Nuclear spectroscopy

Short description: Using nucleus properties to probe material properties

Nuclear spectroscopy is a superordinate concept of methods that uses properties of a nucleus to probe material properties.[1][2] By emission or absorption of radiation from the nucleus information of the local structure is obtained, as an interaction of an atom with its closest neighbours. Or a radiation spectrum of the nucleus is detected. Most methods base on hyperfine interactions, which are the interaction of the nucleus with its interaction of its atom's electrons and their interaction with the nearest neighbor atoms as well as external fields. Nuclear spectroscopy is mainly applied to solids and liquids, rarely in gases. Its methods are important tools in condensed matter physics,[3][4] solid state chemistry.,[5] and analysis of chemical composition (analytical chemistry).

## Methods

In nuclear physics these methods are used to study properties of the nucleus itself.

Methods for studies of the nucleus:

* Gamma spectroscopy
* Hypernuclear spectroscopy[6]

Methods for condensed matter studies:

* Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
* Mössbauer spectroscopy
* Perturbed angular correlation (PAC, TDPAC, PAC spectroscopy)
* Muon spin spectroscopy
* Nuclear orientation
* Channeling
* Nuclear reaction analysis
* Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR)
* Quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS)

Methods for trace element analysis:

* Neutron activation analysis (NAA)
* Associated particle imaging (API)

## References

1. ↑ Glascock, Michael (2013-11-01). "Nuclear Spectroscopy". Treatise on Geochemistry. pp. 273–290. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-095975-7.01419-4. ISBN 978-0-08-098300-4. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288157310. Retrieved 2019-12-08.
2. ↑ Garrett, P. E.; Rodríguez, T. R.; Varela, A. D.; Green, K. L.; Bangay, J.; Finlay, A.; Austin RAE; Ball, G. C. et al. (2019-10-03). "Synopsis: Nuclear Spectroscopy Reveals New Shapes of Excited Nuclei". Physical Review Letters (U.S.: American Physical Society) 123 (14). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.123.142502. PMID 31702191.
3. ↑ Nuclear condensed matter physics, Günter Schatz and Alois Weidinger, ISBN 978-0471954798
4. ↑ Th. Wichert, N. Achtziger, H. Metzner, R. Sielemann: Perturbed angular correlation. In: G. Langouche (Hrsg.): Hyperfine Interactions of Defects in Semiconductors. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1992, ISBN 0-444-89134-X, S. 77.
5. ↑ Methods in Physical Chemistry, Rolf Schäfer, Peter C. Schmidt, Print ISBN 9783527327454, Online ISBN 9783527636839, doi:10.1002/9783527636839
6. ↑ Garibaldi, F.; Hashimoto, O.; Lerose, J. J.; Markowitz, P.; Nakamura, S. N.; Reinhold, J.; Tang, L. (2011). "Hypernuclear Spectroscopy". Journal of Physics: Conference Series 299 (1). doi:10.1088/1742-6596/299/1/012013. Bibcode: 2011JPhCS.299a2013G.

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