-2-propenyl)oxy]-, chloride, homopolymer |
107-21 | −1 Ethane-1,2-diol / Ethylene Glycol |
9002-93-1 | Ethoxylated 4-tert-octylphenol |
68439-50-9 | Ethoxylated alcohol |
126950-60-5 | Ethoxylated alcohol |
67254-71-1 | Ethoxylated alcohol (C10-12) |
68951-67-7 | Ethoxylated alcohol (C14-15) |
68439-46-3 | Ethoxylated alcohol (C9-11) |
66455-15-0 | Ethoxylated Alcohols |
84133-50-6 | Ethoxylated Alcohols (C12-14 Secondary) |
68439-51-0 | Ethoxylated Alcohols (C12-14) |
78330-21-9 | Ethoxylated branch alcohol |
34398-01-1 | Ethoxylated C11 alcohol |
61791-12-6 | Ethoxylated Castor Oil |
61791-29-5 | Ethoxylated fatty acid, coco |
61791-08-0 | Ethoxylated fatty acid, coco, reaction product with ethanolamine |
68439-45-2 | Ethoxylated hexanol |
9036-19-5 | Ethoxylated octylphenol |
9005-67-8 | Ethoxylated Sorbitan Monostearate |
9004-70-3 | Ethoxylated Sorbitan Trioleate |
64-17-5 | Ethyl alcohol / ethanol |
100-41-4 | Ethyl Benzene |
97-64-3 | Ethyl lactate |
9003-11-6 | Ethylene Glycol-Propylene Glycol Copolymer (Oxirane, methyl-, polymer with oxirane) |
75-21-8 | Ethylene oxide |
5877-42-9 | Ethyloctynol |
68526-86-3 | Exxal 13 |
61790-12-3 | Fatty Acids |
68188-40-9 | Fatty acids, tall oil reaction products w/ acetophenone, formaldehyde & thiourea |
9043-30-5 | Fatty alcohol polyglycol ether surfactant |
7705-08-0 | Ferric chloride |
7782-63-0 | Ferrous sulfate, heptahydrate |
50-00-0 | Formaldehyde |
29316-47-0 | Formaldehyde polymer with 4,1,1-dimethylethyl phenolmethyl oxirane |
153795-76-7 | Formaldehyde, polymers with branched 4-nonylphenol, ethylene oxide and propylene oxide |
75-12-7 | Formamide |
64-18-6 | Formic acid |
110-17-8 | Fumaric acid |
65997-17-3 | Glassy calcium magnesium phosphate |
111-30-8 | Glutaraldehyde |
56-81-5 | Glycerol / glycerine |
9000-30-0 | Guar Gum |
64742-94-5 | Heavy aromatic petroleum naphtha |
9025-56-3 | Hemicellulase |
7647-01-0 | Hydrochloric Acid / Hydrogen Chloride / muriatic acid | Toilet Bowl Cleaner
7722-84-1 | Hydrogen peroxide |
79-14-1 | Hydroxy acetic acid |
35249-89-9 | Hydroxyacetic acid ammonium salt |
9004-62-0 | Hydroxyethyl cellulose |
5470-11-1 | Hydroxylamine hydrochloride |
39421-75-5 | Hydroxypropyl guar |
35674-56-7 | Isomeric Aromatic Ammonium Salt |
64742-88-7 | Isoparaffinic Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Synthetic |
64-63-0 | Isopropanol |
98-82-8 | Isopropylbenzene (cumene) |
68909-80-8 | Isoquinoline, reaction products with benzyl chloride and quinoline |
8008-20-6 | Kerosene |
64742-81-0 | Kerosine, hydrodesulfurized |
63-42-3 | Lactose |
64742-95-6 | Light aromatic solvent naphtha |
1120-21-4 | Light Paraffin Oil |
14807-96-6 | Magnesium Silicate Hydrate (Talc) |
1184-78-7 | methanamine, N,N-dimethyl-, N-oxide |
67-56-1 | Methanol |
68891-11-2 | Methyloxirane polymer with oxirane, mono (nonylphenol) ether, branched |
8052-41-3 | Mineral spirits / Stoddard Solvent |
141-43-5 | Monoethanolamine |
44992-01-0 | N,N,N-trimethyl-2[1-oxo-2-propenyl]oxy Ethanaminium chloride |
64742-48-9 | Naphtha (petroleum), hydrotreated heavy |
91-20-3 | Naphthalene |
38640-62-9 | Naphthalene bis(1-methylethyl) |
93-18-5 | Naphthalene, 2-ethoxy- |
68909-18-2 | N-benzyl-alkyl-pyridinium chloride |
68139-30-0 | N-Cocoamidopropyl-N,N-dimethyl-N-2-hydroxypropylsulfobetaine |
7727-37-9 | Nitrogen, Liquid form |
68412-54-4 | Nonylphenol Polyethoxylate |
121888-66-2 | Organophilic Clays |
64742-65-0 | Petroleum Base Oil |
64741-68-0 | Petroleum naphtha |
70714-66-8 | Phosphonic acid, (phosphonomethyl)iminobis2,1-ethanediylnitrilobis(methylene)tetrakis-, ammonium salt |
8000-41-7 | Pine Oil |
60828-78-6 | Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), a-[3,5-dimethyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)hexyl]-w-hydroxy- |
25322-68-3 | Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), a-hydro-w-hydroxy / Polyethylene Glycol |
24938-91-8 | Poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), α-tridecyl-ω-hydroxy- |
51838-31-4 | Polyepichlorohydrin, trimethylamine quaternized |
56449-46-8 | Polyethlene glycol oleate ester |
62649-23-4 | Polymer with 2-propenoic acid and sodium 2-propenoate |
9005-65-6 | Polyoxyethylene Sorbitan Monooleate |
61791-26-2 | Polyoxylated fatty amine salt |
127-08-2 | Potassium acetate |
12712-38-8 | Potassium borate |
1332-77-0 | Potassium borate |
20786-60-1 | Potassium Borate |
584-08-7 | Potassium carbonate |
7447-40-7 | Potassium chloride |
590-29-4 | Potassium formate |
1310-58-3 | Potassium Hydroxide |
13709-94-9 | Potassium metaborate |
24634-61-5 | Potassium sorbate |
112926-00-8 | Precipitated silica / silica gel |
57-55-6 | Propane-1,2-diol, or Propylene glycol |
107-98-2 | Propylene glycol monomethyl ether |
68953-58-2 | Quaternary Ammonium Compounds |
62763-89-7 | Quinoline,2-methyl-, hydrochloride |
15619-48-4 | Quinolinium, 1-(phenylmethl),chloride |
7631-86-9 | Silica, Dissolved |
5324-84-5 | Sodium 1-octanesulfonate |
127-09-3 | Sodium acetate |
95371-16-7 | Sodium Alpha-olefin sulfonate |
532-32-1 | Sodium benzoate |
144-55-8 | Sodium bicarbonate |
7631-90-5 | Sodium bisulfate |
7647-15-6 | Sodium bromide |
497-19-8 | Sodium carbonate |
7647-14-5 | Sodium Chloride | Table salt
7758-19-2 | Sodium chlorite |
3926-62-3 | Sodium chloroacetate |
68-04-2 | Sodium citrate |
6381-77-7 | Sodium erythorbate / isoascorbic acid, sodium salt |
2836-32-0 | Sodium Glycolate |
1310-73-2 | Sodium Hydroxide |
7681-52-9 | Sodium hypochlorite |
7775-19-1 | Sodium Metaborate .8H2O |
10486-00-7 | Sodium perborate tetrahydrate |
7775-27-1 | Sodium persulfate |
9003-04-7 | Sodium polyacrylate |
7757-82-6 | Sodium sulfate |
1303-96-4 | Sodium tetraborate decahydrate |
7772-98-7 | Sodium thiosulfate |
1338-43-8 | Sorbitan Monooleate |
57-50-1 | Sucrose |
5329-14-6 | Sulfamic acid |
112945-52-5 | Synthetic Amorphous / Pyrogenic Silica / Amorphous Silica |
68155-20-4 | Tall Oil Fatty Acid Diethanolamine |
8052-48-0 | Tallow fatty acids sodium salt |
72480-70-7 | Tar bases, quinoline derivs., benzyl chloride-quaternized |
68647-72-3 | Terpene and terpenoids |
68956-56-9 | Terpene hydrocarbon byproducts |
533-74-4 | Tetrahydro-3,5-dimethyl-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione (a.k.a. Dazomet) |
55566-30-8 | Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium sulfate (THPS) |
75-57-0 | Tetramethyl ammonium chloride |
64-02-8 | Tetrasodium Ethylenediaminetetraacetate |
68-11-1 | Thioglycolic acid |
62-56-6 | Thiourea |
68527-49-1 | Thiourea, polymer with formaldehyde and 1-phenylethanone |
108-88-3 | Toluene |
81741-28-8 | Tributyl tetradecyl phosphonium chloride |
68299-02-5 | Triethanolamine hydroxyacetate |
112-27-6 | Triethylene glycol |
52624-57-4 | Trimethylolpropane, Ethoxylated, Propoxylated |
150-38-9 | Trisodium Ethylenediaminetetraacetate |
5064-31-3 | Trisodium Nitrilotriacetate |
7601-54-9 | Trisodium orthophosphate |
57-13-6 | Urea |
25038-72-6 | Vinylidene Chloride/Methylacrylate Copolymer |
7732-18-5 | Water | Deionized water
1330-20-7 | Xylene | Carburetor Cleaner, Asphalt Primer
068604-95-5 | Aliphatic acids | Wall & Trim Enamel
078330-20-8 | Aliphatic Ethoxylated Alcohols | Leather Cleaner
000000-33-9 | Alkyl aryl polyethoxy alcohols | Coppersmiths Polish
000000-17-6 | Alkylaryl Sulfonate | Detergent, Stain Remover
064742-47-8 | Distillates, petroleum, hydrotreated light | Tar Remover, Sealant
000110-43-0 | Methyl n-amyl & ethyl ketones | Hobby Cement, Sealant
| Oxyalkylated alkylphenol |
| Petroleum distillate blend |
| Polyethoxylated alkanol |
| Polymeric Hydrocarbons |
| Salt of amine-carbonyl condensate |
| Salt of fatty acid/polyamine reaction product |
| Sugar |
| Surfactant blend |

## See also

* Hydraulic fracturing
* Hydraulic fracturing in the United Kingdom
* Hydraulic fracturing in the United States
* Hydraulic fracturing proppants
* Uses of radioactivity in oil and gas wells

## References

1. ↑ Soraghan, Mike (15 November 2010). "Halliburton Announces Ecofriendly Fracking Fluid, More Disclosure". https://www.nytimes.com/gwire/2010/11/15/15greenwire-halliburton-announces-ecofriendly-fracking-flu-80875.html?pagewanted=all. Retrieved 13 April 2017. "Halliburton Co., which is fighting U.S. EPA about disclosure of its hydraulic fracturing fluid, today announced that it will publicly disclose detailed information on its website about the chemicals used in its fracturing fluids. The Houston-based oilfield services company announced the creation of a new fracturing fluid that uses chemicals "sourced entirely from the food industry.""
2. ↑ Dr Dave Healy (July 2012). Hydraulic Fracturing or 'Fracking': A Short Summary of Current Knowledge and Potential Environmental Impacts. Department of Geology & Petroleum Geology, University of Aberdeen. pp. 18–19. https://www.epa.ie/pubs/reports/research/sss/UniAberdeen_FrackingReport.pdf. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
3. ↑ "The Environmental Permitting (England and Wales) Regulations 2010". UK Government. 2010. http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukdsi/2010/9780111491423/schedule/22. Retrieved 2016-08-28.
4. ↑ "The Pollution Prevention and Control (Scotland) Regulations 2012" (in en). Queen's Printer for Scotland (QPS). http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2012/360/schedule/5/made. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
5. ↑ "DIRECTIVE 2006/118/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 12 December 2006 on the protection of groundwater against pollution and deterioration" (in en). EUR-Lex - 32006L0118 - EN - EUR-Lex. 12 December 2006. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32006L0118. Retrieved 18 October 2014. "It is necessary to distinguish between hazardous substances, inputs of which should be prevented, and other pollutants, inputs of which should be limited. Annex VIII to Directive 2000/60/EC, listing the main pollutants relevant for the water environment, should be used to identify hazardous and non-hazardous substances which present an existing or potential risk of pollution."
6. ↑ "Onshore oil and gas exploration in the UK: regulation and best practice". DECC/BEIS. p. 46. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/503067/Onshore_UK_oil_and_gas_exploration_England_Dec15.pdf. Retrieved 13 April 2017. "Operators will disclose the chemical additives of fracturing fluids on a well-by-well basis."
7. ↑ Mair, Robert (June 2012). ﻿Shale gas extraction in the UK: A review of hydraulic fracturing﻿ (Report). The Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering. http://royalsociety.org/uploadedFiles/Royal_Society_Content/policy/projects/shale-gas/2012-06-28-Shale-gas.pdf. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 NLM (August 2015). "Household Products Database". Health and Safety Information on Household Products. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. http://hpd.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/household/search?tbl=TblChemicals&queryx=7647-01-0. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
9. ↑ GWPC & IOGCC (2015). "What chemicals are used in a hydraulic fracturing job". Chemical Disclosure Registry. FracFocus. https://fracfocus.org/chemical-use/what-chemicals-are-used. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
10. ↑ Nicholas Kusnetz (April 8, 2011). "Fracking Chemicals Cited in Congressional Report Stay Underground". ProPublica. https://www.propublica.org/article/fracking-chemicals-cited-in-congressional-report-stay-underground/single. Retrieved July 11, 2011.
11. ↑ ﻿Chemicals Used in Hydraulic Fracturing﻿ (Report). Committee on Energy and Commerce U.S. House of Representatives. April 18, 2011. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131004213846/http://democrats.energycommerce.house.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Hydraulic-Fracturing-Chemicals-2011-4-18.pdf.
12. ↑ "Natural Gas Development Activities and High‐volume Hydraulic Fracturing". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. 30 September 2009. pp. 45–51. http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/materials_minerals_pdf/ogdsgeischap5.pdf.

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