Energy policy in Georgia

in  Georgia

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Fracking in the U.S.
Energy policy in the U.S.
State fracking policy
State energy policy
Glossary of energy terms

Energy policy involves governmental actions affecting the production, distribution, and consumption of energy in a state. Energy policies are enacted and enforced at the local, state, and federal levels and may change over time. These policies include legislation, regulation, taxes, incentives for energy production or use, standards for energy efficiency, and more. Stakeholders include citizens, politicians, environmental groups, industry groups, and think tanks. A variety of factors can affect the feasibility of federal and state-level energy policies, such as available natural resources, geography, and consumer needs.

This article outlines state-level oil and gas regulations, renewable energy programs, oil and gas production, energy usage, energy and electricity prices, fuel taxes, and utilities in Georgia.

See the tabs below for further information:

1. Policy: This tab provides information about state regulations on energy production and policies related to oil and gas production, fracking, renewable energy generation, energy efficiency, and net metering.
2. Production: This tab provides information about total energy production by energy source in Georgia.
3. Usage: This tab presents information about electricity consumption by energy source.
4. Prices and taxes: This tab presents information about average energy and electricity prices, per capita spending on energy, and fuel taxes.
5. Utilities: This tab presents information about public and private utilities, electricity markets, the types of utilities in Georgia, and the electric reliability organizations in Georgia.
6. Background: This tab provides information about the types of nonrenewable and renewable energy sources produced and used in the United States, an energy profile of Georgia, a state profile of Georgia from the Almanac of American Politics (2016), and economic indicators in the state, such as median income.

## Contents

* 1 Policy
* 1.1 State regulations
* 1.1.1 Fracking
* 1.2 Renewable energy policies
* 1.2.1 Renewable Portfolio Standard
* 1.2.2 Grant programs
* 1.2.3 Loan programs
* 1.3 Energy efficiency regulations
* 1.4 Net metering
* 1.5 Recent legislation
* 1.6 Ballot measures
* 1.6.1 Energy policy ballot measures
* 1.6.2 Utility policy ballot measures
* 2 Production
* 2.1 Total energy production
* 2.2 Nonrenewable energy production
* 2.3 Oil and gas production (2004-2014)
* 3 Energy usage
* 3.1 Consumption
* 4 Prices and taxes
* 4.1 Energy prices
* 4.2 Energy spending
* 4.3 Fuel taxes
* 4.4 Federal tax
* 5 Utilities
* 5.1 Background
* 5.2 Electricity markets
* 5.3 Electric reliability organizations
* 5.3.1 Georgia EROs
* 6 Background
* 6.1 Background on energy resources
* 6.2 Georgia energy profile
* 6.3 State profile
* 6.3.1 Presidential voting pattern
* 6.3.1.1 Pivot Counties (2016)
* 6.3.1.2 Pivot Counties (2020)
* 6.3.2 Economic indicators
* 6.4 See also
* 6.5 Recent news
* 6.6 Footnotes

# Policy[edit]

### State regulations[edit]

According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, "Georgia does not have any appreciable fossil fuel resources." However, the state has rules and regulations for any potential oil or natural gas drilling.[1]

The Georgia Oil and Gas and Deep Drilling Act of 1975 authorizes the Georgia Department of Natural Resources to establish rules and regulations on oil and natural gas drilling in the state. All operators must submit an application for a permit to drill before operations can begin. All wells must be in accordance with state regulations on the spacing, casing, and plugging of wells. Operators must also submit well completion reports to the department about all actions taken during production. All rules and regulations related to oil and gas operations and underground gas storage are found in Chapter 391-3 of the Rules and Regulations of the State of Georgia.[2][3][4]

#### Fracking[edit]

See also: Fracking in Georgia

Oil and gas operators must receive approval from the director of the Georgia Environmental Protection Division before any well can be fracked. State regulations require that each fracked well must be treated and fracked in a way that does not cause any negative impact to land, water resources, and other oil or gas formations. The director can issue emergency orders requiring that a well be plugged and abandoned if fracking operations may result in irreparable damage to the well, oil or gas formation, or any water resource.[3]

### Renewable energy policies[edit]

States have implemented funding and financial incentive programs to subsidize or otherwise increase investment in renewable energy resources such as wind, solar, and hydroelectric power. These programs include renewable portfolio standards, grants, rebate programs, tax incentives, loans, performance-based incentives, and more. The aim of the policies generally involves reducing the cost of renewable energy production for consumers, reducing regulatory compliance costs, reducing investment risks involving renewable energy, and/or increasing the adoption of renewable energy sources by individuals and businesses.[5]

#### Renewable Portfolio Standard[edit]

See also: Renewable Portfolio Standard

A Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS), also known as a renewable electricity standard, is a mandate intended to increase the amount of renewable energy production and use. Under these standards, a utility company can be required by a state to have a certain percentage of its electricity come from certain renewable energy resources. In addition, states may give tax credits to utility companies to fulfill these requirements.[6][7]

As of February 2017, Georgia was one of 20 states that did not have a Renewable Portfolio Standard or a voluntary renewable energy standard or target.[8]

#### Grant programs[edit]

States, nonprofit organizations, and/or private utilities may operate grant programs for renewable energy. These programs may include state or private funding for energy installation costs, research and development, infrastructure and business development, system testing, and renewable energy feasibility studies (studies that look into the potential for renewable energy use in specific areas). Grants can be provided with or without requiring a recipient to match the grant. Additional incentives, such as lower interest loans, may be included with a grant.[5]

As of March 2015, Georgia was one of nine states with utility-run and/or locally run grant programs for renewable energy.[5]

See the map below for grant programs by state.[5]

States with grant programs for renewable energy as of March 2015 (Source: Environmental Protection Agency)

#### Loan programs[edit]

Loan programs may be used to offer lower interest loans or other financing options to individuals and businesses to reduce the upfront costs of purchasing and installing renewable energy technologies. Loan programs may include programs that use payments from earlier borrowers to provide loans for new borrowers, programs in which building owners reduce their energy consumption to pay their upfront costs for renewable energy technologies, and programs that allow individuals with a higher debt-to-income ratio to purchase homes that use less energy, among others.[5]

As of March 2015, Georgia was one of 34 states with locally run, utility-run, and/or privately run loan programs for renewable energy.[5]

A complete list of state, local, and private incentive, loan, grant, and assistance programs for renewable energy and energy efficiency in Georgia can be found here.

See the map below for renewable energy loan programs by state.

States with loan programs for renewable energy as of March 2015 (Source: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

### Energy efficiency regulations[edit]

As of February 2017, Georgia required new residential and commercial buildings to meet energy efficiency standards. In 2008, the Georgia State Legislature passed House Bill 7135, which requires the state to adopt energy efficiency standards found in the 2006 International Energy Conservation Code (IECC). In 2012, the state adopted the 2009 version of IECC. The IECC contains energy efficiency standards related to heating, ventilating, air conditioning, water heating, and lighting. The full text of the 2009 energy efficiency building code can be found here.[9]Cite error: Closing `</ref>` missing for `<ref>` tag

### Net metering[edit]

Net metering is a billing system in which customers who generate their own electricity, usually using renewable sources (such as solar panels) are able to sell their excess electricity back to the electric grid, which is an interconnected network that is used to deliver electricity. This requires electricity to be able to flow both to and from a consumer.[10][11][12]

As of October 2016, Georgia was one of nine states without a statewide net metering policy. For a complete list of net metering programs by state, click here.[8][13]

### Recent legislation[edit]

The following is a list of recent energy policy bills that have been introduced in or passed by the Georgia State Legislature. To learn more about each of these bills, click the bill title. This information is provided by BillTrack50 and LegiScan.

Note: Due to the nature of the sorting process used to generate this list, some results may not be relevant to the topic. If no bills are displayed below, no legislation pertaining to this topic has been introduced in the legislature recently.

### Ballot measures[edit]

#### Energy policy ballot measures[edit]

See also: Energy on the ballot and List of Georgia ballot measures

Ballotpedia has covered 5 ballot measures relating to state and local energy policy in Georgia.

1. Georgia City of Elberton Electric System Bonds, Amendment 13 (1930)
2. Georgia Crisp County Hydroelectric Bonds, Amendment 2 (1926)
3. Georgia Energy Project Contracts, Amendment 4 (2010)
4. Georgia Flood Control Tax Exemptions, Amendment 6 (1930)
5. Georgia Solar Energy Tax Exemptions, Amendment 6 (1976)

#### Utility policy ballot measures[edit]

See also: Local utility tax and fees on the ballot

Ballotpedia has not covered any ballot measures relating to local utility tax and fees in Georgia.

# Production[edit]

The sections below include statistics on total energy production in Georgia, oil and natural gas production in Georgia, oil and gas production in Georgia over time (2004-2014), and oil and gas production on federal land, including the amount of federal land leased in Georgia for production.

### Total energy production[edit]

The table below provides information regarding energy production in Georgia in British thermal units (Btu). A British thermal unit is used to measure the heat contained in different fuels. The U.S. Department of Energy defines a Btu as "the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of liquid water by 1 degree Fahrenheit." Fuels are discussed in terms of Btu to compare fuels with different energy content and prices. For example, one gallon of gasoline equals 120,524 Btu.[14]

Energy production, 2014 (in billion Btu)

State | Biomass | Coal | Crude oil | Nuclear energy | Natural gas | Renewable | Total*
Georgia |  14,312  |  0  |  0  |  340,652  |  0  |  257,304  |  612,268
Alabama |  0  |  414,366  |  57,002  |  431,368  |  196,237  |  254,752  |  1,353,725
Florida |  0  |  0  |  12,917  |  291,474  |  740  |  248,608  |  553,739
South Carolina |  0  |  0  | 0  |  548,246  | 0  |  126,864  |  675,110
U.S. average | 38,759  |  404,181  |  307,301  |  160,980  |  585,731  |  187,132  |  1,684,085
*Total figures were computed by Ballotpedia.
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, "Google Sheets API"

### Nonrenewable energy production[edit]

The table below provides information regarding nonrenewable energy production in Georgia. For coal data, the phrase productive capacity refers to the maximum amount of coal that could be expected to be produced in 2014. The natural gas and crude oil production data refer to the amounts of natural gas and crude oil produced in December 2014 and April 2016, respectively.[1][15]

Nonrenewable energy production

State | Coal, productive capacity
(short tons)  | Natural gas
(million cubic feet)  | Crude oil
(thousand barrels)
Date  |  2014  |  December 2014  |  April 2016
Georgia |  0 |  0 |  0
Alabama |  19,445,029  |  14,152  |  616
Florida |  0  |  21  |  167
South Carolina |  0  |  0  |  0
U.S. average |  24,874,314  |  43,350  |  4,388
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, "Google Sheets API"

### Oil and gas production (2004-2014)[edit]

Note: This section provides information about oil and gas production on private and state-owned lands. Information on oil and gas production on federal lands is accessible here.

Because Georgia had no crude oil or natural gas reserves as of 2015, there was no oil or gas production in the state.

# Energy usage[edit]

The section below includes statistics on electricity consumption in the state by energy type (in 2014).

### Consumption[edit]

The table below provides information about energy consumption by source in Georgia in 2014. Information from select surrounding states is provided for comparison.[1]

Energy consumption in Georgia, 2014 (in billion BtuBtu or British thermal units is a means of measuring the heat contained in fuels. "It is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of liquid water by 1 degree Fahrenheit." Fuels are often converted into Btu to make it easier to compare different types of fuels with different energy contents and prices. For comparison, one gallon of gasoline equals 120,524 Btu.[16])

State | Coal | Crude oil and petroleum products | Natural gas | Nuclear energy | Solar | Wind | Geothermal | Hydropower | Wood and wood waste | Biomass
Georgia |  482,657  |  872,483  |  666,771  |  340,652  |  2,329  | 0  |  315  |  29,142  |  211,206  |  252,985
Alabama |  575,912  |  519,666  |  651,532  |  431,368  |  151  |  0 |  141  |  90,030  |  164,430  |  186,649
Florida |  557,882  |  1,610,828  |  1,246,670  |  291,474  |  51,589  |  0  |  10,056  |  2,010  |  184,953  |  250,043
South Carolina |  305,656  |  500,897  |  235,860  |  548,246  |  199  | 0  |  648  |  24,432  |  101,584  |  122,321
U.S. average |  359,931  |  716,746  |  544,353  |  172,585  |  20,739  |  531,323  |  16,555  |  61,397  |  65,345  |  101,581
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, "Google Sheets API"

# Prices and taxes[edit]

The sections below include information on energy prices and spending in Georgia, fuel taxes and state taxes in Georgia and in neighboring states, and an overview of the federal tax on gasoline.

### Energy prices[edit]

The price of electricity is affected by supply and demand. The supply of electricity is affected by fuel prices, environmental and energy regulations, power plant capacity, weather, and other factors. Demand for electricity also affects the price. Because electricity cannot be stored for long periods of time, it must be produced and used when it is needed. As demand for electricity increases, the price also generally increases.[17][18]

The table below provides information about energy prices in Georgia as of April 2016. Information from select surrounding states is provided for comparison.[1]

Note: In comparing dollar amounts across the states, it is important to note that the cost of living can from state to state and within a state. The amounts given on this page have not been adjusted to reflect these differences. For more information on "regional price disparities" and the Consumer Price Index, see the U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis.

Energy prices in Georgia

State | Natural gas
Dollars per thousand cubic foot  | Electricity
Cents per kilowatthour
Date  |  April 2016  |  April 2016
Georgia |  $16.48  |  8.9
Alabama |  $14.27  |  9.3
Florida |  $17.83  |  9.9
South Carolina |  $15.24  |  9.1
U.S. average |  $11.20  |  10.41
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, "Google Sheets API"

Electricity prices can vary depending on the type of consumer; consumer categories include residential, commercial, industrial, and in some cases, transportation. The rate-making process is both political and economic. The table below presents information about electricity prices by consumer type in Georgia in April 2016. Information from select surrounding states is provided for comparison.

Electricity prices in Georgia by sector (in cents per kilowatthour)

State | Commercial | Industrial | Residential | Transportation | Average (all sectors)
Date  |  April 2016  |  April 2016  |  April 2016  |  April 2016  |  April 2016
Georgia |  9.5  |  5.2  |  11.2  |  5.3  |  7.8
Alabama |  11.0  |  5.9  |  12.4  |  0.0  |  9.8
Florida |  9.0  |  7.5  |  11.1  |  8.9  |  9.1
South Carolina |  9.8  |  5.8  |  12.8  |  0.0  |  9.4
U.S. average |  10.48  |  7.45  |  13.05  |  10.47  |  10.36
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, "Google Sheets API"

### Energy spending[edit]

The table below provides information about energy spending in Georgia as of 2014. Information from select surrounding states is provided for comparison.

Energy spending in Georgia, 2014 (in millions of dollar except per capita spending)

State | Petroleum | Coal | Natural gas | Nuclear | Per capita spending
Georgia |  $21,955  |  $1,521  |  $4,963  |  $292  |  $3,935
Alabama |  $13,078  |  $1,677  |  $3,521  |  $344  |  $4,982
Florida |  $40,058  |  $1,858  |  $7,468  |  $216  |  $3,336
South Carolina |  $12,586  |  $1,115  |  $1,596  |  $351  |  $4,530
U.S. average |  $17,267  |  $1,322  |  $3,786  |  $574  |  $5,304
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration, "Google Sheets API"

### Fuel taxes[edit]

Click to enlarge.

Revenue collected by federal, state, and local governments from fuel taxes is usually used to fund transportation infrastructure such as roads and bridges. Some states may charge an excise tax based on how much gas or diesel is purchased. Some states may charge retail tax based on the average price of gas over a certain period. Additionally, some states may charge an environmental tax to be used for environmental projects. The Tax Foundation, which created the map to the right, used data from the American Petroleum Institute, which converted each state's different tax structure into cents per gallon to compare each state's gas taxes. In 2016, gas taxes accounted for 23 percent of the price of gasoline. Crude oil accounted for 40 percent of the price of gasoline, refining accounted for 24 percent of the price, and distribution and marketing accounted for 13 percent of the remainder.[19][20]

The table below provides information about state fuel taxes by type (excluding the federal gas taxes) in Georgia as of January 2016. As of January 2016, Georgia levied a 31 cent state gasoline tax and a 34.7 cent state diesel tax. Georgia ranked 17th highest in total gasoline taxes (federal and state) and 8th highest in total diesel fuel taxes as of January 2016.[21][22]

State motor fuel taxes in cents per gallon, January 2016

State | State gasoline tax | Total gasoline tax | Rank | State diesel tax | Total diesel tax | Rank
Georgia |  31.0  |  49.4  |  17  |  34.7  |  59.1  |  8
Alabama |  20.9  |  39.3  |  40  |  21.9  |  46.3  |  40
Florida |  36.6  |  55.0  |  7  |  33.8  |  58.2  |  12
South Carolina |  16.8  |  35.2  |  48  |  16.8  |  41.2  |  48
U.S. average |  30.29  |  48.69  |  N/A  |  30.01  |  54.41  |  N/A
Source: American Petroleum Institute, "Motor Fuel Taxes"

### Federal tax[edit]

The first federal tax on gasoline was proposed by Secretary of the Treasury Ogden L. Mills under President Herbert Hoover (R) as a revenue generating measure to balance the budget during the Great Depression. A 1-cent tax per gallon of imported gasoline and fuel oil was passed as part of the Revenue Act of 1932 and signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (D). The 1-cent tax continued until 1951 when the tax was increased to 2 cents in part to raise revenue during the Korean War. In 1956, the tax was raised to 3 cents to fund the Interstate Highway System. During this time, the Highway Trust Fund was created as a means to fund highway construction. Since 1956, there have been increases to the tax. As of April 2016, the gas tax was last raised by President Bill Clinton (D) in 1993 to 18.4 cents per gallon.[23]

# Utilities[edit]

The sections below include general information on utilities, an overview of utilities and electricity markets, information on the types of utilities in Georgia, an overview of electricity reliability organizations (EROs), and the EROs that oversee electricity in Georgia.

### Background[edit]

Utilities are firms that own and/or operate facilities to generate, transmit, and/or distribute electricity, gas, and/or water to the public. Electric utilities are commercial entities that own and operate facilities to generate, transmit, and distribute electricity to the public and/or the industrial sector. State and local regulators oversee transmission and distribution charges. Local utilities read electric meters and bill individuals or businesses, generally on a monthly basis.[24][25]

Utilities are defined differently in each state and in federal legislation. Two general types of utilities are private and public utilities. Private utilities, commonly known as investor-owned utilities, provide stocks to investors and sell bonds. These utilities are regulated by state regulatory agencies. State agencies are also responsible for setting retail rates charged by investor-owned utilities, overseeing utility infrastructure, and ensuring that investor-owned utilities respond to customer service demands. Public utilities include government or municipally owned utilities. Another type of utility is an electric cooperative. Cooperatives are nonprofit businesses voluntarily owned and managed by the individuals and businesses that use their services. They are commonly used in rural areas that do not have access to a larger state or region-wide electric grid.[25]

### Electricity markets[edit]

Electricity markets in each state are defined as regulated or deregulated. A regulated market includes utilities that own and manage the power plants that generate the electricity, the electricity transmission lines, and the distribution equipment (such as wires and electric poles). In addition, the utilities rates are approved and regulated by local and state agencies. A deregulated market requires utilities to divest ownership in the generation and transmission of electricity. In this market, utilities oversee the interconnection from a meter at a household or business to the power grid and is responsible for billing ratepayers.[26][27]

Depending on the state and/or area, public utilities may provide most or all energy services to homes and businesses, or a state may allow other private electricity providers to transmit and distribute electricity in addition to other utilities. For example, one type of private provider is a retail energy provider, which sells electricity in areas with retail competition. The provider purchases wholesale electricity and the delivery services (such as transmission lines) and can price electricity to particular consumers.[26][27]

As of February 2017, Georgia was one of 40 states with a regulated electricity market. The Georgia Public Service Commission is responsible for setting electricity rates of utilities under its jurisdiction. The commission fully regulates the state's sole investor-owned utility—the Georgia Power Company. Publicly owned municipal utilities and electric cooperatives do not have rates set by the commission, though these utilities must come before the commission on issues related to financing and territorial disputes. As of February 2017, Georgia had one investor-owned electric utility, 42 electric cooperatives, and 52 publicly owned municipal utilities. In 1973, the Georgia State Legislature enacted the Georgia Territorial Electric Service Act, which allows electric consumers with manufacturing or commercial operations of 900 kilowatts (kW) or more to have a one time choice in electric suppliers. Eligible customers may switch electric suppliers if all parties in a contract agree.[28][29]

### Electric reliability organizations[edit]

The Energy Policy Act of 2005 required the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) to designate an electric reliability organization (ERO) for the United States. An ERO oversees the reliability of a nation's electric grid. In 2006, FERC granted authority to the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) to develop and enforce grid reliability standards for the United States. NERC, a self-regulated nonprofit corporation, is authorized to enforce grid reliability standards for all users, owners, and operators of the U.S. electrical system.[30]

NERC works with eight regional reliability organizations to oversee the U.S. electrical system. These organizations, known as regional entities, are composed of officials from investor-owned utilities, federal power agencies, electric cooperatives, and state and municipal utilities. Regional entities enforce NERC and regional reliability standards. Further, they forecast electricity demand and coordinate operations with other regional entities.[31]

#### Georgia EROs[edit]

As of February 2017, the SERC Reliability Corporation (SERC) was the NERC-affiliated corporation that oversees electricity in Georgia. SERC was authorized by the North American Electric Reliability Corporation in July 2006 to serve as an ERO under the Federal Power Act. SERC monitors compliance with electricity reliability standards and assesses seasonal and long-term electricity grid reliability.[32]

# Background[edit]

The sections below include an overview of the types of renewable and nonrenewable energy produced and consumed in the United States, an energy profile of Georgia (from the U.S. Energy Information Administration), a general profile of Georgia (from the 2016 edition of the Almanac of American Politics), and various economic indicators in Georgia.

### Background on energy resources[edit]

Nonrenewable energy sources, such as coal, oil, and natural gas (sometimes known as fossil fuels), and renewable sources, such as hydropower, wind, biofuels, and solar energy, are produced in each state, though at different levels depending on a state's geography, energy consumption, and the raw materials available in a particular state. For example, several states do not have coal, oil, and/or natural gas resources. States that lack these resources import these fuels.[33]

According to the U.S. Department of Energy, oil, coal, and natural gas comprise the majority of the resources used to generate power in the United States. In 2014, the top five energy-producing states were the top five fossil fuel-producing states—Texas, Wyoming, Pennsylvania, Louisiana, and West Virginia. These states' fossil fuel production accounted for approximately 42 percent of U.S. energy production in 2014. States with fewer coal, oil, and natural gas resources generally consume less energy. In 2014, the bottom five energy-producing states—Rhode Island, Delaware, Hawaii, Nevada, and New Hampshire—produced 0.2 percent of U.S. energy and consumed approximately 2 percent of total U.S. energy.[33]

The production of biofuels (liquid fuels created from plant or plant-derived materials) is generally concentrated in the Midwest—states such as Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, and South Dakota) given the region's agricultural production of crops such as corn, which is used to make ethanol, a biofuel that can be blended with gasoline and used as a transportation fuel.[33]

Other renewable sources are used to generate power in the states include hydroelectric power, which accounted for about half of all renewable energy production in the United States in 2014.[33]

### Georgia energy profile[edit]

According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, Georgia is located near coal fields and oil and natural gas basins, though the state has few recoverable coal, oil, or natural gas resources. As of 2015, the state had two pipelines delivering petroleum products and a pipeline delivering natural gas liquids to the state; Georgia had no crude oil pipelines that crossed the state. In 2014, the state's last oil refineries closed, though the refinery was used as a products terminal facility as of 2016. Georgia received all of its natural gas supply from interstate pipelines as of 2015. From 2009 to 2015, the largest natural gas-consuming sector in Georgia was the electric power sector.[1]

From 2008 to 2015, Georgia power plants shifted to greater natural gas use for electricity generation. In 2015, natural gas accounted for 40 percent of Georgia's net electricity generation, the first year in which natural gas was the largest source of electricity. Coal accounted for less than 30 percent in 2015. As of 2015, Georgia had two nuclear power plants, which accounted for 25 percent of the state's electricity generation.[1]

As of February 2016, biomass accounted for approximately 60 percent of the state's net renewable electricity generation. Georgia had five biodiesel plants and two ethanol plants as of 2015. As of February 2016, Georgia was in the top ten largest hydroelectric power producers in states east of the Rocky Mountains.[1]

## State profile[edit]

Demographic data for Georgia

| Georgia| U.S.
Total population:| 10,199,398| 316,515,021
Land area (sq mi):| 57,513| 3,531,905
Race and ethnicity**
White:| 60.2%| 73.6%
Black/African American:| 30.9%| 12.6%
Asian:| 3.6%| 5.1%
Native American:| 0.3%| 0.8%
Pacific Islander:| 0%| 0.2%
Two or more:| 2.1%| 3%
Hispanic/Latino:| 9.1%| 17.1%
Education
High school graduation rate:| 85.4%| 86.7%
College graduation rate:| 28.8%| 29.8%
Income
Median household income:| $49,620| $53,889
Persons below poverty level:| 21.1%| 11.3%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, "American Community Survey" (5-year estimates 2010-2015)
Click here for more information on the 2020 census and here for more on its impact on the redistricting process in Georgia.

* * *

**Note: Percentages for race and ethnicity may add up to more than 100 percent because respondents may report more than one race and the Hispanic/Latino ethnicity may be selected in conjunction with any race. Read more about race and ethnicity in the census here.

### Presidential voting pattern[edit]

See also: Presidential voting trends in Georgia

Georgia voted Republican in all five presidential elections between 2000 and 2016.

#### Pivot Counties (2016)

Ballotpedia identified 206 counties that voted for Donald Trump (R) in 2016 after voting for Barack Obama (D) in 2008 and 2012. Collectively, Trump won these Pivot Counties by more than 580,000 votes. Of these 206 counties, five are located in Georgia, accounting for 2.43 percent of the total pivot counties.[34]

#### Pivot Counties (2020)

In 2020, Ballotpedia re-examined the 206 Pivot Counties to view their voting patterns following that year's presidential election. Ballotpedia defined those won by Trump won as Retained Pivot Counties and those won by Joe Biden (D) as Boomerang Pivot Counties. Nationwide, there were 181 Retained Pivot Counties and 25 Boomerang Pivot Counties. Georgia had five Retained Pivot Counties, 2.76 percent of all Retained Pivot Counties.

More Georgia coverage on Ballotpedia

* Elections in Georgia
* United States congressional delegations from Georgia
* Public policy in Georgia
* Influencers in Georgia
* Georgia fact checks
* More...

### Economic indicators[edit]

See also: Economic indicators by state

Georgia's GDP increased by 2.3 percent in 2014. Click the image to view a larger version.

Broadly defined, a healthy economy is typically one that has a "stable and strong rate of economic growth" (gross state product, in this case) and low unemployment, among many other factors. The economic health of a state can significantly affect its healthcare costs, insurance coverage, access to care, and citizens' physical and mental health. For instance, during economic downturns, employers may reduce insurance coverage for employees, while those who are laid off may lose coverage altogether. Individuals also tend to spend less on non-urgent care or postpone visits to the doctor when times are hard. These changes in turn may affect the decisions made by policymakers as they react to shifts in the industry. Additionally, a person's socioeconomic status has profound effects on their access to care and the quality of care received.[35][36][37]

Although in September 2014 Georgia had the highest unemployment rate among its neighboring states, it also had the highest median annual household income between 2011 and 2013. In 2013, most Georgia residents earned incomes that were between 200 and 399 percent above the federal poverty level.[38][39][40][41]

Note: Gross state product (GSP) on its own is not necessarily an indicator of economic health; GSP may also be influenced by state population size. Many factors must be looked at together to assess state economic health.

Various economic indicators by state

State  |  Distribution of population by FPL* (2013)  |  Median annual income (2011-2013)  |  Unemployment rate  |  Total GSP (2013)†
Under 100%  |  100-199%  |  200-399%  |  400%+  |  Sept. 2013  |  Sept. 2014
Georgia |  16%  |  21%  |  32%  |  31%  |  $47,753  |  8%  |  7.9%  |  $454,532
Alabama |  17%  |  22%  |  33%  |  28%  |  $43,330  |  6.4%  |  6.6%  |  $193,566
Florida |  15%  |  20%  |  32%  |  32%  |  $47,106  |  6.9%  |  6.1%  |  $800,492
South Carolina |  16%  |  19%  |  35%  |  30%  |  $43,716  |  7.3%  |  6.6%  |  $183,561
United States | 15% | 19% | 30% | 36% | $52,047 | 7.2% | 5.9% | $16,701,415
* Federal Poverty Level. "The U.S. Census Bureau's poverty threshold for a family with two adults and one child was $18,751 in 2013. This is the official measurement of poverty used by the Federal Government."
† Median annual household income, 2011-2013.
‡ In millions of current dollars. "Gross State Product is a measurement of a state's output; it is the sum of value added from all industries in the state."
Source: The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, "State Health Facts"

## See also[edit]

* Energy policy in the U.S.
* Fracking in Georgia
* Net metering
* Renewable Portfolio Standard
* Environmental policy in Georgia

## Recent news[edit]

The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Georgia energy policy. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.

Energy policy in Georgia - Google News

## Footnotes[edit]

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 U.S. Energy Information Administration, "Georgia State Energy Profile," May 19, 2016
2. ↑ Rules and Regulations of the State of Georgia, "Chapter 391-3," accessed March 22, 2017
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Rules and Regulations of the State of Georgia, "Subject 391-3-13 Oil and Gas and Deep Drilling," accessed March 22, 2017
4. ↑ Georgia Environmental Protection Division, "Existing Rules and Corresponding Laws," accessed March 22, 2017
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Chapter 3. Funding and Financial Incentive Policies," accessed March 1, 2017
6. ↑ National Renewable Energy Laboratory, “State & Local Activities,” accessed January 30, 2014
7. ↑ National Conference of State Legislatures, "State Renewable Portfolio Standards and Goals," accessed March 14, 2017
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Institute for Energy Research, "Georgia Energy Facts," accessed March 15, 2017
9. ↑ Georgia Department of Community Affairs, "Georgia State Amendments to the International Energy Conservation Code (2009 Edition)," accessed March 22, 2017
10. ↑ Database of State Incentives for Renewables and Efficiency, "Glossary," accessed October 22, 2014
11. ↑ Edison Electric Institute, "Straight Talk About Net Metering," September 2013
12. ↑ Call Me Power, "What is the difference between wholesale and retail electricity?" March 12, 2015
13. ↑ DSIRE, "Net metering programs," accessed February 28, 2017
14. ↑ U.S. Energy Information Administration, "British Thermal Units (Btu)," December 15, 2014
15. ↑ U.S. Energy Information Administration, "Table 13. Productive Capacity and Capacity Utilization of Underground Coal Mines by State and Mining Method, 2014," accessed July 19, 2016
16. ↑ U.S. Energy Information Administration, "British Thermal Units (Btu)," December 15, 2014
17. ↑ RWE, "How the electricity price is determined," accessed April 21, 2015
18. ↑ Forbes, "How The Price For Power Is Set," December 26, 2012
19. ↑ U.S. Energy Information Administration, "Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update," accessed April 25, 2016
20. ↑ Tax Foundation, "How High Are Gas Taxes in Your State?" July 23, 2016
21. ↑ The Washington Post, "A (very) brief history of the state gas tax on its 95th birthday," February 25, 2014
22. ↑ American Petroleum Institute, "Motor Fuel Taxes," accessed April 27, 2016
23. ↑ U.S. Department of Transportation, "When did the Federal Government begin collecting the gas tax?" November 18, 2015
24. ↑ Business Dictionary, "Electric utility," accessed February 28, 2017
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 U.S. Department of Energy, "A Primer on Electric Utilities, Deregulation, and Restructuring of U.S. Energy Markets," May 2002
26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Electric Choice, "Map of Deregulated Energy States and Markets (Updated 2017)," accessed February 28, 2017
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Allied Power Services, "Deregulated States," accessed February 28, 2017
28. ↑ Georgia Public Service Commission, "Electric," accessed March 22, 2017
29. ↑ Georgia Public Service Commission, "An Introduction To Your Georgia Public Service Commission," accessed March 22, 2017
30. ↑ WhatIs.com, "North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC)," accessed February 28, 2017
31. ↑ North American Electric Reliability Corporation, "Frequently asked questions," August 2013
32. ↑ SERC Reliability Corporation, "About SERC," accessed March 15, 2017
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 33.3 U.S. Department of Energy, "How Much Energy Does Your State Produce?" November 10, 2014
34. ↑ The raw data for this study was provided by Dave Leip of Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections.
35. ↑ Academy Health, "Impact of the Economy on Health Care," August 2009
36. ↑ The Conversation, "Budget explainer: What do key economic indicators tell us about the state of the economy?" May 6, 2015
37. ↑ Health Affairs, "Socioeconomic Disparities In Health: Pathways And Policies," accessed July 13, 2015
38. ↑ The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, "Distribution of Total Population by Federal Poverty Level," accessed July 17, 2015
39. ↑ The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, "Median Annual Household Income," accessed July 17, 2015
40. ↑ The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, "Unemployment Rate (Seasonally Adjusted)," accessed July 17, 2015
41. ↑ The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, "Total Gross State Product (GSP) (millions of current dollars)," accessed July 17, 2015

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