Venera 9

Model of Venera 9 lander

Mission type| Venus orbiter / lander
Operator| Lavochkin
COSPAR ID| 1975-050A
1975-050D
SATCAT no.| 7915
8411
Mission duration| Orbiter: 158 days
Lander: 53 minutes
Launch to last contact: 292 days
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft| 4V-1 No. 660
Manufacturer| Lavochkin
Launch mass| 4,936 kg (10,882 lb)[1]
Landing mass| 1,560 kg (3,440 lb)
Payload mass| 660 kg (1,455 lb)
Start of mission
Launch date|  June 8, 1975, 02:38 (1975-06-08UTC02:38) UTC[2]
Rocket| Proton-K/D[2]
Launch site| Baikonur 81/24
End of mission
Last contact| Orbiter primary mission: March 22, 1976 (1976-03-23)[3]
Lander: October 22, 1975 (1975-10-23)
Orbital parameters
Reference system| Cytherocentric
Eccentricity| 0.89002
Pericytherion altitude| 7,625 km (4,738 mi)
Apocytherion altitude| 118,072 km (73,367 mi)
Inclination| 29.5 degrees
Period| 48.3 hours
Venus orbiter
Spacecraft component| Orbiter
Orbital insertion| October 20, 1975
Venus lander
Spacecraft component| Lander
Landing date| October 22, 1975, 05:13 UTC
Landing site|  [ ⚑ ] 31°01′N 291°38′E﻿ / ﻿31.01°N 291.64°E﻿ / 31.01; 291.64
(near Beta Regio)

Stamp of Venera 9

Venera

<- Kosmos 482

Venera 10 ->

Venera 9 (Russian: Венера-9, lit. 'Venus-9'), manufacturer's designation: 4V-1 No. 660,[4] was a Soviet uncrewed space mission to Venus. It consisted of an orbiter and a lander. It was launched on June 8, 1975, at 02:38:00 UTC and had a mass of 4,936 kilograms (10,882 lb).[5] The orbiter was the first spacecraft to orbit Venus, while the lander was the first to return images from the surface of another planet.[6]

## Contents

* 1 Orbiter
* 1.1 Orbiter design
* 2 Lander
* 2.1 Lander payload
* 3 See also
* 4 References

## Orbiter

The orbiter entered Venus orbit on October 20, 1975. Its mission was to act as a communications relay for the lander and to explore cloud layers and atmospheric parameters with several instruments and experiments. It performed 17 survey missions from October 26, 1975, to December 25, 1975.

The orbiter consisted of a cylinder with two solar panel wings and a high gain parabolic antenna attached to the curved surface. A bell-shaped unit holding propulsion systems was attached to the bottom of the cylinder, and mounted on top was a 2.4-metre (7.9 ft) sphere which held the lander.

### Orbiter design

The instruments composing the orbiter included:[7]

* 1.6–2.8 μm IR spectrometer
* 8–28 μm IR radiometer
* 352 nm UV photometer
* 2 photo-polarimeters (335–800 nm)
* 300–800 nm spectrometer
* Lyman-α (alpha) H/D spectrometer
* Bistatic radar mapping
* CM, DM radio occultations
* Triaxial Magnetometer
* 345–380 nm UV camera
* 355–445 nm camera
* 6 electrostatic analyzers
* 2 modulation ion traps
* Low-energy proton / alpha detector
* Low-energy electron detector
* 3 semiconductor counters
* 2 gas-discharge counters
* Cherenkov detector

## Lander

First view and clear image of the surface of Venus, taken by the Venera 9 lander on October 22, 1975 Digitally reprocessed image of the surface

The lander was encased in a spherical shell before landing to help protect it from the heat of entry as it slowed from 10.7 kilometres per second (6.6 mi/s) to 150 metres per second (490 ft/s). This sphere was then separated with explosive bolts and a three-domed parachute was deployed which slowed the lander further to 50 metres per second (160 ft/s) at an altitude of 63 kilometres (39 mi) above the planet.[8]

The descent through the cloud layer took about 20 minutes, during which time the lander took measurements of the atmosphere and radioed the information to the orbiter.[8] To minimize lander damage in the hot atmosphere, the parachute was released at an altitude of 50 kilometres (31 mi), and the ring-shaped aerodynamic shield provided braking. The Venusian atmosphere is so dense near the surface that this shield provided a descent rate of 7 metres per second (23 ft/s) as the lander touched down.[8] The landing device, a hollow ring surrounding the lower part of the lander, was partly crushed upon touchdown to take up most of the landing impact.[8]

On October 20, 1975, the lander spacecraft separated from the orbiter, and landing was made with the Sun near zenith at 05:13 UTC on October 22. Venera 9 landed within a 150 km (93 mi) radius of  [ ⚑ ] 31°01′N 291°38′E﻿ / ﻿31.01°N 291.64°E﻿ / 31.01; 291.64, near Beta Regio, on a steep (20°) slope covered with boulders (suspected to be the slope of the tectonic rift valley, Aikhylu Chasma). The entry sphere weighed 1,560 kg (3,440 lb) and the surface payload was 660 kg (1,455 lb).[9]

It was the first spacecraft to return an image from the surface of another planet. Many of the instruments began working immediately after touchdown and the cameras were operational 2 minutes later. These instruments revealed a smooth surface with numerous stones. The lander measured a light level of 14,000 lux, similar to that of Earth in full daylight but no direct sunshine.[8]

A system of circulating fluid was used to distribute the heat load. This system, plus pre-cooling prior to entry, permitted operation of the lander for 53 minutes after landing, at which time radio contact with the orbiter was lost as the orbiter moved out of radio range.[7] During descent, heat dissipation and deceleration were accomplished sequentially by protective hemispheric shells, three parachutes, a disc-shaped drag brake, and a compressible, metal, doughnut-shaped landing cushion. The landing was about 2,200 km (1,400 mi) from the Venera 10 landing site.

Venera 9 measured clouds that were 30–40 km (19–25 mi) thick, with bases at 30–35 km (19–22 mi) altitude. It also measured atmospheric chemicals including hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, bromine and iodine. Other measurements included surface pressure of about 9,100 kilopascals (90 atm), temperature of 485 °C (905 °F), and surface light levels comparable to those at Earth mid-latitudes on a cloudy summer day. Venera 9 was the first probe to send back television pictures (black and white) from the Venusian surface, showing no shadows, no apparent dust in the air, and a variety of 30 to 40 cm (12 to 16 in) rocks which were not eroded. Planned 360-degree panoramic pictures could not be taken because one of two camera lens covers failed to come off, limiting pictures to 180 degrees. This failure recurred with Venera 10.

### Lander payload

The lander payload was as follows:[7]

* Temperature and pressure sensors
* Accelerometer
* Visible / IR photometer – IOV-75
* Backscatter and multi-angle nephelometers – MNV-75
* P-11 mass spectrometer – MAV-75
* Panoramic telephotometers (2, with lamps)
* Anemometer – ISV-75
* Gamma-ray spectrometer – GS-12V
* Gamma-ray densitometer – RP-75

## See also

* List of missions to Venus
* Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes

## References

1. ↑ Siddiqi, Asif (2018). Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016 (second ed.). NASA History Program Office. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/beyond-earth-tagged.pdf.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 McDowell, Jonathan. "Launch Log". http://planet4589.org/space/log/launchlog.txt.
3. ↑ Siddiqi, Asif A. (2018). Beyond Earth: A Chronicle of Deep Space Exploration, 1958–2016. The NASA history series (second ed.). Washington, DC: NASA History Program Office. pp. 127–128. SP2018-4041. ISBN 978-1-62683-042-4. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/beyond-earth-tagged.pdf.
4. ↑ "History of the Venera 75 project". http://www.russianspaceweb.com/venera75.html.
5. ↑ "Venera 9". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1975-050A.
6. ↑ "Solar System Exploration Multimedia Gallery: Venera 9". http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/multimedia/display.cfm?IM_ID=3563.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Mitchell, Don P.. "First Pictures of the Surface of Venus". http://mentallandscape.com/V_Lavochkin2.htm.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Keldysh, M. V., 1977: "Venus Exploration with the Venera 9 and Venera 10 Spacecraft", Icarus, 30: 605-625.
9. ↑ "Planetary Spacecraft". http://www.braeunig.us/space/planet.htm.

* v
* t
* e

Venus

* Outline of Venus

Geography|

| General|

* Arachnoid
* Atmosphere
* Dune fields
* Features
* Mapping of Venus

|

Regions|

| Regio|

* Alpha Regio
* Asteria Regio
* Beta Regio
* Ovda Regio

|

Terrae|

* Aphrodite Terra
* Ishtar Terra
* Lada Terra

Mountains
and
volcanoes|

* Abeona Mons
* Akna Montes
* Anala Mons
* Artemis Corona
* Ba'het Corona
* Boala Corona
* Ciuacoatl Mons
* Fand Mons
* Fotla Corona
* Gula Mons
* Heng-O Corona
* Iaso Tholus
* Irnini Mons
* Jaszai Patera
* Maat Mons
* Maxwell Montes
* Nightingale Corona
* Onatah Corona
* Ozza Mons
* Quetzalpetlatl Corona
* Pancake dome
* Renpet Mons
* Sacajawea Patera
* Sachs Patera
* Sapas Mons
* Santa Corona
* Scalloped margin dome
* Siddons Patera
* Sif Mons
* Skadi Mons
* Theia Mons
* Ushas Mons
* Zisa Corona
* List of coronae on Venus

Plains and
plateaus|

* Guinevere Planitia
* Lakshmi Planum
* Sedna Planitia

Canyons and
valleys|

* Aikhulu Chasma
* Artemis Chasma
* Baltis Vallis
* Dali Chasma
* Devana Chasma
* Diana Chasma
* Ganis Chasma

Craters|

* Addams
* Adivar
* Agnesi
* Alcott
* Ariadne
* Aurelia
* Balch
* Barton
* Buck
* Cleopatra
* Cunitz
* Danilova
* De Lalande
* Dickinson
* Goeppert-Mayer
* Golubkina
* Grimke
* Gregory
* Guilbert
* Isabella
* Jeanne
* Maria Celeste
* Mariko
* Mead
* Meitner
* Merit Ptah
* Mona Lisa
* Nanichi
* Riley
* Ruth
* Stefania
* Wanda
* Wheatley
* Yablochkina

Other|

* Geodynamics
* Geology
* Surface features
* Venus snow
* Venusquake

Moons|

* Neith (hypothetical moon)

Astronomy|

| General|

* Aspects
* Orbit
* Phases

|

Transits|

* 1631
* 1639
* 1769
* 1874
* 1882
* 2004
* 2012

Asteroids|

* Venus-crosser asteroid
* 2002 VE68

Exploration|

| Past|

* Sputnik programme
* Sputnik 7
* Venera program
* Venera 1
* Sputnik 19
* Sputnik 20
* Sputnik 21
* Kosmos 21
* Venera 1964A
* Kosmos 27
* Venera 2
* Venera 3
* Kosmos 96
* Venera 4
* Kosmos 167
* Venera 5
* Venera 6
* Venera 7
* Venera 8
* Kosmos 482
* Venera 9
* Venera 10
* Venera 11
* Venera 12
* Venera 13
* Venera 14
* Venera 15
* Venera 16
* Mariner program
* Mariner 1
* Mariner 2
* Mariner 5
* Mariner 10
* Zond program
* Zond 1
* Pioneer Venus
* Pioneer Venus Orbiter / Pioneer 12
* Pioneer Venus Multiprobe / Pioneer 13
* Vega program
* Vega 1
* Vega 2
* Magellan
* Galileo
* Cassini–Huygens
* IKAROS
* MESSENGER
* Shin'en
* Venus Express

|

Current|

* Akatsuki
* BepiColombo

Planned|

* Venera-D

Proposed|

* EnVision
* European Venus Explorer
* VAMP
* VISE
* VISAGE
* VICI
* VOX
* Shukrayaan-1

Proposed
crewed|

* Colonization
* Inspiration Mars (flyby)
* Terraforming

Other|

* Geological mapping of Venus
* Artificial objects on Venus

Related|

* Cytherean
* culture
* Fiction
* Hesperus
* Life
* Mythology
* Phosphorus
* Venusians

* Book
* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Venera programme

Flybys|

* Venera 1
* Venera 2

Orbiters|

* Venera 15
* Venera 16

Descent probes|

* Venera 3
* Venera 4
* Venera 5
* Venera 6
* Venera 7

Landers|

* Venera 8
* Venera 9
* Venera 10
* Venera 11
* Venera 12
* Venera 13
* Venera 14

Failed launches|

* Tyazhely Sputnik
* Venera 2MV-1 No.1
* Venera 2MV-1 No.2
* Venera 2MV-2 No.1
* Kosmos 21
* Venera 3MV-1 No.2
* Kosmos 27
* Kosmos 96
* Kosmos 167
* Kosmos 359
* Kosmos 482
* Venera 1964A

Future missions|

* Venera-D

* v
* t
* e

Spacecraft missions to Venus

Active missions|

| Orbiters|

* Akatsuki

|

Flybys|

* Parker Solar Probe (en route)
* BepiColombo (en route)

Past missions|

| Orbiters|

* Magellan
* Pioneer Venus Orbiter
* Venera 9
* 10
* 15
* 16
* Venus Express

|

Flybys|

* Venera 1†
* Mariner 2
* Zond 1†
* Venera 2†
* Mariner 5
* 10
* Venera 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* Vega 1
* 2
* Galileo
* Cassini–Huygens
* MESSENGER
* IKAROS
* Shin-en†

Descent probes|

* Venera 3†
* 4
* 5
* 6
* Pioneer Venus Multiprobe

Landers|

* Venera 7
* 8
* 9
* 10
* 11
* 12
* 13
* 14
* Vega 1
* 2
* Pioneer Venus Small Probes

Balloon probes|

* Vega 1
* 2

Failed launches|

* Tyazhely Sputnik
* Mariner 1
* 2MV-1 No.1
* 2MV-1 No.2
* 2MV-2 No.1
* Kosmos 21
* 3MV-1 No.2
* Kosmos 27
* 96
* 167
* 482

Planned missions|

| Flybys|

* Solar Orbiter (2020)
* Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (2022)
* Dragonfly (2026)

|

Proposed missions|

| Venus missions|

* CUVE
* DAVINCI
* EnVision
* HAVOC
* HOVER
* Shukrayaan-1
* VAMP
* Venera-D
* VERITAS
* VICI
* VISAGE
* VISE
* VOX
* Zephyr

|

Flybys|

* Europa Clipper
* Hayabusa2
* Mercury-P
* Laplace-P
* NASA Uranus orbiter and probe

Cancelled / concepts|

* European Venus Explorer
* Inspiration Mars
* TMK-Mavr
* Venus Orbiting Imaging Radar
* Vesta

Program overviews|

* Venera
* 3MV
* Mariner
* Pioneer Venus
* Vega

Related|

* Colonization
* Observations and explorations
* List of artificial objects on Venus
* List of missions
* Manned Venus flyby
* Terraforming
* VeSpR

* Missions are ordered by launch date. † indicates failure en route or before any data returned.

* v
* t
* e

Orbital launches in 1975

Soyuz 17 | Kosmos 702 | Kosmos 703 | Landsat 2 | Kosmos 704 | Kosmos 705 | Kosmos 706 | Kosmos 707 | Molniya-2-12 | Starlette | SMS-2 | Kosmos 708 | Kosmos 709 | Intelsat IV F-6 | Taiyo | Kosmos 710 | Kosmos 711 * Kosmos 712 * Kosmos 713 * Kosmos 714 * Kosmos 715 * Kosmos 716 * Kosmos 717 * Kosmos 718 | OPS 2439 | Kosmos 719 | Kosmos 720 | Kosmos 721 * Nauka-5KSA No.4 | Kosmos 722 | Interkosmos 13 | Meteor-M No.31 | Kosmos 723 | Soyuz 7K-T No.39 | Kosmos 724 | Kosmos 725 | GEOS-3 | Kosmos 726 | RM-20 | Molniya-3 No.12 | Kosmos 727 | Kosmos 728 | OPS 4883 | Aryabhata | Kosmos 729 | Kosmos 730 | Molniya-1-29 | Explorer 53 | Anik A3 | Polluz * Castor | OPS 9435 * OPS 9436 | Kosmos 731 * Nauka-9KS No.2 | Intelsat IV F-1 | OPS 6226 | Soyuz 18 | Kosmos 732 * Kosmos 733 * Kosmos 734 * Kosmos 735 * Kosmos 736 * Kosmos 737 * Kosmos 738 * Kosmos 739 | Kosmos 740 | Kosmos 741 | DS-U3-IK No.5 | Kosmos 742 | Molniya-1 No.24 * SRET-2 | Venera 9 | OPS 6381 * P-226-1 | Nimbus 6 | Kosmos 743 | Venera 10 | OPS 4966 | Kosmos 744 | OSO-8 | Kosmos 745 | Kosmos 746 | Kosmos 747 | Kosmos 748 | Kosmos 749 | Molniya-2-13 | Meteor-2 No.1 | Apollo-Soyuz | DM-2 | Kosmos 750 | Kosmos 751 | Kosmos 752 | Ji Shu Shiyan Weixing 1 | Kosmos 753 | Cos-B | Kosmos 754 | Kosmos 755 | Viking 1 | Kosmos 756 | Symphonie 2 | Kosmos 757 | Molniya-1-31 | Kosmos 758 | Molniya-2-14 | Kiku 1 | Viking 2 | Kosmos 759 | Kosmos 760 | Kosmos 761 * Kosmos 762 * Kosmos 763 * Kosmos 764 * Kosmos 765 * Kosmos 766 * Kosmos 767 * Kosmos 768 | Meteor-M No.28 | Kosmos 769 | Kosmos 770 | Kosmos 771 | Intelsat IVA F-1 | Aura | Kosmos 772 | Kosmos 773 | Kosmos 774 | Explorer 54 | Kosmos 775 | OPS 5499 | Triad 2 | E-8-5M No.412 | GOES 1 | Kosmos 776 | Kosmos 777 | Kosmos 778 | Kosmos 779 | Molniya-3 No.13 | Soyuz 20 | Explorer 55 | Kosmos 780 | Kosmos 781 | Kosmos 782 | Fanhui Shi Weixing 2 | Kosmos 783 | Kosmos 784 | OPS 4428 * OPS 5547 | DAD-A * DAD-B | Interkosmos 14 | Kosmos 785 | Satcom 1 | OPS 3165 | Ji Shu Shiyan Weixing 2 | Kosmos 786 | Molniya-2-15 | Unnamed | Prognoz 4 | Gran' No.11L | Meteor No.38 | Molniya-3 No.15

Payloads are separated by bullets ( * ), launches by pipes ( | ). Crewed flights are indicated in bold text. Uncatalogued launch failures are listed in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are denoted in (brackets).

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