List of geochronologic names

Short description: none

This is a list of official and unofficial names for time spans in the geologic timescale and units of chronostratigraphy. Since many of the smallest subdivisions of the geologic timescale were in the past defined on regional lithostratigraphic units, there are many alternative names that overlap. The body concerned with standardizing the names of geochronologic units is the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). In 2008 however, even though the Phanerozoic eon is almost completely divided into internationally recognizable units, local subdivisions are often still preferred over the international ones.

## List

Contents:

* A
* B
* C
* D
* E
* F
* G
* H
* I
* J
* K
* L
* M
* N
* O
* P
* Q
* R
* S
* T
* U
* V
* W
* X
* Y
* Z

Name (English)[1] | base/start (Ma)[2] | top/end (Ma)[2] | status  | subdivision of  | usage  | named after  | author, year

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Aalenian  | 175.6 ± 2.0  | 171.6 ± 3.0  | age  | Jurassic  | ICS  | Aalen (Germany)  | Mayer-Eymar, 1864
Abereiddian  | 471.8 ± 1.6  | 464  | age  | Ordovician  | regional  | Abereiddy (Wales)  | Fortey et al., 1995
Actonian | 454  | 453  | age  | Ordovician  | regional  | Acton Scott (England)  | Bancroft, 1929
Adelaidean  | 1,300  | 542  | age  | Proterozoic  | Australia  | Adelaide |
Aegean  | 245 ± 1.5  | 244  | age  | Triassic  | Europe  | Aegean Sea  | Tozer, 1967
Aeronian | 439.0 ± 1.8  | 436.0 ± 1.9  | age  | Silurian  | ICS  | Cwm-coed-aeron (Wales)  | Cocks et al., 1971
Aftonian  | 0.6  | 0.48  | age  | Pleistocene  | North America  |  | Chamberlin, 1895
Agenian  | 23  | 20.4  | ELMMZ  | Miocene  | Europe  | Agen (France)  | Alberdi & Aguirre, 1977
Aimchanian  |  | 1100  | age  | Proterozoic  | Siberia  |  |
Aksayan  | 493  | 491.5  | age  | Cambrian  | Russia, Kazakhstan  |  | Ergaliev, 1980
Alaunian  | 216  | 211  | sub-age  | Triassic  | Europe  |  |
Albertan  |  |  | epoch  | Cambrian  | North America  |  | Dawson, 1895
Albian | 112.0 ± 1.0  | 99.6 ± 0.9  | age  | Cretaceous  | ICS  | Albia, Latin name of the river Aube (France)  | d'Orbigny, 1842
Alding(i)an  | 36  | 30  | age  | Eocene  | Australia  |  |
Algonkian  |  | 543  | age  | Proterozoic  | international  | Algonquian native peoples of Canada  | Powell, 1890
Allerød  | 13,350 BP  | 12,700 BP  | chronozone  | Weichselian  | Northern Europe  | Allerød (Denmark)  | Haltz & Milthers, 1901
Alportian  | 324.5  | 318.1 ± 1.3  | age  | Carboniferous  | regional  | Alport (England)  | Ramsbotton, 1979
Altonian  | 19.0  | 15.9  | age  | Miocene  | New Zealand  | Alton Burn, Southland Region  | Frye & Wilmann, 1960
Amazonian  | ~1,800  | present  | Martian epoch  | Martian epoch  | Mars  | Amazonis Planitia | Greeley & Spudis, 1981
Amgan  | 513.0 ± 2.0  | 502  | age  | Cambrian  | Russia, Kazakhstan  |  | Guarari, 1955
Amstelian  | 2.588  | 2.40  | super-age  | Pleistocene  | Netherlands  | river Amstel  | Harmer, 1896
Anglian  | 0.465  | 0.418  | age  | Pleistocene  | Great Britain  | East Anglia  |
Animikean  | 2,225  | 1,400  | age  | Proterozoic  | North America (obsolete)  |  | Hunt, 1873
Anisian  | 245.0 ± 1.5  | 237.0 ± 2.0  | age  | Triassic  | ICS  | Anisus, Latin name for the river Enns (Austria)  | Mojsisovics, 1869
Antian  | ~2.12  | ~2.0  | age  | Pleistocene  | Great Britain  | River Ant (England)  | West, 1962
Antwerpian  | ± 21  | ± 12  | age  | Miocene  | Belgium (obsolete)  | Antwerp  | Gogels, 1879
Aphebian  | 2500  | 1600  | age  | Proterozoic  | North America  |  | Stockwell, 1964
Aptian | 125.0 ± 1.0  | 112.0 ± 1.0  | age  | Cretaceous  | ICS  | Apt (France)  | d'Orbigny, 1840
Aquatraversian  | 2.588  | 2.4  | age  | Pleistocene  | Italy  |  |
Aquilan  | 85.2  | 82.2  | NALMA  | Cretaceous  | North America  |  | Russell, 1975
Aquitanian | 23.03  | 20.43  | age  | Miocene  | ICS  | Aquitaine | Mayer-Eymar, 1857
Archean | 4,000  | 2,500  | eon  |  | ICS  |  | Dana, 1876
Arenig(-ian)  |  |  | epoch  | Ordovician  | Europe  | Arenig Fawr (Wales)  | Sedgwick, 1847; Fearnsides 1905
Arikareean | 30.8  | 20.6  | super-age  | Oligo-Miocene  | North America  |  | Wood "et al.", 1941
Arnold  | 43.0  | 34.3  | epoch  | Paleogene  | New Zealand  | Arnold River  | Kingma, 1962
Arnsbergian  | 326  | 325  | sub-age  | Carboniferous  | regional  |  | Hudson & Cotton, 1943
Arowhanan  | 95.2  | 92.1  | age  | Cretaceous  | New Zealand  | Arowhana  | Wellman, 1959
Arshantan | 52.1  | 46.2  | ALMA  | Eocene  | Asia  |  | Romer, 1966
Artinskian | 284.4 ± 0.7  | 275.6 ± 0.7  | age  | Permian  | ICS  | Arti (Russia)  | Karpinsky, 1874
Arundian  | 341  | 339  | age  | Carboniferous  | regional  | from Hobbyhorse Bay, Castlemartin, Pembrokeshire, Wales (arundo is Latin for hobbyhorse)  | Ramsbotton, 1974
Asbian  | 337.5  | 333  | age  | Carboniferous  | regional  | Little Asby Scar, Cumbria, England  | Ramsbotton, 1979
Ashbyan  |  |  | age  | Ordovician  | North America  |  |
Ashgill(-ian)  |  |  | epoch  | Ordovician  | Europe  | Ash Gill near Coniston, Cumbria[3] | Marr, 1905
Asselian | 299.0 ± 0.8  | 294.6 ± 0.8  | age  | Permian  | ICS  | river Assel (Kazakhstan)  | Ruzhenchev, 1954
Astaracian  | 15  | 11.1  | ELMMZ  | Miocene  | Europe  | The Astarac (France)  | Alberdi & Aguirre, 1977
Asturian  |  | 305  | age  | Carboniferous  | Europe  | Asturias  | Stille, 1920
Atdabanian  | 530  | 524  | age  | Cambrian  | Russia, Kazakhstan  |  | Pelman, 1977
Atlantic | 5,660 BP  | 9,220 BP  | chronozone  | Holocene  | Northern Europe  | the Atlantic Ocean | Blytt, 1876
Atokan  |  |  | age  | Carboniferous  | North America  |  | Spivey & Roberts, 1946
Aurelucian  | 460.9  | 457  | age  | Ordovician  | Europe  |  |
Austinian  |  |  | age  | Cretaceous  | south and east of the US  | Austin, Texas | Murray, 1961
Autunian  | ~300  | ~275  | age  | Carboniferous-Permian  | Europe  | Autun (France)  | Munier-Chalmas & Lapparent, 1893
Avernian | 29.2  | 23.03  | ELMMZ  | Oligocene  | Europe  |  |
Awamoan  | 20.0  | 17.5  | age  | Miocene  | New Zealand  |  | Thompson, 1916
Ayusokkanian  | 501.0 ± 2.0  | 494.5  | age  | Cambrian  | Russia, Kazakhstan  |  | Geyer & Shergold, 2000
Azoic see Archean |  |  |  |  |  |  |
Badenian[4] | 16.3  | 12.8  | age  | Miocene  | Paratethys  | Baden (Austria)  | Papp & Cicha, 1968
Baikalian  | 850  | 650  | age  | Proterozoic  | Siberia  | Lake Baikal | Pavloski, 1948
Bairnsdalian  | 15.0  | 10.5  | age  | Miocene  | Australia  |  |
Baishaean  | 433  | 429  | age  | Silurian  | China  |  | Lu et al., 1974
Bajocian  | 171.6 ± 3.0  | 167.7 ± 3.5  | age  | Jurassic  | ICS  | Bayeux (France)  | d'Orbigny, 1844
Balcombian  | 15.5  | 15.0  | age  | Miocene  | Australia  |  | Hall & Pritchard, 1902
Baotan  | 460.9  | 454.5  | age  | Ordovician  | China  |  |
Barremian | 130.0 ± 1.5  | 125.0 ± 1.0  | age  | Cretaceous  | ICS  | Barrême (France)  | Coquand, 1873
Barruelian  |  |  | age  | Carboniferous  | Europe  |  | George & Wagner, 1972
Barstovian | 16.3  | 13.6  | age  | Miocene  | North America  |  | Wood "et al.", 1941
Bartonian | 37.2 ± 0.1  | 40.4 ± 0.2  | age  | Eocene  | ICS  | Barton-on-Sea (South England)  | Mayer-Eymar, 1857
Bashkirian  | 318.1 ± 1.3  | 311.7 ± 1.1  | age  | Carboniferous  | ICS  | Bashkortostan  | Semikhatova, 1934
Basin Groups 1-9  | 4,150  | 3,850  | subperiod  | Prenectarium  | Moon (unofficial)  | groups of impact basins  |
Batesfordian  | 16.5  | 15.5  | age  | Miocene  | Australia  |  | Chapman & Singleton, 1923
Bathonian  | 167.7 ± 3.5  | 164.7 ± 4.0  | age  | Jurassic  | ICS  | Bath (England)  | D´Orbigny, 1852
Batyrbayan  | 491.5  | 488.3  | age  | Cambrian  | Russia, Kazakhstan  |  | Apollonov & Chugaeva, 1983
Bavel Interglacial  | 1.03  | 0.96  | age  | Pleistocene  | Netherlands  | Bavel  | Zagwijn & De Jong, 1964
Bavelian  | 1.03  | 0.85  | super-age  | Pleistocene  | Netherlands  | Bavel  | Zawijn & De Jong, 1964
Baventian  | ~2.0  | ~1.87  | age  | Pleistocene  | Great Britain  | Easton Bavents (England)  | West, 1961
Bedoulian  | 129.97  | 125.0  | sub-age  | Cretaceous  | regional  |  | Toucas, 1873
Beestonian  | 1.77  | ~0.8  | age  | Pleistocene  | Great Britain  | Beeston, Norfolk (England)  | West & Wilson, 1966
Belvédère Interglacial  | 0.338  | 0.324  | age  | Pleistocene  | Netherlands  | quarry "Belvédère" (Maastricht)  |
Bendigonian | 473.5  | 471.8  | age  | Ordovician  | Australia  | Bendigo, Victoria  | Benson & Keble, 1935
Berriasian | 145.5 ± 4.0  | 140.2 ± 3.0  | age  | Cretaceous  | ICS  | Berrias (France)  | Coquand, 1871
Biber Glacial  | ~2.5  | 2.35  | age  | Pleistocene  | Alps  | river Biber (Germany)  | Schaefer, 1953
Biber-Donau  |  |  | age  | Pleistocene  | Alps  |  |
Blancan | 4.9  | 1.8  | age  | Plio-Pleistocene  | North America  |  | Wood "et al", 1941
Black River(-an)  |  |  | age  | Ordovician)  | North America  |  | Vanuxem, 1842
Bolderian  | <21  | >16  | age  | Miocene  | Belgium (obsolete)  | Bolderberg  | Dumont, 1850
Bolindian  | 450  | 443.7  | age  | Ordovician  | Australia  |  | Webby, 1976
Bølling  | 13,730 BP  | 13,480 BP  | chronozone  | Weichselian  | Northern Europe  | Bølling Sø (Denmark)  | Iversen, 1942
Bolsovian  |  |  | age  | Carboniferous  | Europe  | Bolsover (England)  | Jongsmans, 1928
Boomerangian  | 504  | 501  | age  | Cambrian  | Australia  |  | Öpik, 1979
Boreal  | 10,640 BP  | 9,220 BP  | chronozone  | Holocene  | Northern Europe  | boreal zone in ecology  | Blytt, 1876
Bortonian  | 43.0  | 37.0  | age  | Eocene  | New Zealand  | Bortons  | Hornibrook, 1961
Botomian  | 524  | 518.5  | age  | Cambrian  | Russia, Kazakhstan  |  | Repina, 1964
Bramertonian | ~2.12  | ~2.0  | age  | Pleistocene  | Great Britain  | Bramerton Pits (England)  | Funnell, Norton, West and Mayhew, 1979
Bridgerian  | 50.3  | 46.2  | age  | Eocene  | North America  |  | Wood et al., 1941
Brigantian  | 336  | 326.4 ± 1.6  | age  | Carboniferous  | North America, Europe  | Brigantes (Celtic tribe)  | Ramsbotton, 1979
Brioverian  | ~680  | ~600  | age  | Neoproterozoic  | Armorican Massif, France  |  | Barrois, 1899
Brüggenian  | 2.588  | 2.4  | chronozone  | Pleistocene  | Northwest Europe  |  |
Brunssumian  | 5.3  | 3.6  | chronozone  | Pliocene  | Northwest Europe  | Brunssum (The Netherlands)  | Zagwijn, 1960
Bulitian  | 55.8  | 53  | age  | Eocene  | California  |  | Mallory, 1959
Bumbanian | 55.7  | 52.1  | ALMA  | Eocene  | Asia  |  | Russell & Zhai, 1987
Buntsandstein[5] | 251.0 ± 0.4  | 246.6[6] | epoch/subperiod  | Triassic  | Europe  | German: bunte Sandstein = coloured sandstone | Von Alberti, 1834
Burdigalian | 20.43  | 15.97  | age  | Miocene  | ICS  | Latin: Burdigala = Bordeaux (France)  | Depéret, 1892
Burrellian  | 457  | 455  | age  | Ordovician  | Europe  | Glenburrell (England)  | Fortey "et al.", 1995
Burzyan  | 1,400  | 1,375  | age  | Proterozoic  | Russia  |  | Kefler, 1952
Caerfai  | 542 ± 0.2  | 513 ± 2  | age  | Cambrian  | Europe (obsolete)  | Caerfai Bay (Wales)  | Cowie "et al.", 1972
Calabrian  | 1.806  | 0.781  | age  | Pleistocene  | Southern Europe  | Calabria  | Gignoux, 1913
Callovian  | 164.7 ± 4.0  | 161.2 ± 4.0  | age  | Jurassic  | ICS  | Kellaways (England)  | d'Orbigny, 1849
Calymmian | 1,600  | 1,400  | period  | Proterozoic  | ICS  |  | Plumb, 1991
Cambrian | 542.0 ± 1.0  | 488.3 ± 1.7  | period  | Paleozoic  | ICS  | Cambria (Latin for Wales)  | Sedgwick, 1835
Campanian | 83.5 ± 0.7  | 70.6 ± 0.6  | age  | Cretaceous  | ICS  | Champagne (France)  | Coquand, 1857
Canadian  |  |  | epoch  | Ordovician  | North America  |  |
Cantabrian  | 305  |  | age  | Carboniferous  | Europe  |  | Wagner, 1965
Capitanian | 265.8 ± 0.7  | 260.4 ± 0.7  | age  | Permian  | ICS  | Capitan Reef (Texas, US)  | Richardson, 1904
Caradocian  | 460.9  | 449.5  | epoch  | Ordovician  | Europe  | Caradoc (Welsh king)  | Murchison, 1839
Carboniferous | 359.2 ± 2.5  | 299.0 ± 0.8  | period  | Paleozoic  | ICS  | carbon | Conybeare & Phillips, 1822
Carixian  | 189.6 ± 1.5  |  | sub-age  | Jurassic  | regional  |  | Lang, 1913
Carnian  | 228.0 ± 2.0  | 216.5 ± 2.0  | age  | Triassic  | ICS  | Carnic Alps (Austria)  | Mojsisovics, 1869
Carpentarian  | 1,800  | 1,300  | age  | Proterozoic  | Australia  | Gulf of Carpentaria  | Dunn et al., 1966
Casamajoran  | 54  | 48  | age  | Eocene  | South America  |  | Pascual, 1965
Cassian  | 1.1  | 0.8  | age  | Pleistocene  | Italy  |  | Mayer-Eymar, 1888
Cassinian | 473  | 471.8  | sub-age  | Ordovician  | North America  |  | Flower, 1957
Castlecliffian  | 1.63  | 0.34  | age  | Pleistocene  | New Zealand  | Castlecliff  | Thompson, 1916
Castlemanian  | 471  | 470  | age  | Ordovician  | Australia  | Castlemaine  | Strachan, 1972
Cautleyan  | 447.5  | 446.5  | age  | Ordovician  | Europe  | Cautley Spout (England)  | Marr, 1914
Cayugan  | 421.3 ± 2.6  | 416.0 ± 2.8  | age  | Silurian  | North America  |  | Clark & Schuchert, 1898
Cenomanian | 99.6 ± 0.9  | 93.5 ± 0.8  | age  | Cretaceous  | ICS  | Latin: Cenomanium = Le Mans (France)  | d'Orbigny, 1847
Cenozoic | 65.5 ± 0.3  | present  | era  | Phanerozoic  | ICS  | new life | Phillips, 1847
Cernaysian  | 55.9  | 55.0  | ELMMZ  | Paleocene  | Europe  |  | Lemoine, 1880
Chadian  | 345.3 ± 2.1  | 341  | age  | Carboniferous  | regional  | St Chad, Chatburn, Lancashire  | Ramsbotton, 1979
Chadronian | 38.0  | 33.9  | age  | Eocene  | North America  |  | Wood "et al.", 1941
Chamovnicheskian  | 306  | 305  | age  | Carboniferous  | Russia  |  |
Champlanian  |  |  | epoch  | Ordovician  | North America  |  | Emmons, 1842
Changhsingian | 253.8 ±0.7  | 251.0 ± 0.4  | age  | Permian  | ICS  | Changxing (China)  | Sheng, 1963
Changlangpuan  | 523  | 518  | age  | Cambrian  | China  |  |
Changshanian  | 496.8  | 492.5  | age  | Cambrian  | China  |  | Walcott, 1913
Chapadmalalan | 4.0  | 3.0  | age  | Pliocene  | South America  |  | Kraglievich, 1930
Chasicoan | 10.0  | 9.0  | age  | Miocene  | South America  |  | Cabrera & Kraglievich, 1928
Chatauquan  | 370  | 359.2 ± 2.5  | age  | Devonian  | South America  |  | Clark & Schuchert 1898
Chattian | 28.4 ± 0.1  | 23.03  | age  | Oligocene  | ICS  | Chatti (ancient Germanic tribe)  | Fuchs, 1894
Chautauquan  |  |  | age  | Devonian  | North America  |  |
Chazyan  |  |  | age  | Ordovician  | North America  |  | Kay, 1958
Cheltenhamian  | 5.0  | 4.3  | age  | Pliocene  | Australia  |  | Mayer-eymar, 1881
Cheneyan  | 455  | 452  | age  | Ordovician  | Europe  |  |
Cheremshankian  | 314.5  | 313.4  | age  | Carboniferous  | Russia  |  | Aisenverg, 1979
Chesterian  | 333  | 318.1  | age  | Carboniferous  | North America  |  | Worthen, 1860
Chewtonian  | 473  | 471  | age  | Ordovician  | Australia  |  | Harris & Thomas, 1938
Chokierian  | 325  | 324.5  | sub-age  | Carboniferous  | regional  | Chokier, Belgium  | Hodson (1957)
Cincinnatian  | 451  | 443.7 ± 1.5  | epoch  | Ordovician  | North America  | Cincinnati  | Meek & Worthen, 1865
Cisuralian | 299.0 ± 0.8  | 270.6 ± 0.7  | epoch  | Permian  | ICS  |  | Waterhouse, 1982
Clansayesian  | 115.0  | 112.0  | sub-age  | Cretaceous  |  |  | Breistroffer, 1947
Clarendonian | 13.6  | 10.3  | age  | Miocene  | North America  |  | Wood "et al.", 1941
Clarkforkian | 56.8  | 55.4  | age  | Paleo-Eocene  | North America  |  | Granger, 1914
Clifdenian  | 15.9  | 15.1  | age  | Miocene  | New Zealand  | Clifden  | Fleming, 1959
Colhuehuapian | 21.0  | 17.5  | age  | Miocene  | South America  |  | Flynn " et al.", 1995
Colloncuran | 15.5  | 13.8  | age  | Miocene  | South America  |  | Groeber, 1929
Coniacian | 89.3 ± 1.0  | 85.8 ± 0.7  | age  | Cretaceous  | ICS  | Cognac (France)  | Coquand, 1857
Copernican  | 1,100  | present  | period  |  | Moon  | Copernicus |
Costonian  | 460.9  | 459  | age  | Ordovician  | regional  |  | Bancroft, 1933
Couvinian  | 397.5 ± 2.7  | 391.8 ± 2.7  | age  | Devonian  | Belgium (obsolete)  | Couvin  | d'Omalius d'Halloy, 1862
Cressagian  | 488.3 ± 1.7  | 486  | age  | Ordovician  | Europe  |  |
Cretaceous | 145.5 ± 4.0  | 65.5 ± 0.3  | period  | Mesozoic  | ICS  | Crete; Latin creta=chalk | d'Omalius d'Halloy, 1822
Croixan  |  |  | epoch  | Cambrian  | North America  |  |
Cromerian  | 0.85  | 0.465  | super-age/age  | Pleistocene  | Netherlands, Great Britain  | Cromer (England)  | Reid, 1882
Cryogenian | 850  | 635.5 ± 1.2[7] | period  | Proterozoic  | ICS  | frozen beginning | Plumb, 1991
Cryptic  | 4,567  | 4,150  | epoch  | Prenectarian  | Moon (unofficial)  | hidden |
Dacian  | 5.332 ± 0.005  | 3.600 ± 0.005  | age  | Pliocene  | Paratethys  | Dacia (Roman province)  | Teisseyre, 1907
Dalanian (Dalaun)  | 313  | 310  | age  | Carboniferous  | China  |  |
Danian | 65.5 ± 0.3  | 61.7 ± 0.2  | age  | Paleocene  | ICS  | Denmark | Desor, 1847
Dannevirke  | 65.0  | 43.0  | epoch  | Paleogene  | New Zealand  | Dannevirke  | Kingma, 1962
Dapingian | 471.8 ± 1.6  | 468.1 ± 1.6  | age  | Ordovician  | ICS  | Daping (China)  | Huang & Zhu, 1948
Darriwilian | 468.1 ± 1.6  | 460.9 ± 1.6  | age  | Ordovician  | ICS  | Darriwil (Australia)  | Hall, 1899
Datangian  | 345  | 333  | age  | Carboniferous  | China  |  | Ding, 1931
Datsonian  | 488.3 ± 1.7  | 485  | age  | Ordovician  | Australia  |  | Jones et al., 1971
Dawanian  | 472  | 471.8  | age  | Ordovician  | North America  |  | Xiang "et al.", 1980
Deerparkian  |  |  | age  | Devonian  | North America  |  | Cooper et al., 1942
Delamaran  | 512  | 504  | age  | Cambrian  | North America  | Palmer, 1998
Delmontian  | 7.5  | 2.9  | age  | Plio-Miocene  | California  |  | Kleinpell, 1938
Demingian  | 478.6  | 475  | sub-age  | Ordovician  | North America  |  | Flower, 1957
Derryan  | 311.7 ± 1.1  | 308  | age  | Carboniferous  | North America  |  | Thmpson, 1942
Deseadan | 29.0  | 21.0  | age  | Oligo-Miocene  | South America  |  | Flynn & Wisher, 1995
Desmoinesian  |  |  | age  | Carboniferous  | North America  |  | Keyes, 1893
Deurnian  |  |  | age  | Miocene  | Belgium (obsolete)  | Deurne  | de Heinzelin (1955)
Devensian | 0.116  | 0.0115  | age  | Pleistocene  | Great Britain  | Devenses, Celtic tribe by the Deva (England and Wales)  | Godwin, 1956
Devonian | 416.0 ± 2.8  | 359.2 ± 2.5  | period  | Paleozoic  | ICS  | Devon (England)  | Murchison & Sedgwick, 1839
Dewuan  | 333  | 318.1 ± 1.3  | age  | Carboniferous  | China  |  | Yang "et al.", 1962
Dinantian  | 359.2 ± 2.5  | 326.4 ± 1.6  | epoch/sub-period  | Carboniferous  | Northern Europe  | Dinant  | Munier-Chalmas & Lapparent, 1893
Dittonian  | 418  |  | age  | Devonian  | Wales and England (obsolete)  | Ditton Priors, Shropshire, England  | King, 1921
Divisaderan | 42  | 36  | age  | Eocene  | South America  |  | Pascual, 1983
Dogger[5] | 175.6 ± 2.0  | 161.2 ± 4.0  | epoch  | Jurassic  | Northern Europe  | dogger=ironrich sediment type  | Naumann, 1854
Dolgellian  | 492.5  | 488.3 ± 1.7  | age  | Cambrian  | regional  | Dolgellau, Wales  | Harland et al., 1989
Domerian  |  | 183.0 ± 1.5  | sub-age  | Jurassic  | regional  |  | Bonarelli, 1894
Donau Glacial  | 1.7  | 1.35  | age  | Pleistocene  | Alps  | river Danube | Eberl, 1930
Donau-Günz  |  | >2.35  | age  | Pleistocene  | Alps  |  |
Dorogomilovskian  | 305  | 303.9 ± 0.9  | age  | Carboniferous  | regional  |  | Ivanov, 1926
Drenthian  | 0.238  | 0.17  | chronozone  | Pleistocene  | Northwest Europe  | Drenthe  | Van Der Vlerk & Florschutz, 1950
Dresbachian | 501  | 496.8  | age  | Cambrian  | North America  |  | Howell, 1944
Drumian | 506.5  | 503  | age  | Cambrian  | ICS  | Drum Mountains (Utah, US)  | Peng & Robinson, 2000
Duchesnean | 42.0  | 38.0  | age  | Eocene  | North America  |  | Wood "et al"., 1941
Duckmantian  |  |  | age  | Carboniferous  | Europe  | Duckmanton Railway Cutting, England  | Jongmans, 1928
Duntroonian  | 27.3  | 25.2  | age  | Oligocene  | New Zealand  | Duntroon  | Fleming, 1959
Dyeran  | 524.5  | 512  | age  | Cambrian  | North America  |  | Palmer, 1998
Eaglefordian  |  |  | age  | Cretaceous  | Gulf and Atlantic coast of the US  | Eagle Ford, Dallas, Texas  | Murray, 1961
Early Imbrian  | 3850  | 3800  | period  |  | Moon  | Mare Imbrium |
Eastonian  | 456  | 450  | age  | Ordovician  | Australia  |  | Packham, 1968
Eburonian | 1.80  | 1.45  | super-age  | Pleistocene  | Netherlands  | Eburones, Germanic tribe  | Zagwijn, 1963
Ectasian | 1,400  | 1,200  | period  | Proterozoic  | ICS  |  | Plumb, 1991
Edenian  |  |  | age  | Ordovician  | North America  |  | Twenhofel, 1954
Ediacaran | 635.5 ± 1.2[7] | 542.0 ± 1.0  | period  | Proterozoic  | ICS  | Ediacara Hills (Australia)  | Cloud, 1972
Edmontonian | 80.8  | 70.7  | NALMA  | Cretaceous  | North America  |  | Russel, 1975
Eemian | 0.130  | 0.116  | age  | Pleistocene  | Northern Europe  | river Eem (Netherlands)  | Harting, 1875
Eifelian | 397.5 ± 2.7  | 391.8 ± 2.7  | age  | Devonian  | ICS  | the Eifel (Germany)  | Beyrich, 1837
Egerian  | 25.8  | 20.3  | age  | Oligo-Miocene  | Paratethys  | Eger (Hungary)  | Báldi & Seneš, 1968
Eggenburgian  | 20.8  | 18.3  | age  | Miocene  | Paratethys  | Eggenburg (Austria)  | Steininger & Seneš, 1968
Eildonian  | 433  | 428.2 ± 2.3  | age  | Silurian  | Australia  |  | Thomas, 1947
Elsterian  | 0.465  | 0.418  | age  | Pleistocene  | Northern Europe  | river Weißen Elster (Germany)  | Keilhack, 1911
Elvirian  | 326  | 324.5  | age  | Carboniferous  | regional  |  |
Emilian  | 1.5  | 0.781  | sub-age  | Pleistocene  | Italy  |  | Ruggeri & Selli, 1948
Emscherian  | 89.5  | 83.5  | age  | Cretaceous  | Germany  |  | Munier-Chalmas & Lapparent, 1893
Emsian | 407.0 ± 2.8  | 397.5 ± 2.7  | age  | Devonian  | ICS  | Bad Ems (Germany)  | de Dorlodot, 1900
Ensenadan | 1.2  | 0.8  | age  | Pleistocene  | South America  |  | Ameghino, 1889
Eoarchean | none  | 3.600  | era  |  | ICS  |  | Plumb, 1991
Eocene | 55.8 ± 0.2  | 33.9 ± 0.1  | epoch  | Paleogene  | ICS  | earliest recent | Lyell, 1847
Eratosthenian  | 3,200  | 1,100  | period  |  | Moon  | Eratosthenes |
Ergilian | 35.1  | 33.8  | ALMA  | Oligo-Eocene  | Asia  |  | Russell & Zhai, 1987
Erian  | 391.8 ± 2.7  | 388  | age  | Devonian  | North America  |  | Dawson, 1871
Famennian | 374.5 ± 2.6  | 359.2 ± 2.5  | age  | Devonian  | ICS  | the Famenne (Belgium)  | Dumont, 1855
Fassanian  | 237 ± 2.0  | 233  | sub-age  | Triassic  | Europe  |  | Mojsisovics, 1895
Fengshanian  | 492.5  | 488.3 ± 1.7  | age  | Cambrian  | China  |  | Lu, 1962
Fennian  | 473  | 471.8  | age  | Ordovician  | Europe  |  | Fortey & Owens, 1987
Festiniogian  | 496.8  | 492.5  | age  | Cambrian  | regional  | (anglicised spelling of) Ffestiniog, Wales  | Harland et al., 1990
Flaminian  | 0.5  | 0.3  | age  | Pleistocene  | Italy  |  |
Flandrian  | 0.01  | present  | age  | Holocene  | Western Europe (obsolete)  | Flanders  | Rutot & Van den Broeck, 1885
Floian | 478.6 ± 1.7  | 471.8 ± 1.6  | age  | Ordovician  | ICS  | Flo (Sweden)  | Gradstein "et al", 2004
Florian  | 508  | 504  | age  | Cambrian  | Australia  |  |
Fortunian | 542.0 ± 1.0  | 528  | age  | Cambrian  | ICS  | Fortune Head (Canada)  | Brassier "et al.", 1994
Franconian | 496.8  | 492.5  | age  | Cambrian  | North America  |  | Lapparent, 1893
Frasnian | 385.3 ± 2.6  | 374.5 ± 2.6  | age  | Devonian  | ICS  | Frasne (Belgium)  | d'Omalius d'Halloy, 1862
Friasian | 16.3  | 15.5  | age  | Miocene  | South America  |  | Kraglievich, 1930
Fujian  | 11.1  | 9.5  | age  | Miocene  | Japan  |  | Ikebe, 1977
Fupingan  | 3,100  | 2,600  | age  | Archaean  | China  |  |
Furongian | 501.0 ± 2.0  | 488.3 ± 1.7  | epoch  | Cambrian  | ICS  | Furong (China)  | Cowie & Bassett, 1989
Gallic | 130.0 ± 1.5  | 89.3 ± 1.0  | epoch  | Cretaceous  | obsolete  |  | Smith, 1815
Gargasian  | 121.0  | 115.0  | sub-age  | Cretaceous  | regional  |  | Kilian, 1887
Gashatan | 56.9  | 55.7  | ALMA  | Paleo-Eocene  | Asia  |  | Romer, 1966
Gaultian  |  |  | sub-age [Gault]  | Cretaceous  | regional  |  | Smith, 1817
Gedinian  | 416.0 ± 2.8  | 411.2 ± 2.8  | age  | Devonian  | Belgium (obsolete)  | Gedinne  | Dumont, 1848
Geiseltalian  | 48.5  | 42.7  | ELMMZ  | Eocene  | Europe  |  | Franzel & Haubold, 1986
Gelasian  | 2.588  | 1.806  | age  | Pleistocene  | ICS  | Gela (Italy)  | Rio et al., 1998
Geringian | 30.8  | 26.3  | age  | Oligocene  | North America  |  | Schultz & Falkenbach, 1968
Gisbornian  | 460.9  | 456  | age  | Ordovician  | Australia  |  | Thomas, 1960
Givetian | 391.8 ± 2.7  | 385.3 ± 2.6  | age  | Devonian  | ICS  | Givet (France)  | d'Omalius d'Halloy, 1839
Gleedonian  | 425.4  | 422.9 ± 2.5  | age  | Silurian  | regional  |  | Bassett "et al.", 1975
Gorstian | 422.9 ± 2.5  | 421.3 ± 2.6  | age  | Silurian  | ICS  | Gorsty (farm at Ludlow, England)  | Holland et al., 1980
Gramian  | 10.3  | 8.5  | age  | Miocene  | Northern Germany  |  | Hinsch, 1952
Grauvian  | 50.8  | 48.5  | ELMMZ  | Eocene  | Europe  |  | Savage & Russell, 1977
Greenlandian | 0.0117  | 0.0082  | age  | Holocene  | ICS  | North Greenland Ice Core Project | [8]
Guadalupian | 270.6 ± 0.7  | 260.4 ± 0.7  | epoch  | Permian  | ICS  | Guadalupe Mountains (Texas, US)  | Girty, 1908
Guandian  | 425.5  | 422  | age  | Silurian  | China  |  | Ting & Wang, 1937
Gulf(-ian)  |  |  | epoch  | Cretaceous  | south and east of the US  | the Mexican Gulf  | Cobban & Reeside, 1952
Günz Glacial  | 2.35  |  | age  | Pleistocene  | Alps  | river Günz (Germany)  | Penck & Bruckner, 1909
Günz-Mindel  |  |  | age  | Pleistocene  | Alps  |  |
Gushanian  | 596.8  | 501  | age  | Cambrian  | China  |  | Kobayashi, 1935
Guzhangian | 503  | 499  | age  | Cambrian  | ICS  | Guzhang (China)  | Peng, 1992
Gzhelian  | 303.9 ± 0.9  | 299.0 ± 0.8  | age  | Carboniferous  | ICS  | Gzhel (Russia)  | Nikitim, 1890
Hadean | none  | 4000  | eon  |  | ICS  | Hades, hell | Cloud, 1972
Hadrynian  | 850  | 542  | age  | Neoproterozoic  | North America  |  | Fahrig "et al.", 1971
Hallian  | ~10.000  | 0  | age  | Holocene  | California  |  |
Haranoyan  | 18.2  | 15.97  | age  | Miocene  | Japan  |  | Ikebe, 1977
Harnagian  | 459  | 458  | age  | Ordovician  | regional  |  | Bancroft, 1929
Harrisonian | 24.8  | 20.6  | age  | Oligo-Miocene  | North America  |  | Wilson, 1960
Hastarian  | 359.2 ± 2.5  | 348  | age  | Carboniferous  | regional  |  | Conil, 1977
Haumurian  | 84  | 65.5  | age  | Cretaceous  | New Zealand  | Haumuri Bluff  |
Hautawan  | 3.1  | 2.2  | sub-age  | Plio-Pleistocene  | New Zealand  |  |
Hauterivian | 136.4 ± 2.0  | 130.0 ± 1.5  | age  | Cretaceous  | ICS  | Hauterive (Switzerland)  | Renevier, 1873
Haweran  | 0.01  | present  | age  | Holocene  | New Zealand  | Hawera  | Thompson, 1917
Headonian  | 37.2  | 33.8  | ELMMZ  | Oligo-Eocene  | Europe  |  | Bosma, 1974
Helikian  | 1,600  | 850  | age  | Proterozoic  | North America  |  | Stockwell, 1964
Hemingfordian | 20.6  | 16.3  | age  | Miocene  | North America  |  | Wood "et al.", 1941
Hemmoorian  |  |  | age  | Miocene  | Northern Germany  |  | Kautsky, 1925
Hemphillian | 10.3  | 4.9  | age  | Mio-Pliocene  | North America  |  | Wood "et al.", 1941
Heretaungan  | 49.5  | 46.2  | age  | Eocene  | New Zealand  | Heretaunga Plains  | Hornibrook & Harrington, 1957
Hesperian | ~3,500  | ~1,800  | Martian epoch  |  | Mars  | Hesperia Planum |
Hettangian  | 199.6 ± 0.6  | 196.5 ± 1.0  | age  | Jurassic  | ICS  | Hettange-Grande (France)  | Renevier, 1864
Hirnantian | 445.6 ± 1.5  | 443.7 ± 1.5  | age  | Ordovician  | ICS  | Cwm Hirnant (Wales)  | Bancroft, 1933
Holkerian  | 339  | 337.5  | age  | Carboniferous  | regional  |  | Ramsbotton, 1979
Holocene | 11,800 BP  | present  | epoch  | Quaternary | ICS  | Greek: totally new | Gervais, 1867
Holsteinian  | 0.418  | 0.386  | age  | Pleistocene  | Northern Europe  | Holstein (Germany)  | Jung, 1957
Homerian | 426.2 ± 2.4  | 422.9 ± 2.5  | age  | Silurian  | ICS  | Homer (England)  | Bassett et al., 1975
Honghuayuanian  | 478.6  | 472  | age  | Ordovician  | China  |  | Yang, 1990
Houldjinian | 37.2  | 33.9  | ALMA  |  | Asia  |  | Meng "et al.", 1998
Houthalenian  | <21  | >16  | age  | Miocene  | Belgium (obsolete)  | Houthalen  | Hirsch, 1952
Hoxnian  | 0.418  | 0.386  | age  | Pleistocene  | Great Britain  | Hoxne (Suffolk)  | West & Donner, 1956
Hsandgolian  | 33.8  | 24.0  | ALMA  | Oligocene  | Asia  |  | Meng "et al"., 1998
Huashibanian  | 318.1 ± 1.3  | 313  | age  | Carboniferous  | China  |  | Jin "et al.", 1962
Huayquerian | 9.0  | 6.8  | age  | Miocene  | South America  |  | Pascual & Odreman, 1971
Hutchinsonian  | 21  | 20  | age  | Miocene  | New Zealand  |  | Fleming, 1959
Huronian  | 2,500  | 1,400  | age  | Proterozoic  | worldwide (obsolete)  |  | Logan & Murray, 1855
Ibexian  | ~505  | 471.8  | age  | Cambrian-Ordovician  | North America  |  | Ross, 1951
Icenian  | 2.4  | ~2  | age  | Pleistocene  | Netherlands, England (obsolete)  | Iceni, ancient tribe (England)  | Harmer, 1900
Idamean  | 497  | 494  | age  | Cambrian  | Australia  |  | Öpik, 1963
Ilfordian  |  |  | age  | Pleistocene  | British Isles  | Ilford (England)  | Bowen, 1978
Illinoian | 0.17  | 0.125  | age  | Pleistocene  | North America  |  | Chamberlin, 1896
Illyrian | 240 ± 2.0  | 237 ± 2.0  | sub-age  | Triassic  | Europe  |  | Tozer, 1967
Induan  | 251.0 ± 0.4  | 249.7 ± 0.7  | age  | Triassic  | ICS  | river Indus  | Kiparisova & Popov, 1956
Ionian  | 0.781  | 0.126  | age  | Pleistocene  | Southern Europe  | Ionian Sea (between Greece and Italy)  | Carianfi, 1995
Ipswichian  | 0.130  | 0.116  | age  | Pleistocene  | Great Britain  | Ipswich (England)  | West, 1957
Irdinmanhan | 46.2  | 40.4  | ALMA  | Eocene  | Asia  |  | Russell & Zhai, 1987
Irvingtonian | 1.8  |  | age  | Pleistocene  | North America  | Irvington  | Wood "et al.", 1941
Isuan  | 3,800  | 3,500  | age  | Archaean  | Europe  |  | McGregor, 1968
Itaboraian | 59  | 57  | age  | Paleocene  | South America  |  | Paula-coutos, 1946
Ivorean  | 348  | 345.3 ± 2.1  | age  | Carboniferous  | regional  |  | Conil, 1977
Jacksonian  |  |  | age  | Eocene  | southern US  |  | Heilprin, 1882
Janjukian  | 30.0  | 27.5  | age  | Oligocene  | Australia  |  | Hall & Pritchard, 1902
Jeffersonian  | 475  | 473  | sub-age  | Ordovician  | North America  |  | Flower, 1979
Jiangshanian | 494  | 489.5  | age  | Cambrian  | ICS  |  |
Jinningian  | 1,750  | 800  | age  | Proterozoic  | China  |  | Peng, 2000
Jiusian  |  |  | age  | Carboniferous  | China  |  | Jin "et al"., 2000
Johannian  | 48  | 35  | age  | Eocene  | Australia  |  | Singleton, 1955
Judithian | 82.2  | 80.8  | NALMA  | Cretaceous  | North America  |  | Russell, 1975
Julian  | 229.6 ± 2.0  | 222.5  | sub-age  | Triassic  | Europe  |  | Tozer, 1967 [Mojsisovics, 1895]
Jurassic | 199.6 ± 0.6  | 145.5 ± 4.0  | period  | Mesozoic  | ICS  | Jura mountains  | Brongniart, 1829
Kaburan  | 13.5  | 11.1  | age  | Miocene  | Japan  |  | Ikebe, 1977
Kaiatan  | 37.0  | 36.0  | age  | Eocene  | New Zealand  | Kaiata  | Fleming, 1959
Kalimnan  | 4.3  | 3.4  | age  | Pliocene  | Australia  |  | Hall & Pritchard, 1902
Kansan  | 0.48  | 0.26  | age  | Pleistocene  | North America  |  | Geikie, 1894
Kapitean  | 6.5  | 5.0  | age  | Miocene  | New Zealand  | Kapitea Creek, West Coast Region  | Fleming, 1959
Karatau  | 1,100  | 800  | age  | Proterozoic  | Russia  |  |
Karoo Ice Age | ~360  | ~260  | ice age  | Phanerozoic  |  | Karoo (South Africa)  |
Karpatian  | 17.0  | 16.0  | age  | Miocene  | Paratethys  | the Carpathian Mountains | Cicha et al., 1967
Kashirskian  | 309.2  | 308.0  | age  | Carboniferous  | Russia  |  | Stepanov, 1962
Kasimovian  | 306.5 ± 1.0  | 303.9 ± 0.9  | age  | Carboniferous  | ICS  | Kasimov (Russia)  | Theodorovich, 1949
Kasterlian  | ~4.7  | ~3.6  | age  | Pliocene  | Belgium (obsolete)  | Kasterlee  | Dumont, 1882
Katian | 455.8 ± 1.6  | 445.6 ± 1.5  | age  | Ordovician  | ICS  | Lake Katy (Oklahoma, US)  | Bergstrom et al., 2003
Kattendijkian  | ~5  | ~3.6  | age  | Pliocene  | Belgium (obsolete)  | Kattendijke | Glibert & de Heinzelin, 1957
Kazanian  |  |  | age  | Permian  | Russia  |  | Netxaev, 1915
Kechienjian  | 1.9  | 1.5  | age  | Pleistocene  | Japan  |  | Ikebe, 1977
Keiloran  | 443.7 ± 1.5  | 433  | age  | Silurian  | Australia  |  |
Kekeamuan | 28.4  | 33.9  | ALMA  |  | Asia  |  | Wang, 1981
Keuper[5] | ±230  | 199.6  | epoch  | Triassic  | Europe  |  | Von Alberti, 1834
Kimmeridgian  | 155.7 ± 4.0  | 150.8 ± 4.0  | age  | Jurassic  | ICS  | Kimmeridge (England)  | d'Orbigny, 1852
Kinderhookian  | 359.2 ± 2.5  | 348  | age  | Carboniferous  | North America  |  | Bizat, 1928
Kinderscoutian  | 318.1 ± 1.3  | 317  | age  | Carboniferous  | regional  | Kinder Scout (England)  | Bisat (1928)
Kirkfield  | 458  | 457  | age  | Ordovician  | regional  |  | Liddell, 1975
Kiscellian  |  | 25.8  | age  | Oligocene  | Paratethys  |  | Nolf & Brzobohaty, 1994
Klazminskian  | 303.9 ± 0.9  | 300.5  | age  | Carboniferous  | regional  |  | Ivanova & Khovorova, 1955
Korangan  | 117.5  | 108.4  | age  | Cretaceous  | New Zealand  | Koranga  | Wellman, 1959
Krevyakinskian  | 306.5  | 306  | age  | Carboniferous  | Russia  |  | Ivanova & Khovorova, 1955
Kryzhanovan  | 1.9  | 1.2  | age  | Pleistocene  | Eastern Europe  |  |
Kungurian | 275.6 ± 0.7  | 270.6 ± 0.7  | age  | Permian  | ICS  | Kungur (Russia)  | Stuckenberg, 1890
Lacian  | 217.4 ± 2.0  | 211  | sub-age  |  | Europe  |  | Mojsisovics, 1895
Ladinian  | 237.0 ± 2.0  | 228.0 ± 2.0  | age  | Triassic  | ICS  | Ladini, people in northern Italy  | Bittner, 1892
Lancefieldian  | 482  | 475  | age  | Ordovician  | Australia  |  | Harris & Keble, 1932
Lancian | 70.7  | 65.5  | NALMA  | Cretaceous  | North America  |  | Russell, 1964
Landenian  | <60  | >55  | age  | Paleocene  | Western Europe (obsolete)  | Landen (Belgium)  | Dumont, 1839
Landon  | 34.3  | 21.7  | epoch  | Paleo-Neogene  | New Zealand  | Landon Creek  | Kingma, 1962
Langenfeldian  |  |  | age  | Miocene  | Northern Germany  |  |
Langhian | 15.97  | 13.65  | age  | Miocene  | ICS  | Serravalle Langhe (Italy)  | Pareto, 1864
Langsettian  | 314.5  | 313.4  | age  | Carboniferous  | regional  | Langsett (England)  | Jongsmans, 1928
Latdorfian  |  |  | age  | Oligocene  | Germany  |  | Mayer-Eymar, 1893
Late Imbrian  | 3,800  | 3,200  | period  |  | Moon  | Mare Imbrium |
Laventan | 13.8  | 12.0  | age  | Miocene  | South America  |  | Madden, 1994
Leonardian  |  |  | age  | Permian  | North America  |  | Adams et al., 1939
Lias[5] | 199.6 ± 0.6  | 175.6 ± 2.0  | epoch  | Jurassic  | Northern Europe  | unclear  | Mantell, 1833 [Smith, 1817]
Likhvinian  | 0.3  | 0.18  | age  | Pleistocene  | Eastern Europe  |  | Krasnenkov & Kazantseva, 1993
Lillburnian  | 15.1  | 12.7  | age  | Miocene  | New Zealand  | Lill Burn, Southland Region  | Fleming, 1959
Linxiangian  | 454.5  | 449  | age  | Ordovician  | China  |  |
Lishihhuangtuan  | 1.2  | 0.1  | age  | Pleistocene  | China  |  |
Livian  | 335  | 331  | age  | Carboniferous  | Belgium (obsolete)  | Lives  | Conil, 1977
Llandeilo (Llandeilean)  |  |  | epoch/age  | Ordovician  | Europe  | Llandeilo (Wales)  | Murchison, 1835
Llandovery | 443.7 ± 1.5  | 428.2 ± 2.3  | epoch  | Silurian  | ICS  | Llandovery (Wales)  | Murchison, 1859
Llanvirn(-ian)  | Llanvirn Farm near St Davids, Wales  | Hicks (1881)  | epoch  | Ordovician  | Europe  |  | Hicks, 1875
Lochkovian | 416.0 ± 2.8  | 411.2 ± 2.8  | age  | Devonian  | ICS  | Lochkov (Czech Republic)  | Chlupac, 1972
Longfordian  | 27.5  | 16.5  | age  | Oligo-Miocene  | Australia  |  | Crespin, 1943
Longmaxian  | 443.7 ± 1.5  | 438  | age  | Silurian  | China  |  | Yin, 1949
Longobardian  | 233  | 229.6 ± 2.0  | sub-age  | Triassic  | Europe  |  | Mojsisovics, 1895
Longvillian  | 457  | 455  | age  | Ordovician  | regional  | Cheney Longville (England)  | Bancroft, 1929
Longwangmioan  | 518  | 513  | age  | Cambrian  | China  |  | Bengston & Jell, 1990
Lopingian | 260.4 ± 0.7  | 251.0 ± 0.4  | epoch  | Permian  | ICS  | Luoping (China)  | Huang, 1932
Lotharingian  | 193.3 ± 0.7  | 189.6 ± 0.7  | substage  | Jurassic  |  |  | Haug, 1910
Ludfordian | 421.3 ± 2.6  | 418.7 ± 2.7  | age  | Silurian  | ICS  | Ludford (England)  | Holland et al., 1980
Ludhamian  | ~2.52  | ~2.25  | age  | Pleistocene  | Great Britain  | Ludham (England)  | Beck et al., 1972
Ludian  |  |  | age  | Eocene  | western Europe  |  | de Lapparent, 1893
Ludlovian  | 422.9 ± 2.5  | 418.7 ± 2.7  | epoch  | Silurian  | ICS  | Ludlow (England)  | Murchison, 1854
Luisian  | 15.5  | 13.5  | age  | Miocene  | California  |  | Kleinpell, 1938
Lujanian | 0.8  | 0.3  | age  | Pleistocene  | South America  |  | Ameghino 1889
Luliangian  | 2,350  | 1,750  | age  | Proterozoic  | China  |  |
Luosuan  | 318.1  | ~314  | age  | Carboniferous  | China  |  | Jin et al., 1962
Lutetian | 48.6 ± 0.2  | 40.4 ± 0.2  | age  | Eocene  | ICS  | Latin: Lutetia=Paris (France)  | de Lapparent, 1883
Maastrichtian | 70.6 ± 0.6  | 65.5 ± 0.3  | age  | Cretaceous  | ICS  | Maastricht (Netherlands)  | Dumont, 1849
Maentwrogian  | 501  | 496.8  | age  | Cambrian  | regional  | Maentwrog (Wales)  | Hicks, 1881
Malanghuangtuan  | 0.1  | 0.01  | age  | Pleistocene  | China  |  | Liu & Chang, 1964
Malm[5] | 161.2 ± 4.0  | 145.5 ± 4.0  | epoch  | Jurassic  | Europe  | Old English: malm = calcareous soil  | Oppel & Quenstedt, 1858
Mangaorapan  | 53.0  | 49.5  | age  | Eocene  | New Zealand  | Mangaorapa  | Marwick & Fleming, 1959
Mangaotanean  | 92.1  | 89.1  | age  | Cretaceous  | New Zealand  | Mangaotane  | Wellman, 1959
Mangapanian  | 3.00  | 2.40  | age  | Plio-Pleistocene  | New Zealand  | Mangapani  | Fleming, 1953
Maozhangian  | 513  | 509  | age  | Cambrian  | China  |  |
Mapingian  | 310  | 299.0 ± 0.8  | age  | Carboniferous  | China  |  | Ting, 1928
Marahuan  | 2.2  | 1.8  | sub-age  | Pleistocene  | New Zealand  |  |
Marjuman  | 504  | 494.5  | age  | Cambrian  | North America  |  | Ludvigsen & Westrop, 1985
Marsdenian  | 317  | 315.5  | age  | Carboniferous  | regional  | Marsden, West Yorkshire, England  | Bisat (1928)
Marshbrookian  | 455  | 454  | age  | Ordovician  | regional  | Marshbrook (England)  | Bancroft, 1929
Mayan  | 502  | 501 ± 2.0  | age  | Cambrian  | Russia, Kazakhstan  |  | Yarmoulyuk, 1946
Mayanan  | 1100  | 850  | age  | Proterozoic  | Siberia  |  | Datsenko et al., 1968
Mayoian  | 12.0  | 10.0  | age  | Miocene  | South America  |  | Villaroel, 1974
Mayvillian  | 453  | 447.5  | age  | Ordovician  | North America  |  | Foerste, 1905
Medinan  |  |  | age  | Silurian  | North America  |  | Clark & Schuchert, 1898
Meghalayan | 0.0042  | 0  | age  | Holocene  | ICS  | Caves of Meghalaya GSSP, India  | [8]
Meishuchuan  | 542  | 532  | age  | Cambrian  | China  |  | Qian, 1977
Melbournian  | 428.2 ± 2.3  | 416.0 ± 2.8  | age  | Silurian  | Australia  | Melbourne | Gregory, 1902
Melekesskian  | 313.4  | 311.7  | age  | Carboniferous  | Russia  |  | Aisenverg et al., 1979
Menapian  |  | 1.03  | super-age  | Pleistocene  | Netherlands  | Menapii, Germanic tribe  | Zagweijn, 1957
Meramecian  | 340  | 333  | age  | Carboniferous  | North America  |  | Ulrich, 1904
Merioneth  | 501 ± 2  | 488.3 ± 1.7  | epoch  | Cambrian  | Europe (obsolete)  | Merioneth (Wales)  | Cowie et al., 1972
Merksemian  | ~2.5  | ~2  | age  | Pleistocene  | Belgium (obsolete)  | Merksem  | de Heinzelin, 1958
Mesoarchean | 3,200  | 2,800  | era  | Archean  | ICS  |  | Plumb, 1991
Mesoproterozoic | 1,600  | 1,000  | era  | ICS  |  | Hofmann, 1987
Mesozoic | 251.0 ± 0.7  | 65.5 ± 0.3  | era  |  | ICS  | middle life | Philips, 1818
Messinian | 7.246  | 5.332  | age  | Miocene  | ICS  | Messina (Italy)  | Mayer-Eymar, 1867
Miaogoalingian  | 422  | 418.7  | age  | Silurian  | China  |  |
Miaolingian | 509  | 497  | Epoch  | Cambrian  | ICS  |  |
Migneintian  | 486  | 478.6 ± 1.7  | age  | Ordovician  | Europe  |  | Fortey et al., 1995
Mindel  | 0.85  | 0.465  | age  | Pleistocene  | Alps  | river Mindel (Germany)  | Penck, 1882
Mindel-Riss  | 0.465  | 0.238  | age  | Pleistocene  | Alps  |  |
Mindyallan  | 501  | 497  | age  | Cambrian  | Australia  |  | Öpik, 1963
Miocene  | 23.03  | 5.332  | epoch  | Neogene  | ICS  | Greek: less recent | Lyell, 1847
Mississippian  | 359.2 ± 2.5  | 318.1 ± 1.3  | epoch  | Carboniferous  | ICS  | Mississippi River (US)  | Winchell, 1870
Missourian  |  |  | age  | Carboniferous  | North America  |  | Keyes, 1873
Mitchellian  | 10.5  | 5.0  | age  | Plio-Miocene  | Australia  |  |
Mohawkian  | 462  | 451  | epoch  | Ordovician  | North America  |  | Hall, 1842
Mohnian  | 13.5  | 7.5  | age  | Miocene  | California  |  | Kleinpell, 1938
Mokolian  | 2,050  | 900  | age  | Proterozoic  | South Africa  |  |
Monroecreekian  | 26.3  | 24.8  | age  | Oligocene  | North America  | Monroe Creek  | Wilson, 1960
Montehermosan | 6.8  | 4.0  | age  | Plio-Miocene  | South America  | [Hermosean; Ameghino, 1889]  | Simpson, 1940
Montezuman  | 529.5  | 524.5  | age  | Cambrian  | North America  |  | Palmer, 1998
Montian  | ~65  | ~61  | age  | Paleocene  | Europe (obsolete)  | Mons (Belgium)  | Dewalque, 1868
Moridunian  | 478.6 ± 1.7  | 475  | age  | Ordovician  | Europe  | Moridunum (Wales)  | Fortey & Owens, 1987
Morozovan  | 0.8  | 0.5  | age  | Pleistocene  | Eastern Europe  |  |
Morrowan  |  |  | age  | Carboniferous  | North America  |  | Adams & Ulrich, 1904
Moscovian  | 311.7 ± 1.1  | 306.5 ± 1.0  | age  | Carboniferous  | ICS  | Moscow (Russia)  | Nikitin, 1890
Motuan  | 103.3  | 100.2  | age  | Cretaceous  | New Zealand  | Motu River  | Wellman, 1959
Muschelkalk[5] | 243 ± 2  | 235 ± 2  | epoch  | Triassic  | Europe  | German: limestone with mussels | Füchsel, 1761
Mustersan | 48  | 42  | age  | Eocene  | South America  |  | Kraglievich, 1930
Myachkovskian  | 307.2  | 306.5  | age  | Carboniferous  | Russia  |  | Stepanov, 1962
Namibian  | 900  | 542  | age  | Neoproterozoic  | South Africa  | Namibia  |
Namurian  | 326.4  | 313.0  | age  | Carboniferous  | Europe  | Namur (Belgium)  | Purves, 1883
Nanzian  | 48  | 35  | age  | Eocene  | California  |  |
Navarroan  |  |  | age  | Cretaceous-Paleocene  | south and east of the US  | Navarro, Texas  | Murray, 1961
Nebraskian | 0.93  | 0.6  | age  | Pleistocene  | North America (obsolete)  |  | Shimek, 1909
Nectarian | 3920  | 3850  | period  |  | Moon  | Mare Nectaris |
Needian  | 0.42  | 0.38  | age  | Pleistocene  | Netherlands (obsolete)  | Neede  | Van der Vlerk & Florschutz, 1950
Nemakit-Daldynian  | 542  | 534  | age  | Cambrian  | Russia, Kazakhstan  |  | Savitsky, 1962
Neoarchean | 2,800  | 2,500  | era  | Archean  | ICS  |  | Plumb, 1991
Neocomian | 145.5  | 125.0/130.0  | epoch  |  | obsolete  | Neocomium, Latin name for Neuchâtel | Thurmann, 1835
Neogene | 23.0  | 2.588  | period  | Cenozoic  | ICS  |  | Hoernes, 1856
Neoproterozoic | 1,000  | 542.0 ± 1.0  | era  |  | ICS  |  | Hofmann, 1987
Neporatan  | 2.5  | 1.7  | age  | Pleistocene  | Eastern Europe  |  | Esu, 1980
Neustrian  | 55.0  | 50.8  | ELMMZ  | Paleo-Eocene  | Europe  |  | Fahlbusch, 1976
Ngaterian  | 100.2  | 95.2  | age  | Cretaceous  | New Zealand  | Ngateretere  | Wellman, 1959
Niagaran  |  |  | age  | Silurian  | North America  |  | Sterry Hunt, 1871
Noachian | none  | ~3,500  | Martian epoch  |  | Mars  | Noachis Terra |
Noginskian  | 300.5  | 299.0 ± 0.8  | age  | Carboniferous  | Russia  |  | Ivanova & Khovorova, 1955
Nomentanan  | 0.24  | 0.13  | age  | Pleistocene  | Italy  |  |
Nongshanian  | 62.9  | 56.9  | ALMA  | Paleocene  | Asia  |  | Ting, 1998
Norian  | 216.5 ± 2.0  | 203.6 ± 1.5  | age  | Triassic  | ICS  | Noric Alps (Austria)  | Mojsisovics, 1869
Northgrippian | 0.0082  | 0.0042  | age  | Holocene  | ICS  | North Greenland Ice Core Project | [8]
Nukumaruan  | 3.1  | 1.8  | age  | Pleistocene  | New Zealand  | Nukumaru  | Fleming, 1953
Nullaginian  | 2,500  | 1,800  | age  | Proterozoic  | Australia  |  | Dunn et al., 1966
Ochoan |  |  | age  | Permian  | North America  |  | Adams et al., 1939
Odesan  | 1.2  | 0.8  | age  | Pleistocene  | Eastern Europe  |  |
Okaian  | 0.5  | 0.3  | sub-age  | Ordovician  | North America  |  |
Okehuan  | 1.1  | 0.37  | age  | Pleistocene  | New Zealand  |  | Fleming, 1962
Older Dryas | 13,480 BP  | 13,350 BP  | chron  | Weichselian  | Europe  | Dryas octopetala (plant)  |
Oldest Dryas | 13,860  | 13,780  | chron  | Weichselian  | Europe  | Dryas octopetala (plant)  |
Olenekian  | 249.5  | 245.9  | age  | Triassic  | ICS  | river Olenyok (Siberia)  | Kiparisova & Popov, 1956
Oligocene | 33.9 ± 0.1  | 23.03  | epoch  | Paleogene  | ICS  | "not so recent"  | Beyrich, 1857
Onnian  | 453  | 449  | age  | Ordovician  | regional  | River Onny (England)  | Bancroft, 1929
Oostermeer Interglacial  | 0.243  | 0.238  | age  | Pleistocene  | Netherlands  | Oostermeer  |
Opoitian  | 5.0  | 3.8  | age  | Pliocene  | New Zealand  | Opoiti  | Fleming, 1959
Ordian  | 520  | 510  | age  | Cambrian  | Australia  |  | Öpik, 1968
Ordovician | 488.3 ± 1.7  | 443.7 ± 1.5  | period  | Paleozoic  | ICS  | Ordovices, Celtic tribe  | Lapworth, 1879
Orellan | 33.9  | 33.3  | age  | Oligocene  | North America  |  | Prothero & Emry, 1996
Orleanian  | 20.4  | 15  | ELMMZ  | Miocene  | Europe  | Orléans (France)  | Alberdi & Aguirre, 1977
Orosirian | 2,050  | 1,800  | period  | Proterozoic  | ICS  |  | Plumb, 1991
Osagean  |  |  | age  | Carboniferous  | North America  |  | Branner, 1888
Otaian  | 21.7  | 19.0  | age  | Miocene  | New Zealand  | Otaio  | Fleming, 1959
Ottnangian  | 18.3  | 17.0  | age  | Miocene  | Paratethys  | Ottnang am Hausruck (Austria)  | Papp & Rögl, 1967
Oxfordian  | 161.2 ± 4.0  | 155.0 ± 4.0  | age  | Jurassic  | ICS  | Oxford (England)  | d'Orbigny, 1849
Paibian | 501.0 ± 2.0  | 496  | age  | Cambrian  | ICS  | Paibi (China)  | Peng et al., 2004
Paleoarchean | 3,600  | 3,200  | era  | Archean  | ICS  |  | Plumb, 1991
Paleocene | 65.5 ± 0.3  | 55.8 ± 0.2  | epoch  | Paleogene  | ICS  | oldest recent | Schimper, 1847
Paleophytic | ~450  | ~270  | era  |  | paleobotany  | old flora |
Paleogene | 65.5 ± 0.3  | 23.0  | period  | Cenozoic  | ICS  |  | Hoernes, 1856
Paleoproterozoic | 2,500  | 1,600  | era  |  | ICS  |  | Hofmann, 1987
Paleozoic | 542.0 ± 1.0  | 251.0 ± 0.7  | era  |  | ICS  | old life | Sedwick, 1838
Pannonian  | 11.608 ± 0.005  | 7.246 ± 0.005  | age  | Miocene  | Paratethys  | Pannonia (Roman province)  | Roth von Telegd, 1879
Pareora  | 21.7  | 15.9  | epoch  | Neogene  | New Zealand  | Pareora  | Kingma, 1957
Pastonian | ~1.87  | 1.77  | age  | Pleistocene  | Great Britain  | Paston, Norfolk (England)  | West & Wilson, 1966
Payntonian  | 491  | 488.3 ± 1.7  | age  | Cambrian  | Australia  |  | Jones, 1971
Peligran | 62.5  | 59  | age  | Paleocene  | South America  |  | Bonaparte, 1993
Pendleian  | 326.4 ± 1.6  | 326  | age  | Carboniferous  | regional  | Pendle Hill (England)  | Hudson & Cotton, 1943
Pennsylvanian  | 318.1 ± 1.3  | 299.0 ± 0.8  | epoch  | Carboniferous  | ICS  | Pennsylvania (US)  | Williams, 1891
Penutian  | 53  | 51  | age  | Eocene  | California  |  | Mallory, 1959
Permian | 299.0 ± 0.8  | 251.0 ± 0.4  | period  | Paleozoic  | ICS  | Perm (Russia)  | Murchison, 1849
Phanerozoic | 542.0 ± 1.0  | present  | eon  |  | ICS  | visible life | Chadwick, 1930
Piacenzian  | 3.600  | 2.588  | age  | Pliocene  | ICS  | Piacenza (Italy)  | Mayer-Eymar, 1858
Piripauan  | 86.5  | 84  | age  | Cretaceous  | New Zealand  | Piripaua  | Wellman, 1959
Pleistocene | 2.588  | 0.0117  | epoch  | Quaternary  | ICS  | youngest recent | Lyell, 1833
Pleniglacial  | 73,000 BP  | 14,500 BP  | sub-age  | Pleistocene  | Northern Europe  |  |
Pliensbachian  | 189.6 ± 1.5  | 183.0 ± 1.5  | age  | Jurassic  | ICS  | Pliensbach (Germany)  | Oppel, 1858
Pliocene  | 5.332  | 2.588  | epoch  | Neogene  | ICS  | newer recent | Lyell, 1847
Podolskian  | 308  | 307.2  | age  | Carboniferous  | Russia  |  | Ivanov, 1926
Poederlian  | ~3.5  | ~2.5  | age  | Pliocene  | Belgium (obsolete)  | Poederlee  | Vincent, 1889
Pontian  | 7.246 ± 0.005  | 5.332 ± 0.005  | epoch  | Miocene  | Paratethys  | Pontus Euxinus, Latin name for the Black Sea  | Le Play, 1842
Pontinian  | 0.1  | 0.01  | age  | Pleistocene  | Italy  |  | Blanc, 1937
Porangan  | 46.2  | 43.0  | age  | Eocene  | New Zealand  | Poranga  | Hornibrook, 1961
Portlandian  |  |  | age  | Jurassic  | British Isles  | Isle of Portland (England)  | Brongniart, 1829
Potsdamian  | 501 ± 2  | 488.3 ± 1.7  | epoch  | Cambrian  | Germany  |  | Walcott, 1891
Poundian  | 570  | 542 ± 0.3  | age  | Cambrian  | Australia  |  |
Pragian | 411.2 ± 2.8  | 407.0 ± 2.8  | age  | Devonian  | ICS  | Prague (Czech Republic)  | Ziegler, 1979
Preboreal  | 11,560 BP  | 10,640 BP  | chron  |  | Northern Europe  | before the Boreal |
Precambrian | none  | 542.0 ± 1.0  | none (before: eon)  |  | worldwide  | before the Cambrian | Logan, 1841
Pre-Illinoian |  |  | age  | Pleistocene  | North America  | before the Illinoian | Leverett, 1929
Preludhamian  | ~2.52  | ~2.61  | age  | Plio-Pleistocene  | Great Britain  | before the Ludhamian | Funnell & West, 1977
Prenectarian  | 4567  | 3850  | period  |  | Moon  | before the Nectarian |
Prepastonian  | ~2.0  | ~1.87  | age  | Pleistocene  | Great Britain  | before the Pastonian | West, 1980
Pretiglian  | 2.588  | 2.40  | super-age  | Pleistocene  | Netherlands  | before the Tiglian Tegelen (The Netherlands)  | Van der Vlerk, 1948
Priabonian | 37.2 ± 0.1  | 33.9 ± 0.1  | age  | Eocene  | ICS  | Priabona (Italy)  | Munier-Chalmas & De Lapparent, 1893
Pridoli(an)  | 418.7 ± 2.7  | 416.0 ± 2.8  | epoch  | Silurian  | ICS  | Přidoli (Czech Republic)  | Prantl & Pribyl, 1948
Proterozoic | 2,500  | 542.0 ± 1.0  | eon  |  | ICS  |  | Emmons, 1888
Puercan | 65.5  | 63.3  | age  | Paleocene-Cretaceous  | North America  |  | Wood et al., 1941
Purbeckian  |  |  | age  | Cretaceous-Jurassic  | England (obsolete)  | Isle of Purbeck (England)  | Brongniart, 1829
Pusgillian  | 449  | 447.5  | age  | Ordovician  | Europe  | Pus Gill, Cumbria (England)  | Dean, 1959
Putikian  | 0.37  | 0.01  | age  | Pleistocene  | New Zealand  |  | Fleming, 1953
Quaternary | 2.588  | present  | period  | Cenozoic  | ICS  | fourth part | Arduino, 1760
Qungzusian  | 532  | 523  | age  | Cambrian  | China  |  |
Rancholabrean |  |  | age  | Pleistocene  | North America  |  | Wood et al., 1941
Randian  | 3,000  | 2,500  | age  | Archaean  | South Africa  |  | Kent & Hughes, 1978
Rawtheyan  | 446.5  | 445.5  | age  | Ordovician  | Europe  | River Rawthey (England)  | Brenchley & Cocks, 1982
Refugian  | 35.0  | 33.5  | age  | Oligo-Eocene  | California  |  | Schenck & Kleinpell, 1936
Reinbekian  |  |  | age  | Miocene  | Northern Germany  |  | Van Couvering, 1977
Relizian  | 16.5  | 13.5  | age  | Miocene  | California  |  | Kleinpell, 1934
Repettian  | 2.9  | 2.2  | age  | Plio-Pleistocene  | California  |  | Natalnd, 1952
Reuverian | 3.5  | 2.558  | chronozone  | Pliocene  | Northwest Europe  | Reuver (The Netherlands)  | Bifnot, 1972
Rhaetian  | 203.6 ± 1.5  | 199.6 ± 0.6  | age  | Triassic  | ICS  | Rhaetian Alps (Switzerland, Austria, Italy)  | Gümbel, 1862
Rhuddanian | 443.7 ± 1.5  | 439.0 ± 1.8  | age  | Silurian  | ICS  | Cwm-Rhuddian (Wales)  | Cocks et al., 1971
Rhyacian | 2,300  | 2,050  | period  | Proterozoic  | ICS  |  | Cowie 6 Basset, 1989
Richmondian  | 449  | 445.6 ± 1.5  | age  | Ordovician  | North America  |  | Winchell & Ulrich 1897
Riochican | 57  | 54  | age  | Eo-Paleocene  | South America  |  | Simpson, 1940
Riphean | 1,650  | 650  | age  | Proterozoic  | worldwide (obsolete)  |  | Shatsky, 1945
Riss Glacial  | 0.238  | 0.128  | age  | Pleistocene  | Alps  | river Riß (Germany)  |
Riss-Würm Interglacial  | 0.128  | 0.116  | age  | Pleistocene  | Alps  |  | Penck, 1882 [Penck & Burckner, 1909]
Roadian | 270.6 ± 0.7  | 268.0 ± 0.7  | age  | Permian  | ICS  |  | Furnish, 1968
Robiacian  | 42.7  | 37.2  | ELMMZ  | Miocene  | Europe  |  | Savage & Russell, 1983
Romanian  | 3.6  | 1.8  | age  | Plio-Pleistocene  | Paratethys  |  | Krejci-Graf, 1932
Rotliegend(-es)[5] | 299  | 270.6  | sub-period  | Permian  | unofficial  | German for "Red foot wall".  | A traditional copper mining term in the Mansfelder Land for the red oreless sandstone below the Kupferschiefer.
Runangan  | 36.0  | 34.3  | age  | Eo-Oligocene  | New Zealand  | Runanga  | Finlay et al., 1945
Rupelian | 33.9 ± 0.1  | 28.4 ± 0.1  | age  | Oligocene  | ICS  | river Rupel (Belgium)  | Dumont, 1850
Ruscinian  | 4.9  | 3.5  | ELMMZ  | Pliocene  | Europe  | Ruscino, Latin for the Roussillon (France)  | Kretzoi, 1962
Saalian  | 0.238  | 0.128  | age  | Pleistocene  | Northern Europe  | river Saale (Germany)  | Stille, 1920
Sakian  | 494.5  | 493  | age  | Cambrian  | Russia, Kazakhstan  |  | Ergaliev, 1980
Sakmarian | 294.6 ± 0.8  | 284.4 ± 0.7  | age  | Permian  | ICS  | river Sakmara (Russia)  | Karpinski, 1874
Sandbian | 460.9 ± 1.6  | 455.8 ± 1.6  | age  | Ordovician  | ICS  | Sandby, Sweden  | Begstrom et al., 2003
Sangamonian | 0.125  | 0.075  | age  | Pleistocene  | North America  |  | Leverett, 1898
Santacrucian | 17.5  | 16.3  | age  | Miocene  | South America  |  | Ameghino, 1889
Santomian  | 1.81  | 1.5  | sub-age  | Pleistocene  | Italy  |  |
Santonian | 85.8 ± 0.7  | 83.5 ± 0.7  | age  | Cretaceous  | ICS  | Saintes (France)  | Coquand, 1873
Sarmatian  | 12.7  | 11.6  | age  | Miocene  | Paratethys  | Sarmatians (ancient people)  | Suess, 1866
Saxonian  | ~290  | ~258  | age  | Permian  | Europe (obsolete)  | Saxony  | Munier-Chalmas & Lapparent, 1893
Saucesian  | 22.0  | 16.5  | age  | Miocene  | California  |  | Kleinpell, 1938
Scaldisian  | ~4  | ~2.5  | age  | Pliocene  | Belgium (obsolete)  | Scaldus, Latin name for the river Scheldt  | Dumont, 1850
Scythian | 251 ± 0.2  | 245 ± 1.5  | Epoch  | Early Triassic  | Europe  | Scythia | Arthaber, 1895
Selandian | 61.7 ± 0.2  | 58.7 ± 0.2  | age  | Paleocene  | ICS  | Seeland (Denmark)  | Rosenkrantz, 1924
Senecan  | 388  | 370  | age  | Devonian  | North America  |  | Clarke & Schuchert, 1898
Senonian  | 89.3  | 65.5  | epoch  | Cretaceous  | unofficial  | Sens (France)  | d'Orbigny, 1842
Serpukhovian  | 326.4 ± 1.6  | 318.1 ± 1.3  | age  | Carboniferous  | ICS  | Serpukhov (Russia)  | Nikitin, 1890
Serravallian | 13.65  | 11.608  | age  | Miocene  | ICS  | Serravalle Scrivia (Italy)  | Pareto, 1864
Sevatian  | 206  | 202.3 ± 1.5  | sub-age  | Triassic  | Europe  |  | Mojsisovics, 1895
Shanghuan  | 65.5  | 62.9  | ALMA  | Paleocene  | Asia  |  | Ting & Li, 1983
Shangsian  |  | 318.1  | age  | Carboniferous  | China  |  | Ting, 1931
Shaodongian  | 359.2 ± 2.5  | 349.5  | age  | Carboniferous  | China  |  | Hou, 1962
Sharamurunian | 40.4  | 37.2  | ALMA  | Eocene  | Asia  |  | Russell & Zhai, 1987
Sheinwoodian | 428.2 ± 2.3  | 426.2 ± 2.4  | age  | Silurian  | ICS  | Sheinwood (England)  | Basset et al., 1975
Shermanian  | 457  | 454  | age  | Ordovician  | regional  |  | Kay, 1937
Shinulanian  | 438  | 433  | age  | Silurian  | China  |  | Ting, 1930
Sicilian | 0.781  | 0.260  | sub-age  | Pleistocene  | Italy  | Sicily | Doderlein, 1872
Siderian | 2,500  | 2,300  | period  | Proterozoic  | ICS  |  | Plumb, 1991
Silesian  | 326.4  | 299.0  | subperiod  | Carboniferous  | Europe  | Silesia | Leckwijck, 1960
Siegenian |  |  | age  | Devonian  | North America, Europe  |  | Kayser, 1885
Silurian | 443.7 ± 1.5  | 416.0 ± 2.8  | period  | Paleozoic  | ICS  | Silures, Celtic tribe  | Murchison, 1835
Sinemurian  | 196.5 ± 1.0  | 189.6 ± 1.5  | age  | Jurassic  | ICS  | Semur-en-Auxois (France)  | d'Orbigny, 1842
Sinian  | 800  | 542  | age  | Neoproterozoic  | China  |  | Willis et al., 1907
Soudleyan  | 458  | 457  | age  | Ordovician  | regional  | Soudley (England)  | Bancroft, 1929
Southland  | 15.9  | 10.9  | epoch  | Neogene  | New Zealand  | Southland Region  | Kingma, 1965
Springerian  |  |  | age  | Carboniferous  | North America  |  |
St. David's  | 513 ± 2  | 501 ± 2  | epoch  | Cambrian  | Europe (obsolete)  | St Davids (Wales)  | Cowie et al., 1972
Stampian  |  |  | age  | Oligocene  | western Europe  | Étampes (France)  | d'Orbigny, 1852
Statherian | 1,800  | 1,600  | period  | Proterozoic  | ICS  |  | Plumb, 1991
Stenian | 1,200  | 1,000  | period  | Proterozoic  | ICS  |  | Cowie & Basset, 1989
Stephanian  | 303.9  | 299.0  | age  | Carboniferous  | Europe  | Saint-Étienne (France)  | Mayer-Eymar, 1878
Steptoan  | 494.5  | 493  | age  | Cambrian  | North America  |  | Ludvigsen & westrop, 1985
Streffordian  | 452  | 449  | age  | Ordovician  | Europe  | Strefford (England)  | Williams et al., 1972
Sturtian  | ~730  |  | age  | Neoproterozoic  | worldwide, unofficial  |  | Gregory, 1927
Subatlantic | 2400 BP  | 0  | chron  | Holocene  | Northern Europe  |  | Sernander, 1889
Subboreal | 5660 BP  | 2400 BP  | chron  | Holocene  | Northern Europe  |  | Sernander, 1889
Suchian | 3.0  | 1.9  | age  | Plio-Pleistocene  | Japan  |  | Ikebe, 1977
Suevian  | 33.8  | 29.2  | ELMMZ  | Oligocene  | Europe  |  | Tobien, 1980
Sunwaptan  | 493  | 491  | age  | Cambrian  | North America  |  | Ludvigsen & Westrop, 1985
Susterian  | 8.5  | 5.3  | chronozone  | Miocene  | Northwest Europe  | Susteren (The Netherlands)  | Van Der Hammenn et al., 1971
Swazian | 4,000  | 3,000  | age  | Archaean  | South Africa  |  | Kent & Hughes, 1978
Syltian  |  |  | age  | Miocene  | Northern Germany  |  | Staesche, 1930
Tabenbulakian | 24.0  | 23.03  | ALMA  | Oligocene  | Asia  |  | Meng & McKenna, 1998
Tangbagouan  | 359.2  |  | age  | Carboniferous  | China  |  | Jin et al., 2000
Taranaki  | 10.9  | 5.28  | epoch  | Neogene  | New Zealand  | Taranaki Region  | Kingma, 1962
Tarantian  | 0.15  | 0.0115  | age  | Pleistocene  | Southern Europe  | Tarento (Italy)  | Castradori & Cita, 1995
Tatarian  |  |  | age  | Permian  | Russia  | Tatarstan  | Nikitin, 1887
Taxandrian  | 1.80  | 0.418  | super-age  | Pleistocene  | Netherlands (obsolete)  |  | Van Der Vlerk & Florschutz, 1950
Tayloran  |  |  | age  | Cretaceous  | south and west of the US  | Taylor, Texas  | Murray, 1961
Telychian | 436.0 ± 1.9  | 428.2 ± 2.3  | age  | Silurian  | ICS  | Pen-lan-Telych (Wales)  | Cocks et al. 1973
Templetonian  | 510  | 508  | age  | Cambrian  | Australia  |  | Whitehouse, 1936
Teratan  | 89.1  | 86.5  | age  | Cretaceous  | New Zealand  | Te Rata, Gisborne Region  | Wellman, 1959
Terreneuvian | 542.0 ± 1.0  | 521  | epoch  | Cambrian  | ICS  | Terre-Neuve, French name for Newfoundland  | Narbonne, 1987
Tertiary  | 65.5 ± 0.3  | 2.588  | sub-era  | Cenozoic[9] | worldwide  | third part | Arduino, 1760
Teurian  | 65.0  | 55.5  | age  | Paleocene  | New Zealand  | Te Uri  | Hornibrook & Harrington, 1957
Thanetian | 58.7 ± 0.2  | 55.8 ± 0.2  | age  | Paleocene  | ICS  | Isle of Thanet (England)  | Renevier, 1874
Thuringian  | 285  | 251  | age  | Permian)  | Europe (obsolete)  | Thuringia (Germany)  | Renevier, 1874
Thurnian  | ~2.25  | ~2.12  | age  | Pleistocene  | Great Britain  | River Thurne (England}  | West, 1961
Tiffanian | 60.2  | 56.8  | age  | Paleocene  | North America  |  | Granger, 1917
Tiglian | 2.40  | 1.80  | super-age  | Pleistocene  | Netherlands  | Tegelen (The Netherlands)  | Dubois, 1905
Tinguirirican | 36  | 29  | age  | Oligo-Eocene  | South America  |  | Flynn & Wyss, 2004
Tithonian  | 150.8 ± 4.0  | 145.5 ± 4.0  | age  | Jurassic  | ICS  | Tithon (Greek mythology)  | Oppel, 1865
Tiupampan | 64.5  | 62.5  | age  | Paleocene  | South America  | Tiupampa  | Marshall & de Muizon, 1988
Toarcian  | 183.0 ± 1.5  | 175.6 ± 2.0  | age  | Jurassic  | ICS  | Thouars (France)  | d'Orbigny, 1849
Toyonian  | 518.5  | 513.0 ± 2.0  | age  | Cambrian  | Russia, Kazakhstan  |  | Hill, 1964
Tommotian  | 534  | 530  | age  | Cambrian  | Russia, Kazakhstan  |  | Rozanov et al., 1966
Tongaporutuan  | 10.9  | 6.5  | age  | Miocene  | New Zealand  | Tongaporutu, Taranaki Region  | Fleming, 1959
Tongrian  |  |  | age  | Oligocene  | western Europe  |  | Dumont, 1839
Tonian | 1,000  | 850  | period  | Proterozoic  | ICS  |  | Cowie & Bassler, 1989
Torrejonian | 63.3  | 60.2  | age  | Paleocene  | North America  |  | wood et al., 1941
Tortonian | 11.608  | 7.246  | age  | Miocene  | ICS  | Tortona (Italy)  | Mayer-Eymar, 1858
Totomian  | 3.6  | 3.0  | age  | Pliocene  | Japan  |  | Ikebe, 1977
Tournaisian  | 359.2 ± 2.5  | 345.3 ± 2.1  | age  | Carboniferous  | ICS  | Tournai (Belgium)  | Dumont, 1832
Tozawan  | 15.97  | 13.5  | age  | Miocene  | Japan  |  | Ikebe, 1977
Treenean  | 0.15  | 0.17  | chronozone  | Pleistocene  | Northwest Europe  |  |
Tremadoc(-ian)  | 488.3 ± 1.7  | 478.6 ± 1.7  | epoch  | Ordovician  | ICS  | Tremadoc Bay (Wales)  | Sedgwick, 1846
Trempealeauan | 492.5  | 488.3 ± 1.7  | age  | Cambrian  | North America  |  |
Trentonian  |  |  | age  | Carboniferous  | North America  |  |
Triassic | 251.0 ± 0.4  | 199.6 ± 0.6  | period  | Mesozoic  | ICS  | threefold | Von Alberti, 1834
Tubantian  | 0.116  | 0.0115  | age  | Pleistocene  | Netherlands (obsolete)  |  | Van der Vlerk & Florschütz, 1950
Turolian  | 8.7  | 4.9  | ELMMZ  | Mio-Pliocene  | Europe  | Turolium, Latin for Teruel (Spain)  | Crusafont, 1965
Turonian | 93.5 ± 0.8  | 89.3 ± 1.0  | age  | Cretaceous  | ICS  | Tours (France)  | d'Orbigny, 1842
Tuvalian  | 222.5  | 217.4 ± 2.0  | sub-age  | Triassic  | Europe  |  | Mojsisovics, 1895
Tyrrhenian | 0.26  | 0.01143  | sub-age  | Pleistocene  | Italy  | Tyrrhenian Sea  | Issel, 1914
Ufimian  | 268  | 270,6  | age  | Permian  | obsolete  |  | Netxaev, 1915
Uintan | 46.2  | 42.0  | age  | Eocene  | North America  |  | Wood et al., 1941
Ulangochuian | 37.2  | 35.1  | ALMA  | Eocene  | Asia  |  | Li & Ting, 1983
Ulatisian  | 51  | 48  | age  | Eocene  | California  |  | Mallory, 1959
Ulsterian  |  |  | age  | Devonian  | North America  |  | Clarke & Schuchert, 1898
Undillian  | 506  | 504  | age  | Cambrian  | Australia  |  | Opik, 1979
Uquian | 3.0  | 1.2  | age  | Plio-Pleistocene  | South America  | Uquia (Argentina)  | Castellanos, 1923
Urutawan  | 108.4  | 103.3  | age  | Cretaceous  | New Zealand  | Urutawa Hill  | Wellman, 1959
Vaalian  | 2,500  | 2,050  | age  | Proterozoic  | South Africa  |  | Kent & Hugh, 1978
Valanginian | 140.2 ± 3.0  | 136.4 ± 2.0  | age  | Cretaceous  | ICS  | Valangin (Switzerland)  | Desor, 1853
Vallesian  | 11.1  | 8.7  | ELMMZ  | Miocene  | Europe  | The Vallès (Spain)  | Crusafont, 1950
Vendian  | ~610  | 542.0 ± 1.0  | sub-era  | Proterozoic  | worldwide (obsolete)  |  | Murchison, 1835
Venturian  | 2.2  | 1.9  | age  | Pleistocene  | California  |  | Natland, 1953
Vereiskian  | 311.7 ± 1.1  | 309.2  | age  | Carboniferous  | Russia  |  |
Vierlandian  |  |  | age  | Miocene  | Northern Germany  |  |
Vicksburgian  |  |  | age  | Oligocene  | southern US  |  | Heilprin, 1882
Villafranchian  | 3.5  | 1.1  | ELMMZ  | Plio-Pleistocene  | Europe  |  | Pareto, 1865
Virgilian  |  |  | age  | Carboniferous  | North America  |  | Moore, 1932
Visean  | 345.3 ± 2.1  | 326.4 ± 1.6  | age  | Carboniferous  | ICS  | Visé (Belgium)  | Dumont, 1832
Vraconian  |  |  | sub-age  | Cretaceous  | regional  |  | Renevier, 1867
Waalian  | 1.45  | 1.20  | super-age  | Pleistocene  | Netherlands  | river Waal  | Zagwijn, 1960
Waiauan  | 12.7  | 10.9  | age  | Miocene  | New Zealand  | Waiau River, Southland Region  | Fleming, 1959
Waipawan  | 55.5  | 53.0  | age  | Eocene  | New Zealand  | Waipawa  | Hornibrook & Harrington, 1957
Waipipian  | 3.60  | 3.00  | age  | Pliocene  | New Zealand  | Waipipi  | Fleming, 1953
Waitakian  | 25.2  | 21.7  | age  | Oligo-Miocene  | New Zealand  | Waitaki River  | Fleming, 1959
Waitotaran  | 3.8  | 3.1  | sub-age  | Pliocene  | New Zealand  | Waitotara River  | Fleming, 1953
Waltonian  |  | ~2.52  | age  | Pliocene  | Great Britain  | Walton-on-the-Naze  | Harmer, 1900
Wanganui  | 5.28  | present  | epoch  | Neogene-Quaternary  | New Zealand  | Whanganui  | Kingma, 1962
Wangerripian  |  |  | age  | Paleo-Eocene  | Australia  |  | Singleton, 1953
Warendian  | 485  | 478.6  | age  | Ordovician  | Australia  |  | Jones et al., 1971
Warthian  | 0.15  | 0.13  | chronozone  | Pleistocene  | Northwest Europe  |  |
Wasatchian | 55.4  | 50.3  | age  | Eocene  | North America  |  | McGrew & Roehler, 1960
Waucoban  |  |  | epoch  | Cambrian  | North America  |  | Walcott, 1912
Weichselian  | 0.116  | 0.0115  | age  |  | Northern Europe  | Weichsel, German name for the river Vistula (Poland)  | Keilhack, 1926
Wenlock(-ian)  | 428.2 ± 2.3  | 422.9 ± 2.5  | epoch  | Silurian  | ICS  | Much Wenlock (England)  | Murchison, 1833
Werrikooian  | 1.00  | 1.806  | age  | Pleistocene  | Australia  |  | Hall & Pritchard, 1902
Westphalian  | 313.0  | 303.9  | age  | Carboniferous  | Europe  | Westphalia (Germany)  | de Lapparent & Munier-Chalmas, 1892
Whaingaroan  | 34.3  | 27.3  | age  | Oligocene  | New Zealand  | Whaingaroa, Waikato Region  | Finlay & Marwick, 1947
Wheelerian  | 1.9  | 0.01143  | age  | Pleistocene  | California  |  | Natland, 1953
Whiterockian  | 471.8 ± 1.6  | 462  | age  | Ordovician  | North America  |  | Cooper, 1956
Whitlandian  | 475  | 473.5  | age  | Ordovician  | Europe  | Whitland (Wales)  | Owens & Fortey, 1987
Whitneyan | 33.3  | 30.8  | age  | Oligocene  | North America  |  | Wood, 1937
Whitwellian  | 426.2 ± 2.4  | 425.4  | age  | Silurian  | regional  | Whitwell Coppice (England)  | Bassett et al., 1975
Wisconsinan  | 0.075  | 0.01  | age  | Pleistocene  | North America  |  | Geikie, 1894
Wolfcampian  |  |  | age  | Permian  | North America  |  | Udden, 1917
Wolstonian  | 0.238  | 0.128  | age  | Pleistocene  | Great Britain  | Wolston (England)  | West & Donner, 1956
Woodbinian  |  |  | age  | Cretaceous  | Gulf and Atlantic coast of the US  |  | Murray, 1961
Wordian | 268.0 ± 0.7  | 265.8 ± 0.7  | age  | Permian  | ICS  |  | Udden, 1916
Wuchenghuangtuan  | 2.4  | 1.2  | age  | Pleistocene  | China  |  |
Wuchiapingian | 260.4 ± 0.7  | 253.8 ± 0.7  | age  | Permian  | ICS  |  | Kaimera & Nakazawa, 1973 [Sheng, 1962]
Wuliuan | 509  | 504.5  | age  | Cambrian  | ICS  |  |
Würm Glacial  | 0.116  | 0.0115  | age  | Pleistocene  | Alps  | river Würm (Germany)  | Penck & Bruckner, 1909
Wutaian  | 2,600  | 2,350  | age  | Archaean-Proterozoic  | China  |  | Zhang, 1951
Xiaodushanian  |  | 299  | age  | Carboniferous  | China  |  | zhou et al., 1987
Xiushanian  | 429  | 425.5  | age  | Silurian  | China  |  | Ge, 1980
Yanguan  | 349.5  | 345  | age  | Carboniferous  | China  |  |
Yarmouthian | 0.26  | 0.17  | age  | Pleistocene  | North America  | Aegean Sea  | Leverett, 1898
Yatalan  | 3.4  | 2.0  | age  | Plio-Pleistocene  | Australia  |  | Ludbrook, 1963
Yeadonian  | 315.5  | 314.5  | age  | Carboniferous  | regional  | Yeadon (England)  | Hudson, 1945
Younger Dryas | 12,700 BP  | 11,560 BP  | chron  | Weichselian  | Northern Europe  | Dryas octopetala (plant)  |
Ypeenian  | 470  | 468.1  | age  | Ordovician  | Australia  |  |
Ypresian | 55.8 ± 0.2  | 48.6 ± 0.2  | age  | Eocene  | ICS  | Ypres, French name for
Ieper (Ieper) in Belgium  | Dumont, 1849
Ynezian  | 61.5  | 55.8  | age  | Paleocene  | California  |  | Mallory, 1959
Yuian  | 9.5  | 3.6  | age  | Plio-Miocene  | Japan  |  | Ikebe, 1977
Yurmatian  | 1,375  | 1,100  | age  | Proterozoic  | Russia  |  | Keller, 1952
Yuzanjian  | 1.5  | 0.75  | age  | Pleistocene  | Japan  |  | Ikebe, 1977
Zanclean  | 5.332  | 3.60  | age  | Pliocene  | ICS  | Zancla, old name for Messina (Italy)  | Sequenza, 1868
Zechstein[5] | ±270  | ±250  | sub-period  | Permian  | Europe (unofficial)  |  | Lehmann, 1756
Zemorrian  | 33.5  | 22.0  | age  | Oligo-Miocene  | California  |  | Kleinpell, 1938
Zhungxian  | 505  | 501  | age  | Cambrian  | China  |  |
Zuzhungian  | 509  | 503  | age  | Cambrian  | China  |  |

## See also

* Astronomical chronology
* Age of the Earth
* Age of the universe
* Chronological dating, archaeological chronology
* Absolute dating
* Relative dating
* Phase (archaeology)
* Archaeological association
* Geochronology
* Chronostratigraphy
* Future of the Earth
* Geologic time scale
* Geological history of Earth
* Plate reconstruction
* Plate tectonics
* Thermochronology
* Timeline of natural history
* General
* Consilience, evidence from independent, unrelated sources can "converge" on strong conclusions

## References

1. ↑ Names from local versions of the geologic timescale can often be found in the local language. The English name is usually found by replacing the suffix in the local language for -an or -ian. Examples for "local" suffices are -en (French), -ano (Spanish), -ium (German), -aidd (Welsh) or -aan (Flemish Dutch). The English name "Norian", for example, becomes Noriano in Spanish, Norium in German, Noraidd in Welsh or Norien in French.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Time is given in Megaannum (million years BP, unless other units are given in the table. BP stands for "years before present". For ICS-units the absolute ages are taken from Gradstein et al. (2004).
3. ↑ Harland, W.B. (1989) A Geologic Time Scale, Cambridge University Press, p. 37[ISBN missing]
4. ↑ Hohenegger, Johann; Ćorić, Stjepan; Wagreich, Michael (2014). "Timing of the Middle Miocene Badenian Stage of the Central Paratethys". Geologica Carpathica 65 (1): 55–66. doi:10.2478/geoca-2014-0004. http://geologie.univie.ac.at/uploads/media/Hohenegger.etal.Badenian.age.2014.GC_1_.pdf.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 This name is often still used in a chronostratigraphic or geochronologic sense, although it is now officially a lithostratigraphic unit.
6. ↑ Menning et al. 2005
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hoffmann et al. 2004
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 "ICS chart containing the Quaternary and Cambrian GSSPs and new stages (v 2018/07) is now released!". http://www.stratigraphy.org/index.php/ics-news-and-meetings/120-ics-chart-containing-the-quaternary-gssps-and-new-stages-v-2018-07-is-now-released.
9. ↑ The status of the Tertiary is not yet decided. The ICS will probably make a decision in 2009.

## Literature

* Basset, M. G.; Cocks, L. R. M.; Holland, C. H.; Rickards, R. B.; and Warren, P. T.; 1975: The type Wenlock series, Report of the Institute of Geological Sciences, 75(13), pp. 1–19.
* Cocks, L. R. M.; Holland, C. H.; Rickards, R. B.; and Strachan, I.; 1971: A correlation of Silurian rocks in the British Isles, Journal of the Geological Society 127(2), pp. 103–136.
* Gradstein, F. M.; Ogg, J. G.; and Smith, A. G.; 2004: A Geologic Time Scale 2004, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, ISBN 0-521-78142-6.
* Hoffmann, K.-H.; Condon, D. J.; Bowring, S. A.; and Crowley, J. L.; 2004: U-Pb zircon date from the Neoproterozoic Ghaub Formation, Namibia: Constraints on Marinoan glaciation, Geology 32(9), pp. 817–820.
* Holland, C. H.; Lawson, J. D.; Walmsley, V. G.; and White D. E.; 1980: Ludlow stages, Lethaia 13, p. 268, ISSN 0024-1164.
* Menning, M.; Alekseev, A. S.; Chuvashov, B. I.; Davydov, V. I.; Devuyst, F.-X.; Forke, H. C.; Grunt, T. A.; Hance, L.; Heckel, P. H.; Izokh, N. G.; Jin, Y.-G.; Jones, P. J.; Kotlyar, G. V.; Kozur, H. W.; Nemyrovska, T. I.; Schneider, J. W.; Wang, X.-D.; Weddige, K., Weyer, D.; and Work, D. M.; 2005: Global time scale and regional stratigraphic reference scales of Central and West Europe, East Europe, Tethys, South China, and North America as used in the Devonian–Carboniferous–Permian Correlation Chart 2003 (DCP 2003), Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 240, pp. 318–372.
* Rio, D.; Sprovieri, R.; Castradori, D.; and Di Stefano, E.; 1998: The Gelasian Stage (Upper Pliocene): a new unit of the global standard chronostratigraphic scale, Episodes 21(2), pp. 82–87.

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