Emirate of Bukhara

Short description: 1785–1920 state in Central Asia

Emirate of Bukhara

امارت بخارا (Persian)
Imārat-i Bukhārā (Persian)
بخارا امیرلیگی (Chagatay)
Bukhārā Amirligi (Chagatay)

1785–1920

Flag

The Emirate of Bukhara under Russian rule

Short description: Latin loanword meaning "approximately, around"

CA|other uses of "Cca"|CCA (disambiguation)|CCA|other uses of "Circa"|Circa (disambiguation)}}Template:TWCleanup2Circa (from la 'around, about, roughly, approximately') - frequently abbreviated ca. or c. and less frequently circ., cca. or cc. - signifies "approximately" in several European languages and is used as a loanword in English, usually in reference to a date.[1] Circa is widely used in historical writing when the dates of events are not accurately known.

When used in date ranges, circa is applied before each approximate date, while dates without circa immediately preceding them are generally assumed to be known with certainty.

## Contents

* 1 Examples
* 2 See also
* 3 References
* 4 External links
* 5 History
* 6 Culture
* 7 Administrative and territorial structure
* 8 Amirs/Emirs of Bukhara (1785–1920)
* 9 See also
* 10 References
* 10.1 Bibliography
* 11 Literature
* 12 External links

## Examples

* 1732–1799: Both years are known precisely.
* c. 1732 – 1799: The beginning year is approximate; the end year is known precisely.
* 1732 – c. 1799: The beginning year is known precisely; the end year is approximate.
* c. 1732 – c. 1799: Both years are approximate.

## See also

* Floruit

## References

1. ↑ "circa". Dictionary.com. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/circa.

## External links

* v
* t
* e

Chronology

Key topics|

* Archaeology
* Astronomy
* Geology
* History
* Big History
* Paleontology
* Time

* Periods
* Eras
* Epochs

| Calendar eras|

* Human Era
* Ab urbe condita
* Anno Domini / Common Era
* Anno Mundi
* Byzantine era
* Seleucid era
* Spanish era
* Before Present
* Hijri
* Egyptian
* Sothic cycle
* Hindu units of time (Yuga)
* Mesoamerican
* Long Count
* Short Count
* Tzolk'in
* Haab'

|

Regnal year|

* Canon of Kings
* Lists of kings
* Limmu

Era names|

* Chinese
* Japanese
* Korean
* Vietnamese

Calendars|

| Pre-Julian / Julian|

* Pre-Julian Roman
* Original Julian
* Proleptic Julian
* Revised Julian

|

Gregorian|

* Gregorian
* Proleptic Gregorian
* Old Style and New Style dates
* Adoption of the Gregorian calendar
* Dual dating

Astronomical|

* Lunisolar
* Solar
* Lunar
* Astronomical year numbering

Others|

* Chinese sexagenary cycle
* Geologic Calendar
* Hebrew
* Iranian
* Islamic
* ISO week date
* Mesoamerican
* Maya
* Aztec
* Winter count (Plains Indians)

Astronomic time|

* Cosmic Calendar
* Ephemeris
* Galactic year
* Metonic cycle
* Milankovitch cycles

Geologic time|

| Concepts|

* Deep time
* Geological history of Earth
* Geological time units

|

Standards|

* Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA)
* Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)

Methods|

* Chronostratigraphy
* Geochronology
* Isotope geochemistry
* Law of superposition
* Luminescence dating
* Samarium–neodymium dating

Chronological
dating|

| Absolute dating|

* Amino acid racemisation
* Archaeomagnetic dating
* Dendrochronology
* Ice core
* Incremental dating
* Lichenometry
* Paleomagnetism
* Radiometric dating
* Radiocarbon
* Uranium–lead
* Potassium–argon
* Tephrochronology
* Luminescence dating
* Thermoluminescence dating

|

Relative dating|

* Fluorine absorption
* Nitrogen dating
* Obsidian hydration
* Seriation
* Stratigraphy

Genetic methods|

* Molecular clock

Linguistic methods|

* Glottochronology

Related topics|

* Chronicle
* New Chronology
* Synchronoptic view
* Timeline
* Year zero
* Circa
* Floruit
* Terminus post quem
* ASPRO chronology

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Status|

* Independent emirate (1785-1873)
* Quasi-independent Russian protectorate (1873–1920)

Capital

and largest city

| Bukhara
Common languages|

* Persian (official)[1][2]
* Chagatai Turkic[3]

Religion

| Sunni Islam, Shia Islam, Sufism (Naqshbandi), Zoroastrianism, Judaism
Government| Absolute monarchy
Emir|

• 1785–1799

| Mir Masum Shah Murad

• 1911–1920

| Mir Muhammad Alim Khan
History|

• Manghit control

| 1747

• Established

| 1785

• Conquered by Russia

| 1868

• Russian protectorate

| 1873

• Disestablished

| October 1920
Population

• 1875[4]

| c. 2,478,000

• 1911[5]

| c. 3,000,000–3,500,000
Currency| fulus, tilla, and tenga.[6]

Preceded by | Succeeded by

|

|  | Khanate of Bukhara

|

| Bukharan People's Soviet Republic |

|

The Emirate of Bukhara (Persian: امارت بخارا, romanized: Imārat-i Bukhārā,[7] Template:Lang-chg) was a Muslim polity in Central Asia[8] that existed from 1785 to 1920 in what is now Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. It occupied the land between the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers, known formerly as Transoxiana. Its core territory was the fertile land along the lower Zarafshon river, and its urban centres were the ancient cities of Samarqand and the emirate's capital, Bukhara. It was contemporaneous with the Khanate of Khiva to the west, in Khwarazm, and the Khanate of Kokand to the east, in Fergana. In 1920, it ceased to exist with the establishment of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic.

## History

The Emirate of Bukhara was officially created in 1785, upon the assumption of rulership by the Manghit emir, Shah Murad. Shahmurad, formalized the family's dynastic rule (Manghit dynasty), and the khanate became the Emirate of Bukhara.[9]

As one of the few states in Central Asia after the Mongol Empire not ruled by descendants of Genghis Khan (besides the Timurids), it staked its legitimacy on Islamic principles rather than Genghisid blood, as the ruler took the Islamic title of Emir instead of Khan. In the 18th-19th centuries, Khwarazm (Khiva Khanate) was ruled by the Uzbek dynasty of Kungrats.[10] Template:Continental Asia in 1800 CE Over the course of the 18th century, the emirs had slowly gained effective control of the Khanate of Bukhara, from their position as ataliq; and by the 1740s, when the khanate was conquered by Nadir Shah of Persia, it was clear that the emirs held the real power. In 1747, after Nadir Shah's death, the ataliq Muhammad Rahim Bi murdered Abulfayz Khan and his son, ending the Janid dynasty (fa). From then on the emirs allowed puppet khans to rule until, following the death of Abu l-Ghazi Khan, Shah Murad assumed the throne openly.[11]

Fitzroy Maclean recounts in Eastern Approaches how Charles Stoddart and Arthur Conolly were executed by Nasrullah Khan in the context of The Great Game, and how Joseph Wolff, known as the Eccentric Missionary, escaped their fate when he came looking for them in 1845. He was wearing his full canonical costume, which caused the Emir to burst out laughing, and "Dr Wolff was eventually forced to leave Bokhara, greatly to the surprise of the populace, who were not accustomed to such clemency."[12]

In 1868, the emirate lost a war with Imperial Russia, which had aspirations of conquest in the region. Russia annexed much of the emirate's territory, including the important city of Samarkand.[13] In 1873, the remainder became a Russian protectorate,[14] and was soon surrounded by the Governorate-General of Turkestan.

Reformists within the Emirate had found the conservative emir, Mohammed Alim Khan, unwilling to loosen his grip on power, and had turned to the Russian Bolshevik revolutionaries for military assistance. The Red Army launched an unsuccessful assault in March 1920, and then a successful one in September of the same year.[15] The Emirate of Bukhara was conquered by the Bolsheviks and replaced with the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic. Today, the territory of the defunct emirate lies mostly in Uzbekistan, with parts in Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. In the first half of the 19th century it had some influence in northern Afghanistan, as the emirs of the Chahar Wilayat (Maimana, Sheberghan, Andkhui, Sar-i Pol) nominally accepted Bukharan suzerainty.[16]

## Culture

In the era of the Manghyt emirs in Bukhara, a large construction of madrasahs, mosques and palaces was carried out. Located along important trading routes, Bukhara enjoyed a rich cultural mixture, including Persian, Uzbek, and Jewish influences.

A local school of historians developed in the Bukhara emirate. The most famous historians were Mirza Shams Bukhari, Muhammad Yakub ibn Daniyalbiy, Muhammad Mir Olim Bukhari, Ahmad Donish, Mirza Abdalazim Sami, Mirza Salimbek.[17]

The city of Bukhara has a rich history of Persian architecture and literature, traditions that were continued into the Emirate Period. Prominent artists of the period include the poet Kiromi Bukhoroi, the calligrapher Mirza Abd al-Aziz Bukhari and the scholar Rahmat-Allah Bukhari. Throughout this period, the madrasahs of the region were renowned.

* The Emir of Bukhara and the notables of the city watch how the heads of Russian soldiers are impaled on poles. Samarkand

* Chor Minor Madrasah, Bukhara (built in 1807)

* A bureaucrat in Bukhara, ca.1910

* Large Medallion Suzani (textile) from Bukhara, mid-18th century?

## Administrative and territorial structure

A map of the Khanate of Bukhara's beyliks. Fires in Bukhara during the Red Army's attack, 1 September 1920

Administratively, the Emirate was divided into several beyliks or bekliks:

1. Baljuvon, (now Khatlon Region, Tajikistan).
2. Hisar, (now Tajikistan)
3. Burdalik, (now Lebap Region, Turkmenistan)
4. Guzar, (now Qashqadaryo Region, Uzbekistan)
5. Charjuy, (now Lebap Region, Turkmenistan)
6. Darvaz, (c 1878, now Darvaz district, Tajikistan)
7. Dehnav, (now Surxondaryo Region, Uzbekistan)
8. Kabakli, (now Lebap Region, Turkmenistan)
9. Karakul, (now Bukhara Region, Uzbekistan)
10. Karategin, (now Rasht district, Tajikistan)
11. Karshi, (now Qashqadaryo Region, Uzbekistan)
12. Kattakurgan, (now Samarkand region, Uzbekistan)
13. Kulyab, (now Khatlon Region, Tajikistan)
14. Karshi, (now Qashqadaryo Region, Uzbekistan)
15. Kerki, (now Lebap Region, Turkmenistan)
16. Nurata, (now Navoiy Region, Uzbekistan)
17. Panjikent, (now Sughd province, Tajikistan)
18. Rushan, (now Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous region, Tajikistan)
19. Samarkand, (now Samarqand Region, Uzbekistan — part of Russia since 1868
20. Shahrisabz, (c 1870, now Kashkadarya Region, Uzbekistan)
21. Urgut, (now Samarqand Region, Uzbekistan)
22. Falgar, (now Sughd province, Tajikistan)

## Amirs/Emirs of Bukhara (1785–1920)

Titular Name  | Personal Name  | Reign

|
|

Ataliq
اتالیق | Khudayar Bey
خدایار بیگ | ?
Ataliq
اتالیق | Muhammad Hakim
محمد حکیم | ?–1747
Ataliq
اتالیق | Muhammad Rahim
محمد رحیم | 1747–1753
Amir
امیر | Muhammad Rahim
محمد رحیم | 1753–1756
Khan
خان | Muhammad Rahim
محمد رحیم | 1756–1758
Ataliq
اتالیق | Daniyal Biy
دانیال بیگ | 1758–1785
Amir Masum
امیر معصوم | Shahmurad
شاہ مراد بن دانیال بیگ | 1785–1799
Amir
امیر | Haydar bin Shahmurad
حیدر تورہ بن شاہ مراد | 1799–1826
Amir
امیر | Mir Hussein bin Haydar
حسین بن حیدر تورہ | 1826–1827
Amir
امیر | Umar bin Haydar
عمر بن حیدر تورہ | 1827
Amir
امیر | Nasr-Allah bin Haydar Tora
نصراللہ بن حیدر تورہ | 1827–1860
Amir
امیر | Muzaffar bin Nasrullah
مظفر الدین بن نصراللہ | 1860–1886
Amir
امیر | Abdul-Ahad bin Muzaffar al-Din
عبد الأحد بن مظفر الدین | 1886–1911
Amir
امیر | Muhammad Alim Khan bin Abdul-Ahad
محمد عالم خان بن عبد الأحد | 1911–1920
Overthrow of Emirate of Bukhara by Bukharan People's Soviet Republic.

* Pink Rows denote progenitor chiefs serving as Tutors (Ataliqs) & Viziers to the Khans of Bukhara.
* Green Rows denote chiefs who took over reign of government from the Janids and placed puppet Khans.
* A photo of Mohammed Alim Khan, final emir 1911-1920, is shown at Emir.

## See also

* Timeline of the Uzbeks

## References

1. ↑ Roy (2000), The new Central Asia: the creation of nations, p.70
2. ↑ "About the national delimitation in Central Asia"
3. ↑ Grenoble, Lenore (2003). Language Policy of the Soviet Union. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 143. ISBN 1-4020-1298-5.
4. ↑ |Meyendorf E.K. Travel from Orenburg to Bukhara. Foreword N. A. Halfin. Moscow, The main edition of the eastern literature of the publishing house "Science", 1975. (in Russian:Мейендорф Е. К. Путешествие из Оренбурга в Бухару. Предисл. Н. А. Халфина. М., Главная редакция восточной литературы издательства "Наука", 1975.)
5. ↑ Olufsen, Ole (1911). The emir of Bokhara and his country; journeys and studies in Bokhara. Gyldendal: Nordisk forlag. p. 282.
6. ↑ ANS Magazine. "The Coinage of the Mangit Dynasty of Bukhara" by Peter Donovan. Retrieved: 16 July 2017.
7. ↑ "نگاهی به امارت بخارا در صد سالگی انقلاب اکتبر". https://www.bbc.com/persian/world-41880418?SThisFB.
8. ↑ Golden, Peter B. (2011). Central Asia in World History. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 115.
9. ↑ Soucek, Svat. A History of Inner Asia (2000), p. 180.
10. ↑ Bregel, Y. The new Uzbek states: Bukhara, Khiva and Khoqand: C. 1750–1886. In N. Di Cosmo, A. Frank, & P. Golden (Eds.), The Cambridge History of Inner Asia: The Chinggisid Age (pp. 392-411). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2009
11. ↑ Soucek (2000), pp. 179–180
12. ↑ Eastern Approaches ch 6 "Bokhara the Noble"
13. ↑ Soucek (2000), p. 198
14. ↑ Russo-Bukharan War 1868, Armed Conflict Events Database, OnWar.com
15. ↑ Soucek (2000), pp. 221–222
16. ↑ Lee, Jonathan L. (1996-01-01) (in en). The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731-1901. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-10399-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=nYaamE_3kD4C.
17. ↑ Anke fon Kyugel'gen, Legitimizatsiya sredneaziatskoy dinastii mangitov v proizvedeniyakh ikh istorikov (XVIII-XIX vv.). Almaty: Dayk press, 2004

### Bibliography

* Soucek, Svat (2000). A History of Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521657044. https://archive.org/details/historyofinneras00souc.

## Literature

* Malikov A., The Russian conquest of the Bukharan Emirate: military and diplomatic aspects in Central Asian Survey, Volume 33, issue 2, 2014, p. 180-198

## External links

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