Vanadyl sulfate

Names
IUPAC name

Oxovanadium(2+) sulfate

Other names

Basic vanadium(IV) sulfate
Vanadium(IV) oxide sulfate
Vanadium(IV) oxysulfate

Identifiers

CAS Number

* 27774-13-6 Anhydrous (green in color) Y
* 12439-96-2 Pentahydrate (blue in color)

PubChem CID

* 34007 Anhydrous
* 167150 Pentahydrate

RTECS number |

* YW1925000

UNII |

* 6DU9Y533FA Anhydrous (green in color) Y

InChI

* InChI=1S/H2O4S.O.V/c1-5(2,3)4;;/h(H2,1,2,3,4);;/q;;+2/p-2 N

Key: UUUGYDOQQLOJQA-UHFFFAOYSA-L N

Properties

Chemical formula

| H10O10SV
Molar mass | 253.07 g·mol−1
Appearance  | Blue solid
Melting point |  105 °C (221 °F; 378 K) decomposes

Solubility in water

| Soluble
Hazards
Main hazards | Irritant
Flash point | Non-flammble
Related compounds

Other anions

| Vanadyl chloride
Vanadyl nitrate

Other cations

| Vanadium(III) sulfate

Related compounds

| Vanadyl acetylacetonate

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

Vanadyl sulfate trihydrate

Vanadyl(IV) sulfate describes a collection of inorganic compounds of vanadium with the formula, VOSO4(H2O)x where 0 ≤ x ≤ 6. The pentahydrate is common. This hygroscopic blue solid is one of the most common sources of vanadium in the laboratory, reflecting its high stability. It features the vanadyl ion, VO2+, which has been called the "most stable diatomic ion".[1]

Vanadyl sulfate is an intermediate in the extraction of vanadium from petroleum residues, one commercial source of vanadium.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Synthesis, structure, and reactions
* 2 Occurrence in nature
* 3 Medical research
* 4 References

## Synthesis, structure, and reactions

Vanadyl sulfate is most commonly obtained by reduction of vanadium pentoxide with sulfur dioxide:

V2O5 \+ 7 H2O + SO2 \+ H2SO4 → 2 [V(O)(H2O)4]SO4

From aqueous solution, the salt crystallizes as the pentahydrate, the fifth water is not bound to the metal in the solid. Viewed as a coordination complex, the ion is octahedral, with oxo, four equatorial water ligands, and a monodentate sulfate.[1][3] The trihydrate has also been examined by crystallography.[4] A hexahydrate exists below 13.6 °C (286.8 K).[5] Two polymorphs of anhydrous VOSO4 are known.[6]

The V=O bond distance is 160 pm, about 50 pm shorter than the V–OH2 bonds. In solution, the sulfate ion dissociates rapidly.

Being widely available, vanadyl sulfate is a common precursor to other vanadyl derivatives, such as vanadyl acetylacetonate:[7]

[V(O)(H2O)4]SO4 \+ 2 C5H8O2 \+ Na2CO3 → [V(O)(C5H7O2)2] + Na2SO4 \+ 5 H2O + CO2

In acidic solution, oxidation of vanadyl sulfate gives yellow-coloured vanadyl(V) derivatives. Reduction, e.g. by zinc, gives vanadium(III) and vanadium(II) derivatives, which are characteristically green and violet, respectively.

## Occurrence in nature

Like most water-soluble sulfates, vanadyl sulfate is only rarely found in nature. Anhydrous form is pauflerite,[8] a mineral of fumarolic origin. Hydrated forms, also rare, include hexahydrate (stanleyite), pentahydrates (minasragrite, orthominasragrite,[9] and anorthominasragrite) and trihydrate - bobjonesite.[10]

## Medical research

Vanadyl sulfate is a component of food supplements and experimental drugs. Vanadyl sulfate exhibits insulin-like effects.[11]

Vanadyl sulfate has been extensively studied in the field of diabetes research as a potential means of increasing insulin sensitivity. No evidence indicates that oral vanadium supplementation improves glycaemic control.[12][13] Treatment with vanadium often results in gastrointestinal side-effects, primarily diarrhea.

Vanadyl sulfate is also marketed as a health supplement, often for bodybuilding. Deficiencies in vanadium result in reduced growth in rats.[14] Its effectiveness for bodybuilding has not been proven; some evidence suggests that athletes who take it are merely experiencing a placebo effect.[15]

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1984). Chemistry of the Elements. Oxford: Pergamon Press. p. 1157. ISBN 978-0-08-022057-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=OezvAAAAMAAJ&q=0-08-022057-6&dq=0-08-022057-6&source=bl&ots=m4tIRxdwSk&sig=XQTTjw5EN9n5z62JB3d0vaUEn0Y&hl=en&sa=X&ei=UoAWUN7-EM6ziQfyxIDoCQ&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBA.
2. ↑ Günter Bauer; Volker Güther; Hans Hess; Andreas Otto; Oskar Roidl; Heinz Roller; Siegfried Sattelberger (2005). "Vanadium and Vanadium Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a27_367. ISBN 3-527-30673-0.
3. ↑ Tachez, M.; Theobald, F.R. (1980). "Structure du Sulfate de Vanadyle Pentahydrate VO(H2O)5SO4 beta (variete orthorhombique)". Acta Crystallographica B B36 (8): 1757–p1761. doi:10.1107/S0567740880007170.
4. ↑ Tachez, M.; Theobald, F. R. (1980). "Liaisons hydrogene dans les cristaux de sulfate de vanadyle trihydrate VOSO4(H2O)3: Comparaison structurale de quatre sulfates de vanadyle hydrate". Acta Crystallographica B 36: 2873–2880. doi:10.1107/S056774088001045X.
5. ↑ M. Tachez, F. Theobald, G. Trouillot. Crystal data for vanadyl sulphate hexahydrate VOSO4.6H2O. J. Appl. Crystallogr. (1976). 9, 246
6. ↑ Boghosian, S.; Eriksen, K.M.; Fehrmann, R.; Nielsen, K. (1995). "Synthesis, Crystal Structure Redetermination and Vibrational Spectra of beta- VOSO4". Acta Chemica Scandinavica 49: 703–708. doi:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.49-0703. Longo, J. M.; Arnott, R. J. (1970). "Structure and magnetic properties of VOSO4". Journal of Solid State Chemistry 1 (3–4): 394–p398. doi:10.1016/0022-4596(70)90121-0. Bibcode: 1970JSSCh...1..394L.
7. ↑ Bryant, Burl E.; Fernelius, W. Conard (1957), "Vanadium(IV) Oxy(acetylacetonate)", Inorg. Synth., Inorganic Syntheses 5: 113–16, doi:10.1002/9780470132364.ch30, ISBN 978-0-470-13236-4
8. ↑ Krivovichev, S. V.; Vergasova, L. P.; Britvin, S. N.; Filatov, S. K.; Kahlenberg, V.; Ananiev, V. V. (1 August 2007). "Pauflerite, -VO(SO4), a New Mineral Species from the Tolbachik Volcano, Kamchatka Peninsula, Russia". The Canadian Mineralogist 45 (4): 921–927. doi:10.2113/gscanmin.45.4.921.
9. ↑ Hawthorne, F. C.; Schindler, M.; Grice, J. D.; Haynes, P. (1 October 2001). "Orthominasragrite, V4+O(SO4)(H2O)5, A New Mineral Species from Temple Mountain, Emery County, Utah, U.A.A.". The Canadian Mineralogist 39 (5): 1325–1331. doi:10.2113/gscanmin.39.5.1325.
10. ↑ Schindler, M.; Hawthorne, F. C.; Huminicki, D. M.C.; Haynes, P.; Grice, J. D.; Evans, H. T. (1 February 2003). "Bobjonesite, V4+ O (So4) (H2O)3, A New Mineral Species from Temple Mountain, Emery County, Utah, U.s.a.". The Canadian Mineralogist 41 (1): 83–90. doi:10.2113/gscanmin.41.1.83.
11. ↑ Crans, D. C.; Trujillo, A. M.; Pharazyn, P. S.; Cohen, M. D. (2011). "How environment affects drug activity: Localization, compartmentalization and reactions of a vanadium insulin-enhancing compound, dipicolinatooxovanadium(V)". Coord. Chem. Rev. 255 (19–20): 2178–2192. doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2011.01.032.
12. ↑ Yeh, Gloria Y.; Eisenberg, David M.; Kaptchuk, Ted J.; Phillips, Russell S. (2003). "Systematic Review of Herbs and Dietary Supplements for Glycemic Control in Diabetes". Diabetes Care 26 (4): 1277–1294. doi:10.2337/diacare.26.4.1277. PMID 12663610. http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/content/full/26/4/1277.
13. ↑ Smith, D.M.; Pickering, R.M.; Lewith, G.T. (31 January 2008). "A systematic review of vanadium oral supplements for glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus". QJM 101 (5): 351–358. doi:10.1093/qjmed/hcn003. PMID 18319296.
14. ↑ Schwarz, Klaus; Milne, David B. (1971). "Growth Effects of Vanadium in the Rat". Science 174 (4007): 426–428. doi:10.1126/science.174.4007.426. PMID 5112000. Bibcode: 1971Sci...174..426S.
15. ↑ Talbott, Shawn M.; Hughes, Kerry (2007). "Vanadium". The Health Professional's Guide to Dietary Supplements. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 419–422. ISBN 978-0-7817-4672-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=hV2_TdmoDo8C&pg=PA419.

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Vanadium compounds

Vanadium(0)|

* V(CO)6

Vanadium(II)|

* VBr2
* VCl2
* VO
* VS

Vanadium(III)|

* VBr3
* VCl3
* VF3
* VI3
* VN
* V2O3
* V2(SO4)3
* V2S3

Vanadium(IV)|

* VC
* VO2
* VS2
* VCl4
* VF4

| Organovanadium(IV) compounds|

* VO(C5H7O2)2

|

Vanadyl(IV) compounds|

* VOSO4

Vanadium(V)|

* V2O5
* VOCl3
* VOF3
* VF5
* V2S5

| Vanadyl(V) compounds|

* VO(ClO4)3

|

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Mineral supplements (A12)

Major|

| Calcium|

* β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate
* carbonate
* chloride
* +cholecalciferol
* citrate
* glubionate
* glucoheptonate
* gluconate#
* glycerylphosphate
* hydroxyapatite
* lactate gluconate
* lactate
* pangamate
* phosphate

|

Magnesium|

* aspartate
* chloride
* citrate
* gluconate
* glycinate
* lactate
* levulinate
* malate
* orotate
* oxide
* pidolate
* sulfate
* taurate

Phosphorus|

* adenosine triphosphate disodium
* hydroxyapatite
* monosodium phosphate

Potassium|

* bicarbonate
* bitartrate
* chloride
* citrate
* gluconate

Sodium|

* chloride
* sulfate

Sulfur|

* L-cysteine
* L-cystine
* L-glutathione
* L-methionine
* methylsulfonylmethane
* N-acetyl-L-cysteine
* R-α-lipoic acid
* S-adenosyl methionine
* taurine

Trace|

| Copper|

* gluconate

|

Iodine|

* potassium iodide

Iron|

* (II) fumarate
* (II) sulfate

Selenium|

* selenate
* selenite

Zinc|

* acetate
* L-aspartate
* L-carnosine
* gluconate
* oxide
* proteinate
* sulfate

Ultratrace|

| Chromium|

* (III) picolinate
* (III) chloride

|

Fluorine|

* fluoride#
* monofluorophosphate

Lithium|

* aspartate
* carbonate
* orotate

Vanadium|

* (IV) sulfate

* #WHO-EM
* ‡Withdrawn from market
* Clinical trials:
* †Phase III
* §Never to phase III

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Compounds containing the sulfate group

H2SO4 |  |  |  | He

|
|
|
|

Li2SO4 | BeSO4 | B  | esters
ROSO3−
(RO)2SO2 | (NH4)2SO4
[N2H5]HSO4
(NH3OH)2SO4
NOHSO4 | HOSO4 | F  | Ne
Na2SO4
NaHSO4 | MgSO4 | Al2(SO4)3
Al2SO4(OAc)4 | Si  | P  | SO42−
HSO3HSO4
(HSO4)2 | Cl  | Ar
K2SO4
KHSO4 | CaSO4 | Sc2(SO4)3 | TiOSO4 | VSO4
V2(SO4)3
VOSO4 | CrSO4
Cr2(SO4)3 | MnSO4 | FeSO4
Fe2(SO4)3 | CoSO4 | NiSO4 | CuSO4
Cu2SO4
[Cu(NH3)4(H2O)]SO4 | ZnSO4 | Ga2(SO4)3 | Ge  | As  | Se  | Br  | Kr
RbHSO4
Rb2SO4 | SrSO4 | Y2(SO4)3 | Zr(SO4)2 | Nb  | Mo  | Tc  | Ru  | Rh2(SO4)3 | PdSO4 | Ag2SO4 | CdSO4 | In2(SO4)3 | SnSO4
Sn(SO4)2 | Sb2(SO4)3 | Te  | I  | Xe
Cs2SO4
CsHSO4 | BaSO4 |  | Hf  | Ta  | W  | Re  | Os  | Ir  | Pt  | AuSO4
Au2(SO4)3 | Hg2SO4
HgSO4 | Tl2SO4
Tl2(SO4)3 | PbSO4 | Bi2(SO4)3 | Po  | At  | Rn
Fr  | Ra  |  | Rf  | Db  | Sg  | Bh  | Hs  | Mt  | Ds  | Rg  | Cn  | Nh  | Fl  | Mc  | Lv  | Ts  | Og
| ↓  |  |
La  | Ce2(SO4)3
Ce(SO4)2 | Pr2(SO4)3 | Nd  | Pm  | Sm  | Eu  | Gd  | Tb  | Dy  | Ho  | Er  | Tm  | Yb2(SO4)3 | Lu
Ac  | Th  | Pa  | U(SO4)2
UO2SO4 | Np  | Pu  | Am  | Cm  | Bk  | Cf  | Es  | Fm  | Md  | No  | Lr

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