Audio Video Bridging

Short description: Specifications for synchronized, low-latency streaming through IEEE 802 networks

AVB

AVnu certification mark

Manufacturer Info
Manufacturer| IEEE, AVnu
Development date| September 2011; 14 years ago (September 2011)
Network Compatibility
Switchable| Yes
Routable| No
Audio Specifications
Minimum latency| 2 ms (maximum)[1]
Maximum channels per link| 256
Maximum sampling rate| 192 kHz[2]
Maximum bit depth| 32-bit floating point[2]: clause 8.3

Audio Video Bridging (AVB) is a common name for the set of technical standards which provide improved synchronization, low-latency, and reliability for switched Ethernet networks.[3] AVB embodies the following technologies and standards:

* IEEE 802.1AS-2011: Timing and Synchronization for Time-Sensitive Applications (gPTP);
* IEEE 802.1Qav-2009: Forwarding and Queuing for Time-Sensitive Streams (FQTSS);
* IEEE 802.1Qat-2010: Stream Reservation Protocol (SRP);
* IEEE 802.1BA-2011:[4] Audio Video Bridging (AVB) Systems;
* IEEE 1722-2011 Layer 2 Transport Protocol for Time-Sensitive Applications (AV Transport Protocol, AVTP); and
* IEEE 1722.1-2013 Device Discovery, Enumeration, Connection Management and Control Protocol (AVDECC).

IEEE 802.1Qat and 802.1Qav amendments have been incorporated to the base IEEE 802.1Q-2011 document, which specifies the operation of Media Access Control (MAC) Bridges and Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks.

AVB was initially developed by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Audio Video Bridging task group of the IEEE 802.1 standards committee. In November 2012, Audio Video Bridging task group was renamed to Time-Sensitive Networking task group to reflect the expanded scope of its work, which is to "provide the specifications that will allow time-synchronized low latency streaming services through IEEE 802 networks".[5] Further standardization efforts are ongoing in IEEE 802.1 TSN task group.

To help ensure interoperability between devices that implement the AVB and TSN standards, the AVnu Alliance develops device certification for the automotive, consumer, and professional audio and video markets.[6]

## Contents

* 1 Background
* 2 Summary
* 3 AV transport and configuration
* 3.1 IEEE 1722 AVTP
* 3.2 IEEE 1722.1 AVDECC
* 4 Interoperability
* 4.1 IEEE 1733
* 4.2 AES67
* 4.3 Milan
* 4.4 DetNet
* 5 Standardization
* 6 References
* 7 External links

## Background

Analog audio video (AV) equipment historically used one-way, single-purpose, point-to-point connections. Even digital AV standards, such as S/PDIF for audio and the serial digital interface (SDI) for video, retain these properties. This connection model results in large masses of cables, especially in professional applications and high-end audio.[7]

Wiring of a patch bay of an outside broadcasting van

Attempts to solve these problems were based on multi-point network topologies, such as IEEE 1394 (FireWire), and included adaptation of standard switched computer network technologies such as Audio over Ethernet and Audio over IP. Professional, home, and automotive AV solutions came to use specialized protocols that do not interoperate between each other or standard IT protocols, while standard computer networks did not provide tight quality of service with strict timing and predictable or bounded latency.[7]

To overcome these limitations, Audio Video Bridging networks transmit multiple audiovisual streams through standard Ethernet switches (i.e. MAC bridges) connected in a hierarchical tree topology. AVB includes layer 2 protocols to reserve connection bandwidth and prioritise network traffic, which guarantee precise sync clock and low transmission latency for each stream.[7]

Tight sync between multiple AV streams is needed for lip sync between video and related audio streams, to keep multiple digitally connected speakers in phase in a professional environment (which requires 1 μs precision), and to prevent audio or video packets from arriving late to the endpoint, resulting in a dropped frame of video and unwanted audio glitches such as a pop or silence. Worst-case delay, including source and destination buffering, is required to be low and deterministic: the user-interface delay shall be around 50 ms, so that the pressing of a button and the resulting action are perceived as happening instantly, and 2 ms for live performance or studio work.[7]

## Summary

Figure 2 - AVB Connections

Audio Video Bridging is implemented as a switched Ethernet network which works by reserving a fraction of the available Ethernet for AV traffic. There are three primary differences introduced by the AVB architecture:

* Precise synchronization using Generalized Precision Time Protocol (gPTP) profile (IEEE 802.1AS),
* Traffic shaping for AV streams using frame priorities (IEEE 802.1Qav) and VLAN tags (IEEE 802.1Q), and
* Admission controls with Stream Reservation Protocol (IEEE 802.1Qat).

The IEEE 802.1BA is an umbrella standard for these three principal technologies, which defines application-specific configurations and operation procedures for devices in switched audio video networks.

The new layer-2 configuration protocols work with backward-compatible extensions to the Ethernet 802.1 frame format; such minimal changes allow AVB devices to coexist and communicate in standard IT networks, however, only AVB-capable switches and endpoint can reserve network resources with admission control and synchronize local time to a master clock, which is required for low latency time-sensitive traffic.

AVB traffic is replicated in a multicast manner, with one talker (stream initiator) and multiple listeners. AVB packets are sent at regular intervals in the allocated time slots, preventing collisions for AV traffic. AVB guarantees a latency of 2 ms for Class A traffic and 50 ms for Class B traffic over a maximum of 7 hops, with a transmission period of 125 μs for Class A and 250 μs for Class B traffic.

An IEEE 802.1AS network timing domain includes all devices that communicate using the gPTP protocol. The grandmaster is a device chosen as the reference clock; the 802.1BA specification requires every talker and network bridge to be grandmaster capable.

802.3 link management and 802.1AS link delay measurement protocols calculate the round-trip delay to the AVB endpoint; this needs to be better than worst-case wire delay from the 802.1AS peer delay algorithm.

Higher-level protocols may use 802.1AS clock information to set the exact presentation time for each AV stream.

## AV transport and configuration

### IEEE 1722 AVTP

IEEE Std 1722-2011[8] for a Layer 2 Audio Video Transport Protocol (AVTP) defines details for transmitting IEEE 1394/IEC 61883 streams and other AV formats, setting the presentation time for each AV stream, and manage latencies from worst case delay calculated by the gPTP protocol.

### IEEE 1722.1 AVDECC

IEEE Std 1722.1-2013[9] is a standard which allows AVB Discovery, Enumeration, Connection management and Control (AVDECC) of devices using IEEE Std 1722-2011. AVDECC defines operations to discover device addition and removal, retrieve device entity model, connect and disconnect streams, manage device and connection status, and remote control devices.

## Interoperability

Higher layer services can improve synchronisation and latency of media transmission by mapping the AVB Stream ID to internal stream identifiers to and basing internal timestamps on gPTP master clock.

### IEEE 1733

IEEE Std 1733-2011[10] defines a Layer 3 protocol profile for Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) applications with a RTCP payload format, which assigns the Stream ID from SRP to the RTP's Synchronization source identifier (SSRC), and correlates RTP timestamps for presentation time with 802.1AS gPTP master clock.

### AES67

AES67 is based on standard RTP over UDP/IP and IEEE 1588 Precision Time Protocol (PTPv2) for timing; interoperability with AVB/TSN can be achieved by linking IEEE 802.1AS timing information to AES67 PTPv2 payload data.[11][12][13][14]

AES67 implementation with AVB interoperability has been demoed at InfoComm 2016.[15][16]

### Milan

In 2018, the Avnu Alliance announced the Milan initiative to promote interoperability of AVB devices and provide product certification and testing.[17]

The specification requires media clocking based on the AVTP CRF (Clock Reference Format) and sample rate of 48 kHz (optionally 96 and 192 kHz); audio stream format is based on AVTP IEC 61883-6 32-bit Standard AAF Audio Format with 1 to 8 audio channels per stream (optionally, 24- and 32-bit High Capacity Format with 56 and 64 channels). Redundancy is provided with two independent logical networks for every endpoint and a seamless switchover mechanism.[17]

### DetNet

The IETF Deterministic Networking (DetNet) Working Group is working to define deterministic data paths with bounds on latency, loss, and packet delay variation (jitter), and high reliability. DetNet shall operate over both Layer 2 bridged segments and Layer 3 routed segments, relying on interoperability with AVB/TSN switches when possible.[18]

One of the possible application of DetNet is professional audio/video, such as music and film production, broadcast, cinema, live sound, and large venue (stadiums, halls, conference centers, theme parks, airports, train terminals, etc.) systems for public addressing, media streaming and emergency announcement. The stated goal is to enable geographically distributed, campus- or enterprise-wide Intranet for content delivery with bounded low latency (10-15 ms). A single network shall handle both A/V and IT traffic, with Layer 3 routing on top of AVB QoS networks to enable sharing content between Layer 2 AVB segments, and provide IntServ and DiffServ integration with AVB where possible. Unused reserved bandwidth shall be released for best-effort traffic. The protocol stack shall have Plug-and-play capabilities from top to bottom to reduce manual setup and administration, allow quick changes of network devices and network topology.[19]

Large-scale AVB networks, like those employed by ESPN SportsCenter "Digital Center 2" broadcast facility which hosts multiple individual studios, are laid with a thousand miles of fiber and have ten Tbps of bandwidth for a hundred thousand signals transmitted simultaneously; in the absence of standards-based solution to interconnect individual AVB segments, a custom software-defined networking router is required.[20][21]

## Standardization

The work on A/V streaming started at the IEEE 802.3re 'Residential Ethernet' study group in July 2004.[22] In November 2005, it was moved to the IEEE 802.1 committee responsible for cross-network bridging standards.[23]

Audio Video Bridging standards suite  Standard | Title | Status | Publication Date

|
|
|

Audio Video Bridging (AVB) specifications
IEEE 802.1BA-2011 | Audio Video Bridging (AVB) Systems | Current, amended by Cor1-2016 [24] | 30 September 2011
IEEE 802.1Qav-2009 | Forwarding and Queuing Enhancements for Time-Sensitive Streams (FQTSS) | Incorporated into IEEE 802.1Q-2011 Clause 34 | 5 January 2010
IEEE 802.1Qat-2010 | Stream Reservation Protocol (SRP) | Incorporated into IEEE 802.1Q-2011 Clause 35 | 30 September 2010
IEEE 802.1Q-2011 | Media Access Control (MAC) Bridges and Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks (incorporates IEEE 802.1Qav and 802.1Qat amendmends) | Superseded by IEEE 802.1Q-2014/2018 | 31 August 2011
IEEE 802.1AS-2011 | Timing and Synchronization for Time-Sensitive Applications in Bridged Local Area Networks (gPTP) | Superseded by IEEE 802.1AS-2020 | 30 March 2011
Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN) specifications
IEEE 802.1Q-2018 | Bridges and Bridged Networks | Current[25] | 6 July 2018
IEEE 802.1AB-2016 | Station and Media Access Control Connectivity Discovery (Link Layer Discovery Protocol (LLDP)) | Current[26] | 11 March 2016
IEEE 802.1AS-2020 | Timing and Synchronization for Time-Sensitive Applications (gPTP) | Current,[27][28] amended by 802.1AS-2020/Cor1 | 30 January 2020
IEEE 802.1Qcc-2018 | Stream Reservation Protocol (SRP) Enhancements and Performance Improvements | Current[29] | 31 October 2018
Audio Video Transport Protocol (AVTP) and AVDECC specifications
IEEE 1733-2011 | Layer 3 Transport Protocol for Time-Sensitive Applications in Local Area Networks (RTP) | Current | 25 April 2011
IEEE 1722-2011 | Layer 2 Transport Protocol for Time-Sensitive Applications in a Bridged Local Area Network (AVTP) | Superseded by IEEE 1722-2016 | 6 May 2011
IEEE 1722-2016 | Layer 2 Transport Protocol for Time-Sensitive Applications in a Bridged Local Area Network (AVTP) | Current | 16 December 2016
IEEE 1722.1-2013 | Device Discovery, Enumeration, Connection Management and Control Protocol (AVDECC) | Current | 23 August 2013

## References

1. ↑ "An Introduction to AVB Networking". PreSonus. https://www.presonus.com/learn/technical-articles/an-introduction-to-avb-networking.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 IEC 61883-6
3. ↑ Kreifeldt, Rick (30 July 2009). "AVB for Professional A/V Use". AVnu Alliance White Paper. http://avnu.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/AVnu-Pro__White-Paper.pdf.
4. ↑ "IEEE 802.1: 802.1BA - Audio Video Bridging (AVB) Systems". http://www.ieee802.org/1/pages/802.1ba.html.
5. ↑ "IEEE 802.1 AV Bridging Task Group". http://ieee802.org/1/pages/avbridges.html.
6. ↑ "AVnu Alliance". Official website. http://avnu.org.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Michael Johas Teener. "No-excuses Audio/Video Networking: the Technology Behind AVnu". Avnu Alliance. http://avnu.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/No-excuses-Audio-Video-Networking-v2.pdf.
8. ↑ "IEEE 1722-2011 - IEEE Standard for Layer 2 Transport Protocol for Time-Sensitive Applications in a Bridged Local Area Network". https://standards.ieee.org/standard/1722-2011.html.
9. ↑ "IEEE 1722.1-2013 - IEEE Standard for Device Discovery, Connection Management, and Control Protocol for IEEE 1722(TM) Based Devices". https://standards.ieee.org/standard/1722_1-2013.html.
10. ↑ "IEEE 1733-2011 - IEEE Standard for Layer 3 Transport Protocol for Time-Sensitive Applications in Local Area Networks". https://standards.ieee.org/standard/1733-2011.html.
11. ↑ AES67-2018 – Annex D (Informative) – Interfacing to IEEE 802.1AS clock domains
12. ↑ AES67-2018 – Annex C (Informative) – AVB network transport
13. ↑ Geoffrey M. Garner, Michel Ouellette and Michael Johas Teener (2012-09-27). "Using an IEEE 802.1AS Network as a Distributed IEEE 1588 Boundary, Ordinary, or Transparent Clock". 2010 International IEEE Symposium on Precision Clock Synchronization for Measurement Control and Communication (ISPCS) (IEEE)
14. ↑ Amaya, Nestor (March 2016). "AES67 FOR AUDIO PRODUCTION: BACKGROUND, APPLICATIONS AND CHALLENGES". https://www.smpte.org/sites/default/files/users/user27446/AES67 for Audio Production-Background Applications and Challenges.pdf.
15. ↑ Joao Martins (2016-06-16). "AVB/TSN Momentum and AES67/AVB Harmony at InfoComm 2016". http://www.audioxpress.com/article/avb-tsn-momentum-and-aes67-avb-harmony-at-infocomm-2016.
16. ↑ "BACH ST2110 AES67 Audio Networking Modules, Chips, and Software | OEM Developer Solutions" (in en-US). https://www.rossvideo.com/products-services/infrastructure/oem-developer-solutions/bach-st2110-aes67-audio-networking-modules-chips-software/.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Milan | A User-Driven Network Protocol for Professional Media". https://avnu.org/Milan/.
18. ↑ "Deterministic Networking (detnet) - Documents". https://datatracker.ietf.org/wg/detnet/documents/.
19. ↑ Grossman, Ethan (November 11, 2018). "DetNet Use Cases Overview". http://www.ieee802.org/1/files/public/docs2018/detnet-tsn-grossman-detnet-use-cases-1118-v01.pdf.
20. ↑ "ESPN Digital Center Ethernet AVB Case Study: Part 1" (in en-US). 2017-11-10. https://www.digidescorp.com/espn-avb-case-study-part-1/.
21. ↑ Daley, Dan (10 June 2014). "ESPN's DC2 Scales AVB Large" (in en). https://www.sportsvideo.org/2014/06/10/espns-dc2-scales-avb-large/.
22. ↑ Richard Brand (July 14, 2004). "Residential Ethernet: IEEE 802.3 Call for Interest". IEEE 802.3 standards committee. http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/3/re_study/public/200407/cfi_0704_1.pdf.
23. ↑ "IEEE 802.3 Residential Ethernet Study Group". Official web site. IEEE 802.3 standards committee. January 10, 2006. http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/3/re_study/.
24. ↑ IEEE 802.1BA-2011 - IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks--Audio Video Bridging (AVB) Systems, IEEE, https://standards.ieee.org/standard/802_1BA-2011.html, retrieved 2021-01-26
25. ↑ IEEE 802.1Q-2018 - IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks—Bridges and Bridged Networks, IEEE, https://standards.ieee.org/standard/802_1Q-2018.html, retrieved 2021-01-26
26. ↑ IEEE 802.1AB-2016 - IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks - Station and Media Access Control Connectivity Discovery, IEEE, https://standards.ieee.org/standard/802_1AB-2016.html, retrieved 2021-01-26
27. ↑ IEEE 802.1AS-2020 - IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks--Timing and Synchronization for Time-Sensitive Applications, IEEE, https://standards.ieee.org/standard/802_1AS-2020.html, retrieved 2021-01-26
28. ↑ "P802.1AS-2020 – Timing and Synchronization for Time-Sensitive Applications". https://1.ieee802.org/tsn/802-1as-rev/.
29. ↑ "IEEE 802.1Qcc-2018 - IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks--Bridges and Bridged Networks -- Amendment 31: Stream Reservation Protocol (SRP) Enhancements and Performance Improvements". https://standards.ieee.org/standard/802_1Qcc-2018.html.

## External links

* Time-Sensitive Networking task group
* 802.1 Audio/Video Bridging task group (Archived)
* IEEE 1722 Layer 2 transport protocol working group for time-sensitive streams
* IEEE 1722.1 working group for Device Discovery, Enumeration, Connection Management and Control Protocol for P1722 based devices
* IEEE 1733 AVB layer 3 transport working group
* Networking and interoperability in AVB-capable devices, by William Gravelle, UNH-IOL
* AV Bridging and Ethernet AV – AVB overview presentation
* Forum for discussion about AVB

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IEEE standards

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802 series|

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802.3|

* -1983
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802.11|

* legacy mode
* a
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Proposed|

* P1363
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See also
IEEE Standards Association
Category:IEEE standards

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Digital audio and video protocols

Control|

| Direct|

* HDBaseT
* HiQnet

|

Bus|

* CEC
* MIDI
* Modbus
* Obsolete:
* mLAN
* ZIPI

IP|

* HiQnet
* Modbus
* ONVIF
* Open Sound Control
* RTSP
* RTP-MIDI

Audio only|

| Direct|

* ADAT Lightpipe
* AES3
* MADI
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|

Bus|

* A-Net
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* AudioRail
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Ethernet|

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* SoundGrid

IP|

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* Ravenna
* WheatNet-IP

Video|

| Direct|

* DVI
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* HDMI
* SDI

|

Bus|

* DisplayPort

Ethernet|

* AVB

IP|

* AVB
* IPTV
* MMT
* MTS
* NDI
* RTP
* HBRMT
* SMPTE 2022
* SMPTE 2110
* SRT

Other|

| Visual charts|

* Comparison of audio network protocols

|

See also|

* AES47

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