Digital distribution in video games

In the video game industry, digital distribution is the process of delivering video game content as digital information, without the exchange or purchase of new physical media. This process has existed since the early 1980s, but it was only with network advancements in bandwidth capabilities in the early 2000s that digital distribution became more prominent as a method of selling games. Currently, the process is dominated by online distribution over broadband internet.

To facilitate the sale of games, various video game publishers and console manufacturers have created their own platforms for digital distribution. These platforms, such as Steam, Origin, and Xbox Live Marketplace, provide centralized services to purchase and download digital content for either specific video game consoles or PCs. Some platforms may also serve as digital rights management systems, limiting the use of purchased items to one account.

Digital distribution of video games is becoming increasingly common, with major publishers and retailers paying more attention to digital sales, including Steam, PlayStation Store, Amazon.com, GAME, GameStop, and others. According to study conducted by SuperData Research, the volume of digital distribution of video games worldwide was $6.2 billion per month in February 2016,[1] and reached $7.7 billion per month in April 2017.[2]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 1980s
* 1.2 1990s
* 1.3 2000s
* 1.3.1 Consoles
* 1.3.2 PC
* 1.4 2010s
* 1.4.1 Mobile gaming
* 1.4.2 Console gaming
* 2 Implications
* 2.1 Independent game development
* 3 Buyer advantages and disadvantages
* 4 Examples of video game digital distribution systems
* 4.1 Current
* 4.2 Obsolete
* 5 See also
* 6 References

## History

### 1980s

Before internet connections became widespread, there were few services for digital distribution of games, and physical media was the dominant method of delivering video games. One of the first examples of digital distribution in video games was GameLine, which operated during the early 1980s. The service allowed Atari 2600 owners to use a specialized cartridge to connect through a phone line to a central server and rent a video game for 5–10 days. The GameLine service was terminated during the video game crash of 1983.

### 1990s

Only a few digital distribution services for consoles would appear in the 90s. Among them were Sega's Sega Meganet and Sega Channel, released in 1990 and 1994 respectively, providing Sega Genesis owners with access to games on demand and other services. Similar peripherals and services would be released for the Super Famicom (Satellaview) and the Nintendo 64 (Randnet) in Japan.

On PCs, digital distribution was more prevalent. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, prior to the widespread adoption of the internet, it was common for software developers to upload demos and shareware to Bulletin Board Systems. In most cases, demos or shareware releases would contain an advertisement for the full game with ordering instructions for a physical copy of the full game or software. Some developers instead used a licensing system where 'full versions' could be unlocked from the downloaded software with the purchase of a key, thereby making this method the first true digital distribution method for PC Software. Notable examples include the Software Creations BBS and ExecPC BBS, both of which continue to exist today - albeit in a very different form. Bulletin Board systems however were not interconnected, and developers would have to upload their software to each site. Additionally, BBSs required users to place a telephone call with a modem to reach their system. For many users this meant incurring long distance charges. These factors contributed to a sharp decline in BBS usage in the early 1990s, coinciding with the rise of inexpensive internet providers.

In the mid 1990s, with the rise of the internet, early individual examples for digital distribution under usage of this new medium emerged, although there were no significant services for it. For instance, in 1997 the video game producer Cavedog distributed regularly additional content for the Real-time strategy computer game Total Annihilation as internet downloads via their website.[3]

Also, users used the internet to distribute their own content. Without access to the retail infrastructure that would allow them to distribute this content through physical media, user-created content such as game modifications, maps or fan patches could only be distributed online.

### 2000s

By this time, internet connections were fast and numerous enough such that digital distribution of games and other related content became viable.[4]

#### Consoles

The proliferation of internet-enabled consoles allowed also additional buyable content that could be added onto full retail games, such as maps, in-game clothing, and gameplay. This type of content, called DLC (Downloadable content), become prevalent for consoles in the 2000s.

#### PC

An early innovator of the digital distribution idea on the PC was Stardock. In 2001 Stardock released the Stardock Central to digitally distribute and sell its own PC titles, followed by a service called Drengin.net with a yearly subscription pay model in summer 2003. In 2004, the subscription model was substituted by TotalGaming.net which allowed individual purchases or pay an upfront fee for tokens which allowed them to purchase games at a discount. In 2008, Stardock announced Impulse a third-generation digital distribution platform, which included independent third-party games and major publisher titles.[5] The platform was sold to GameStop in May 2011.[6][7]

The period between 2004 and now saw the rise of many digital distribution services on PC, such as Amazon Digital Services, GameStop, Games for Windows – Live, Origin, Direct2Drive, GOG.com, GamersGate and several more. The offered properties and policies differs significantly between the digital distribution services: e.g. while most of the digital distributors don't allow reselling of bought games, Green Man Gaming allows this.[8]

In 2004 the Valve Corporation released the Steam platform for Windows computers (later expanded to Mac OS and Linux) as a means to distribute Valve-developed video games. Steam has the speciality that customers don't buy games but instead get the right to use games, which might be revoked when a violation of the End-user license agreement is seen by Valve[9] or when a customer doesn't accept changes in the End-user license agreement.[10][11] Steam began later to sell titles from independent developers and major distributors and has since become the largest PC digital distributor. By 2011, Steam has approximately 50-70% of the market for downloadable PC games, with a userbase of about 40 million accounts.[12][13][14]

In 2008, the website gog.com (formerly called Good Old Games) was started, specialized in the distribution of older, classical PC games. While all the other DD services allow various forms of DRM (or even have them embedded) gog.com has a strict non-DRM policy.[15] Desura was launched in 2010. The service was notable for having a strong support of the modding community and also has an open source client, called Desurium.[16] Origin, a new version of the Electronic Arts online store, was released in 2011 in order to compete with Steam and other digital distribution platforms on the PC.[17]

### 2010s

#### Mobile gaming

Digital distribution is the dominant method of delivering content on mobile platforms such as iOS devices and Android phones. Lower barriers to entry has allowed more developers to create and distribute games on these platforms, with the mobile gaming industry growing considerably as a result.[18]

#### Console gaming

Today, each of the current main consoles (Nintendo Switch, Xbox One, and PlayStation 4) has its own digital distribution platform to sell games exclusive to digital formats and digital versions of retail games. These are the Nintendo eShop, Xbox Live Marketplace, and PlayStation Store, respectively. Microsoft's Xbox Live Marketplace, Nintendo's eShop, and Sony's PlayStation Store all sell full retail games, along with other products, such as DLC.

## Implications

The main advantages of digital distribution over the previously dominant retail distribution of video games include significantly reduced production, deployment, and storage costs.

Digital distribution also offers new structural possibilities for the whole video game industry, which, prior to the emergence of digital media as a relevant means of distribution, was usually built around the relationship of the video game developer, who produced the game, and the video game publisher, who financed and organized the distribution and sale. The heightened production costs in the early 2000s made many video game publishers avoid risks and led to the rejection of many smaller-scale game development projects.[19] Gabe Newell, co-founder of Valve, the developer and intellectual property rights owner of Steam, described the disadvantages of physical retail distribution for smaller game developers as such:

> The worst days [for game development] were the cartridge days for the NES. It was a huge risk – you had all this money tied up in silicon in a warehouse somewhere, and so you’d be conservative in the decisions you felt you could make, very conservative in the IPs you signed, your art direction would not change, and so on. Now it’s the opposite extreme: we can put something up on Steam, deliver it to people all around the world, make changes. We can take more interesting risks.[...] Retail doesn’t know how to deal with those games. On Steam [a digital distributor] there’s no shelf-space restriction.

> --Gabe Newell, Rock, Paper, Shotgun[4]

Since the 2000s, when digital distribution saw its first meaningful surge in popularity, an increasing number of niche market titles have been made available and become commercially successful, including (but not limited to) remakes of classic games.[20][21] The new possibilities of digital distribution stimulated the creation of game titles from small video game producers like independent game developers[22][23] and modders (e.g. Garry's Mod[24]), which before were not commercially feasible.

### Independent game development

The increasing prevalence of digital distribution has allowed independent game developers to sell and distribute their games without having to negotiate deals with publishers. No longer required to rely on conventional physical retail sales, independent developers have seen success through the sale of games that normally would not be accepted by publishers for distribution.[25] The PC and mobile platforms are the most prominent in regards to independent game distribution, with services such as GOG.com, GamersGate, Steam and the iOS App Store providing ways to sell games with minimal to no distribution costs. Some digital distribution platforms exist specifically for indie game distribution, such as the Xbox Live Indie Games.

## Buyer advantages and disadvantages

Compared to physically distributed games, digital games like those offered on the Steam digital distribution service cannot be lost or destroyed, and can be redownloaded at any time. Services like Steam, Origin, and Xbox Live do not offer ways to sell used games once they are no longer desired, even though some services like Steam do have family sharing options.[26] This is also somewhat countered by frequent sales offered by these digital distributors, often allowing major savings by selling at prices below what a retailer is able to offer.

In contrast to physically distributed games, digital games can be easily purchased immediately, without leaving home. This way, gamers have immediate access to the games.[27]

## Examples of video game digital distribution systems

### Current

* Console
* DSi Shop
* Nintendo eShop
* PlayStation Store
* Wii Shop Channel
* Xbox Games Store
* PC
* Awomo[28]
* Battle.net
* Beamdog[28]
* Indie City[28]
* Itch[28]
* Desura[28]
* DotEmu
* GameHouse[28]
* Game Jolt
* GamersGate[28]
* GOG[28]
* Green Man Gaming[28]
* Metaboli
* Nuuvem
* Origin
* PatchKit
* Playfield
* Playism[28]
* Risenz
* Steam[28]
* Uplay
* Xbox Games Store
* Arcade
* ALL.Net
* NESiCAxLive

### Obsolete

* GameLine (early 1980s)
* Famicom Modem (1988)
* IndieVania[28]
* LittleIndie[28]
* Nintendo Power (cartridge) (19??)
* Sega Channel (1994)
* Satellaview (1995)
* Nintendo 64DD Randnet (December 1999)
* iQue Depot (2003)

## See also

* Cloud gaming
* Downloadable content

## References

1. ↑ Morgan, Dave (March 24, 2016). "Digital Games Worth $6.2 Billion a Month". https://wholesgame.com/news/digital-games-worth-6-2-billion-month/. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
2. ↑ Schmidt, Alex (May 29, 2017). "Digital games revenue grew by 9% worldwide". https://wholesgame.com/news/digital-games-revenue-grew-by-9-worldwide/. Retrieved May 31, 2017.
3. ↑ TA downloadable units on cavedog.com (archived in the Internet Archive on March 30, 2001)
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Walker, John (November 22, 2007). "RPS Exclusive: Gabe Newell Interview". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2007/11/21/rps-exclusive-gabe-newell-interview/. Retrieved June 28, 2013. "The worst days [for game development] were the cartridge days for the NES. It was a huge risk – you had all this money tied up in silicon in a warehouse somewhere, and so you’d be conservative in the decisions you felt you could make, very conservative in the IPs you signed, your art direction would not change, and so on. Now it’s the opposite extreme: we can put something up on Steam [a digital distributor], deliver it to people all around the world, make changes. We can take more interesting risks.[...] Retail doesn’t know how to deal with those games. On Steam there’s no shelf-space restriction. It’s great because they’re a bunch of old, orphaned games."
5. ↑ "Impulse Details at Gamers with Jobs". http://www.gamerswithjobs.com/node/38570.
6. ↑ "GameStop Announces Acquisition of Spawn Labs and Agreement to Acquire Impulse, Inc.". GameStop. March 31, 2011. http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=130125&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1544860. Retrieved May 2, 2011.
7. ↑ Christopher Grant (March 31, 2011). "GameStop indulges in some Impulse buying ... no seriously, it bought Impulse (and Spawn Labs)". Joystiq. AOL. http://www.joystiq.com/2011/03/31/gamestop-indulges-in-some-impulse-buying-no-seriously-it-bo/. Retrieved May 2, 2011.
8. ↑ Morgan, Dave (November 19, 2015). "Green Man Gaming Causes ‘Grey Market’ Game Keys Controversy". https://wholesgame.com/news/green-man-gaming-causes-grey-market-game-keys-controversy/. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
9. ↑ Walker, John (February 1, 2012). "Thought: Do We Own Our Steam Games?". Rock, Paper, Shotgun. http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2012/02/01/thought-do-we-own-our-steam-games/. Retrieved July 1, 2013.
10. ↑ Demgen, Annika (September 17, 2012). "Verbraucherzentrale: Abmahnung für Valve und Steam" (in german). netzwelt. http://www.netzwelt.de/news/93717-verbraucherzentrale-abmahnung-valve-steam.html. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
11. ↑ Alderman, Justin (August 5, 2012). "Valve: Accept New Steam Subscriber Agreement Or Disable Your Account". wegotthiscovered.com. http://wegotthiscovered.com/gaming/valve-accept-steam-subscriber-agreement-disable-account. Retrieved March 22, 2014.
12. ↑ "The Master of Online Mayhem". Forbes. February 28, 2011. https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2011/0228/technology-gabe-newell-videogames-valve-online-mayhem.html/. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
13. ↑ "40 Million Active Gamers on Steam Mark". Gaming Bolt. January 6, 2012. http://gamingbolt.com/valve-releases-pr-steam-userbase-doubles-in-2011-big-picture-mode-coming-soon. Retrieved January 7, 2012.
14. ↑ Graft, Kris (November 19, 2009). "Stardock Reveals Impulse, Steam Market Share Estimates". Gamasutra. http://www.gamasutra.com/php-bin/news_index.php?story=26158. Retrieved November 21, 2009.
15. ↑ Caron, Frank (September 9, 2008). "First look: GOG revives classic PC games for download age". Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/gaming/news/2008/09/first-look-gog-revives-classic-pc-games-for-download-age.ars. Retrieved December 27, 2012. "[...] [Good Old Games] focuses on bringing old, time-tested games into the downloadable era with low prices and no DRM."
16. ↑ Larabel, Michael (January 21, 2012). "Desura Game Client Is Now Open-Source". Phoronix. https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTA0NjI. Retrieved January 21, 2012.
17. ↑ "PDF E3 2011 Investor Presentation". Electronic Arts. http://investor.ea.com/common/download/download.cfm?companyid=ERTS&fileid=475188&filekey=6d4ea4b7-0389-4c68-964f-af21a86c5a7d&filename=E3_2011_IR_Breakfast_-_6-8_-_small_file_size.pdf. Retrieved April 26, 2012.
18. ↑ "Rise of mobile gaming surprises big video-game developers". Canadian Business. March 13, 2012. http://www.canadianbusiness.com/article/75215--rise-of-mobile-gaming-surprises-big-video-game-developers. Retrieved May 1, 2012.
19. ↑ MARCELO PRINCE, PETER ROTH (December 21, 2004). "Videogame Publishers Place Big Bets on Big-Budget Games". Wallstreet journal Online. https://www.wsj.com/articles/0,,SB110243451698593254,00#. Retrieved July 1, 2013. "The jump in development and marketing costs has made the videogame industry "enormously risk averse,[...]Publishers have largely focused on making sequels to successful titles or games based on movie or comic book characters, which are seen as less risky. "We don't green light any more things that will be small or average size games.[...]"" [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
20. ↑ "The Secret of Monkey Island: Special Edition Tech Info". GameSpot. http://www.gamespot.com/iphone/adventure/thesecretofmonkeyislandspecialedition/tech_info.html. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
21. ↑ Onyett, Charles (June 2, 2009). "E3 2009: The Secret of Monkey Island: Special Edition Preview". IGN. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20120527144404/http://xboxlive.ign.com/articles/990/990254p1.html. Retrieved November 15, 2011.
22. ↑ Garr, Brian (April 17, 2011). "Download distribution opening new doors for independent game developers". Statesman.com. Archived from the original on April 21, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110421074810/http://www.statesman.com/business/technology/download-distribution-opening-new-doors-for-independent-game-1409285.html.
23. ↑ Stuart, Keith (January 27, 2010). "Back to the bedroom: how indie gaming is reviving the Britsoft spirit". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/gamesblog/2010/jan/26/casual-gaming-indiegames. Retrieved November 8, 2012.
24. ↑ Senior, Tom (March 16, 2012). "Garry’s Mod has sold 1.4 million copies, Garry releases sales history to prove it". PCGamer. http://www.pcgamer.com/2012/03/16/garrys-mod-has-sold-1-4-million-copies-garry-releases-sales-history-to-prove-it/. Retrieved June 28, 2013.
25. ↑ "Download distribution opening new doors for independent game developers". Statesman.com. April 17, 2011. Archived from the original on April 21, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110421074810/http://www.statesman.com/business/technology/download-distribution-opening-new-doors-for-independent-game-1409285.html. Retrieved May 1, 2012.
26. ↑ "Steam family sharing". steampowered.com. May 13, 2015. http://store.steampowered.com/promotion/familysharing. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
27. ↑ "4 reasons why players prefer digital games rather than hardcopy". CodesWholesale.com. July 4, 2016. https://codeswholesale.com/blog/4-reasons-why-players-prefer-digital-games-rather-than-hardcopy/. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
28. ↑ 28.00 28.01 28.02 28.03 28.04 28.05 28.06 28.07 28.08 28.09 28.10 28.11 28.12 "Gamasutra: Rebecca Fernandez's Blog - Where can I sell my Indie PC game?". http://www.gamasutra.com/blogs/RebeccaFernandez/20121115/181717/Where_can_I_sell_my_Indie_PC_game.php. Retrieved December 5, 2015.

* v
* t
* e

Software distribution platforms and content delivery networks

* App store
* Cloud gaming
* Digital library
* Online game store
* Package manager
* Software distribution
* Streaming media

Active|

| Personal
computer|

* Allmyapps
* Amazon Digital Game Store
* Battle.net
* Big Fish Games
* Chrome Web Store
* Digital River
* Direct2Drive
* Discord
* DMM.com
* DotEmu
* Epic Games Store
* GOG.com
* GameHouse
* GameShadow
* GamersGate
* Game Jolt
* GNOME Software
* Green Man Gaming
* Humble Store
* Mac Games Arcade
* itch.io
* Mac App Store
* MacUpdate
* Metaboli/GamesPlanet
* Microsoft Store
* MSN Games
* Origin
* Playism
* Pogo.com
* Pokki
* Steam
* Uplay
* WildTangent

|

Video game
consoles|

* GameFly
* Microsoft Store
* Nintendo eShop
* PlayStation Now
* PlayStation Store
* Xbox Store
* Xbox Live Arcade

Mobile|

* Amazon Appstore
* Apple App Store
* Aptoide
* BlackBerry World
* Cafe Bazaar
* Cydia
* F-Droid
* GamersGate
* GetJar
* Google Play
* Handango
* Microsoft Store
* Samsung Galaxy Store
* SlideME
* Opera Mobile Store

Arcade|

* ALL.Net
* NESiCAxLive
* E-Amusement

Discontinued|

* Club Nokia
* Desura
* GameAgent
* GameTap
* Games for Windows – Live
* Games for Windows Marketplace
* Impulse
* Intel AppUp
* Jumboplay
* Kazaa
* N-Gage
* Nokia Download!
* Nokia (Ovi) Store
* OnLive
* PlayNow Arena
* Stardock Central
* Triton
* Ubuntu Software Center
* Ubuntu App Store
* Vodafone live!
* Wii Shop Channel
* Windows Marketplace
* Windows Marketplace for Mobile
* Windows Phone Store
* Yahoo! Games
* Zune Marketplace

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