Phase separation

Short description: Creation of two phases of matter from a single homogenous mixture

Mixing of liquids A and B and subsequent phase separation When mixed, oil and vinegar will phase-separate A phase diagram for two isotopes of helium, showing at bottom a range of temperatures and ratios at which they will phase-separate.

Phase separation is the creation of two distinct phases from a single homogeneous mixture.[1] The most common type of phase separation is between two immiscible liquids, such as oil and water. This type of phase separation is known as liquid-liquid equilibrium. Colloids are formed by phase separation, though not all phase separations forms colloids - for example oil and water can form separated layers under gravity rather than remaining as microscopic droplets in suspension.

## Contents

* 1 Phase separation in cold gases
* 2 See also
* 3 References
* 4 Further reading

## Phase separation in cold gases

A mixture of two helium isotopes (helium-3 and helium-4) in a certain range of temperatures and concentrations separates into parts. The initial mix of the two isotopes spontaneously separates into A4A224He-rich and A3A223He-rich regions.[2] Phase separation also exists in ultracold gas systems.[3] It has been shown experimentally in a two-component ultracold Fermi gas case.[4][5] The phase separation can compete with other phenomena as vortex lattice formation or an exotic Fulde-Ferrell-Larkin-Ovchinnikov phase.[6]

## See also

* Biomolecular condensate
* Colloid
* Phase diagram
* Spinodal decomposition
* Cahn–Hilliard equation

## References

1. ↑ "Phase separation". IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology (the "Gold Book") (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications. 1997. doi:10.1351/goldbook.P04534. ISBN 0-9678550-9-8. https://goldbook.iupac.org/html/P/P04534.html.
2. ↑ Pobell, Frank (2007). Matter and methods at low temperatures (3rd rev. and expanded ed.). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 978-3-540-46356-6. OCLC 122268227.
3. ↑ Carlson, J.; Reddy, Sanjay (2005-08-02). "Asymmetric Two-Component Fermion Systems in Strong Coupling". Physical Review Letters 95 (6): 060401. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.95.060401. PMID 16090928. Bibcode: 2005PhRvL..95f0401C.
4. ↑ Shin, Y.; Zwierlein, M. W.; Schunck, C. H.; Schirotzek, A.; Ketterle, W. (2006-07-18). "Observation of Phase Separation in a Strongly Interacting Imbalanced Fermi Gas". Physical Review Letters 97 (3): 030401. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.030401. PMID 16907486. Bibcode: 2006PhRvL..97c0401S.
5. ↑ Zwierlein, Martin W.; Schirotzek, André; Schunck, Christian H.; Ketterle, Wolfgang (2006-01-27). "Fermionic Superfluidity with Imbalanced Spin Populations" (in en). Science 311 (5760): 492–496. doi:10.1126/science.1122318. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 16373535. Bibcode: 2006Sci...311..492Z.
6. ↑ Kopyciński, Jakub; Pudelko, Wojciech R.; Wlazłowski, Gabriel (2021-11-23). "Vortex lattice in spin-imbalanced unitary Fermi gas". Physical Review A 104 (5): 053322. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.104.053322. Bibcode: 2021PhRvA.104e3322K.

## Further reading

* Khabibullaev, Pulat K.; Saidov, Abdulla (April 2013). Phase Separation in Soft Matter Physics: Micellar Solutions, Microemulsions, Critical Phenomena. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. ISBN 978-3-662-09278-1.

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Chemical equilibria

Concepts|

* Acid dissociation constant
* Binding constant
* Binding selectivity
* Buffer solution
* Chemical equilibrium
* Chemical stability
* Chelation
* Determination of equilibrium constants
* Dissociation constant
* Distribution coefficient
* Dynamic equilibrium
* Equilibrium chemistry
* Equilibrium constant
* Equilibrium unfolding
* Equilibrium stage
* Hammett acidity function
* Henry's law
* Liquid–liquid extraction
* Macrocycle effect
* Phase diagram
* Predominance diagram
* Phase rule
* Phase separation
* Reaction quotient
* Self-ionization of water
* Solubility equilibrium
* Stability constants of complexes
* Thermodynamic equilibrium
* Thermodynamic activity
* Vapor–liquid equilibrium

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Solutions

Solution|

* Ideal solution
* Aqueous solution
* Solid solution
* Buffer solution
* Flory–Huggins
* Mixture
* Suspension
* Colloid
* Phase diagram
* Phase separation
* Eutectic point
* Alloy
* Saturation
* Supersaturation
* Serial dilution
* Dilution (equation)
* Apparent molar property
* Miscibility gap

Concentration
and related quantities|

* Molar concentration
* Mass concentration
* Number concentration
* Volume concentration
* Normality
* Molality
* Mole fraction
* Mass fraction
* Isotopic abundance
* Mixing ratio
* Ternary plot

Solubility|

* Solubility equilibrium
* Total dissolved solids
* Solvation
* Solvation shell
* Enthalpy of solution
* Lattice energy
* Raoult's law
* Henry's law
* Solubility table (data)
* Solubility chart

Solvent|

* (Category)
* Acid dissociation constant
* Protic solvent
* Inorganic nonaqueous solvent
* Solvation
* List of boiling and freezing information of solvents
* Partition coefficient
* Polarity
* Hydrophobe
* Hydrophile
* Lipophilic
* Amphiphile
* Lyonium ion
* Lyate ion

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