Hanseatic League

Hanse (Modern German)
Hansa (Middle Low German)

Hanseatic pennant

Northern Europe in the 1400s, showing the extent of the Hanseatic League

Informal capital| Lübeck
Lingua franca| Middle Low German[1][2]
Membership| Various cities across the region of the Baltic and North Seas

The Hanseatic League,[lower-alpha 1] commonly called The Hansa, was a medieval commercial and defensive network of merchant guilds and market towns in Central and Northern Europe. Growing from Lübeck and a few other North German towns in the late 12th century, the League expanded between the 13th and 15th centuries and ultimately encompassed nearly 200 settlements across eight modern-day countries, ranging from what became Estonia and Russia in the northeast to the Netherlands in the west, and extended inland as far south as Cologne.

The League began as a collection of loosely associated groups of German traders and towns aiming to expand their commercial interests, including protection against robbery. Over time, these arrangements evolved into the League, offering traders toll privileges and protection on affiliated territory and trade routes. Economic interdependence and familial connections among merchant families led to deeper political integration and the reduction of trade barriers. This gradual process involved standardizing trade regulations among Hanseatic cities.

During its time, the Hanseatic League dominated maritime trade in the North and Baltic Seas. It established a network of trading posts in numerous towns and cities, notably the Kontors in London (known as the Steelyard), Bruges, Bergen, and Novgorod, which became extraterritorial entities that enjoyed considerable legal autonomy. Hanseatic merchants operated private companies and were known for their access to commodities, and enjoyed privileges and protections abroad. The League's economic power enabled it to impose blockades and even wage war against kingdoms and principalities.

Even at its peak, the Hanseatic League remained a loosely aligned confederation of cities. It lacked a permanent administrative body, a treasury, and a standing military force. The Grand Master of the Teutonic Order was often seen as the head of the Hansa (caput Hansae), both abroad and by some League members. The Teutonic Order was an official member of the Hanseatic League, unique as the only autonomous landed state to hold membership, while other members were cities or individual merchants. The Order and the Hanseatic League had a close economic and military interdependency, with many important Hanseatic trading ports falling within the Order's territories, and the Order itself played a role in protecting and organizing Baltic trade networks.

In the 14th century, the Hanseatic League instated an irregular negotiating diet that operated based on deliberation and consensus. By the mid-16th century, these weak connections left the Hanseatic League vulnerable, and it gradually unraveled as members merged into other realms or departed, ultimately disintegrating in 1669.

Ubena von Bremen, a replica of the Bremen cog

The League used a variety of vessel types for shipping across the seas and navigating rivers. The most emblematic type was the cog. Expressing diversity in construction, it was depicted on Hanseatic seals and coats of arms. By the end of the Middle Ages, the cog was replaced by types like the hulk, which later gave way to larger carvel ships.

## Contents

* 1 Etymology
* 2 History
* 2.1 Foundation and early development
* 2.2 Commercial expansion
* 2.2.1 Major trade goods
* 2.2.2 Economic power and defense
* 2.3 Zenith
* 2.4 Rise of rival powers
* 2.5 End of the Hansa
* 2.6 Aftermath
* 3 Organization
* 3.1 Kontors
* 3.2 Drittel
* 3.3 Quarters
* 4 Hanseatic ships
* 4.1 Cog
* 4.2 Hulk
* 4.3 Carvel
* 5 Hanseatic cities
* 5.1 Hansa Proper
* 5.2 Kontore
* 5.3 Vitten
* 5.4 Ports with Hansa trading posts
* 5.5 Other cities with a Hansa community
* 6 Legacy
* 6.1 Historiography
* 6.2 Popular views
* 6.3 Modern transnational organisations named after the Hanseatic League
* 6.3.1 Union of Cities THE HANSA
* 6.3.2 New Hanseatic League
* 6.4 Others
* 7 Historical maps
* 8 In popular culture
* 9 See also
* 10 Explanatory footnotes
* 11 References
* 12 Sources
* 13 Further reading
* 13.1 Historiography
* 14 External links

## Etymology

Hanse is the Old High German word for a band or troop.[4] This word was applied to bands of merchants traveling between the Hanseatic cities.[5] Hanse in Middle Low German came to mean a society of merchants or a trader guild.[6] Claims that it originally meant An-See, or "on the sea", are incorrect.[7]: 145

## History

Hanseatic Seal of Elbing (now Elbląg)

Exploratory trading ventures, raids, and piracy occurred throughout the Baltic Sea. The sailors of Gotland sailed up rivers as far away as Novgorod in northwestern Russia.[8] The Gothic court was founded around the turn of the 12th century, and following the establishment of major trade centres in the Baltic, Novgorod gradually became a major trade power.[9]: 279 [10] The Scandinavians led the Baltic trade before the League, establishing major trading hubs at Birka, Haithabu, and Schleswig by the 9th century CE. The later Hanseatic ports between Mecklenburg and Königsberg (present-day Kaliningrad) originally formed part of the Scandinavian-led Baltic trade system.[11]

As the Hanseatic League was never formally founded, it lacks a date of foundation.[12]: 2 Historians have traditionally traced its origins to the rebuilding of the north German town of Lübeck in 1159 by the powerful Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, after he had captured the area from Adolf II, Count of Schauenburg and Holstein. More recent scholarship has deemphasized Lübeck, viewing it as one of several regional trading centers,[13] and presenting the League as the combination of a north German trading system oriented on the Baltic and a Rhinelandic trading system targeting England and Flanders.[14]

German cities speedily dominated trade in the Baltic during the 13th century, and Lübeck became a central node in the seaborne trade that linked the areas around the North and Baltic seas. Lübeck hegemony peaked during the 15th century.[15]

### Foundation and early development

Well before the term Hanse appeared in a document in 1267,[16] in different cities began to form guilds, or hansas, with the intention of trading with overseas towns, especially in the economically less-developed eastern Baltic. This area could supply timber, wax, amber, resins, and furs, along with rye and wheat brought on barges from the hinterland to port markets. Merchant guilds formed in hometowns and destination ports as medieval corporations (universitates mercatorum),[17]: 42–43 and despite competition increasingly cooperated to coalesce into the Hanseatic network of merchant guilds. The dominant language of trade was Middle Low German, which had a significant impact on the languages spoken in the area, particularly the larger Scandinavian languages,[18]: 1222–1233 [19]: 1933–1934 Estonian,[20]: 288 and Latvian.[21]: 230–231

Visby, on the island of Gotland, functioned as the leading center in the Baltic before the Hansa. Sailing east, Visby merchants established a trading post at Novgorod called Gutagard (also known as Gotenhof) in 1080.[22] In 1120, Gotland gained autonomy from Sweden and admitted traders from its southern and western regions.[17]: 26 Thereafter, under a treaty with the Visby Hansa, northern German merchants made regular stops at Gotland.[23] In the first half of the 13th century, they established their own trading station or Kontor in Novgorod, known as the Peterhof, up the river Volkhov.[24]

The Holstentor of Lübeck, built in 1464, is the only historic gate of the city still standing today.

Lübeck soon became a base for merchants from Saxony and Westphalia trading eastward and northward; for them, because of its shorter and easier access route and better legal protections, it was more attractive than Schleswig.[17]: 27 It became a transshipment port for trade between the North Sea and the Baltics. Lübeck also granted extensive trade privileges to Russian and Scandinavian traders.[17]: 27–28 It was the main supply port for the Northern Crusades, improving its standing with various Popes. Lübeck gained privileges to become a free imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire in 1226, under King Valdemar II of Denmark, as had Hamburg in 1189. Also in this period Wismar, Rostock, Stralsund, and Danzig received city charters.[17]: 50–52

Hansa societies worked to remove trade restrictions for their members. The earliest documentary mention (although without a name) of a specific German commercial federation dates between 1173 and 1175 (commonly misdated to 1157) in London. That year, the merchants of the Hansa in Cologne convinced King Henry II of England to exempt them from all tolls in London[25] and to grant protection to merchants and goods throughout England.[26]: 14–17

The Hanseatic League left a significant cultural and architectural heritage. It is especially renowned for its Brick Gothic monuments, such as Stralsund's St. Nikolai Church and its City Hall, shown here. The old town of Stralsund, together with Wismar, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

German colonists in the 12th and 13th centuries settled in numerous cities on and near the east Baltic coast, such as Elbing (Elbląg), Thorn (Toruń), Reval (Tallinn), Riga, and Dorpat (Tartu), all of which joined the League, and some of which retain Hansa buildings and bear the style of their Hanseatic days. Most adopted Lübeck law, after the league's most prominent town.[27] The law provided that they appeal in all legal matters to Lübeck's city council. Others, like Danzig from 1295 onwards, had Magdeburg law or its derivative, Culm law.[28][29][30]

Over the 13th century, older and wealthier long-distance traders increasingly chose to settle in their hometowns as trade leaders, transitioning from their previous roles as landowners. The growing number of settled merchants afforded long-distance traders greater influence over town policies. Coupled with an increased presence in the ministerial class, this elevated the status of merchants and enabled them to expand to and assert dominance over more cities.[17]: 44, 47–50 [31]: 27–28 This decentralized arrangement was fostered by slow travel speeds: moving from Reval to Lübeck took between 4 weeks and, in winter, 4 months.[32]: 202

Foundation of the alliance between Lübeck and Hamburg in the part about ship law (Van schiprechte) in the Hamburg city right from 1497

In 1241, Lübeck, which had access to the Baltic and North seas' fishing grounds, formed an alliance—a precursor to the League—with the trade city of Hamburg, which controlled access to the salt-trade routes from Lüneburg. These cities gained control over most of the salt-fish trade, especially the Scania Market; Cologne joined them in the Diet of 1260. The towns raised their armies, with each guild required to provide levies when needed. The Hanseatic cities aided one another, and commercial ships often served to carry soldiers and their arms. The network of alliances grew to include a flexible roster of 70 to 170 cities.[33]

In the West, cities of the Rhineland such as Cologne enjoyed trading privileges in Flanders and England.[14] In 1266, King Henry III of England granted the Lübeck and Hamburg Hansa a charter for operations in England, initially causing competition with the Westphalians. But the Cologne Hansa and the Wendish Hansa joined in 1282 to form the Hanseatic colony in London, although they didn't completely merge until the 15th century. Novgorod was blockaded in 1268 and 1277/1278.[17]: 58–59 Nonetheless, Westphalian traders continued to dominate trade in London and also Ipswich and Colchester, while Baltic and Wendish traders concentrated between King's Lynn and Newcastle upon Tyne.[17]: 36 Much of the drive for cooperation came from the fragmented nature of existing territorial governments, which did not provide security for trade. Over the next 50 years, the merchant Hansa solidified with formal agreements for co-operation covering the west and east trade routes. Cities from the east modern-day Low Countries, but also Utrecht, Holland, Zealand, Brabant, Namur, and modern Limburg joined in participation over the thirteenth century.[34]: 111 This network of Hanseatic trading guilds became called the Kaufmannshanse in historiography.

### Commercial expansion

Main trading routes of the Hanseatic League

The League succeeded in establishing additional Kontors in Bruges (Flanders), Bryggen in Bergen (Norway), and London (England) beside the Peterhof in Novgorod. These trading posts were institutionalised by the first half of the 14th century (for Bergen and Bruges)[17]: 62 [35]: 65 and, except for the Kontor of Bruges, became significant enclaves. The London Kontor, the Steelyard, stood west of London Bridge near Upper Thames Street, on the site later occupied by Cannon Street station. It grew into a walled community with its warehouses, weigh house, church, offices, and homes.

In addition to the major Kontors, individual ports with Hanseatic trading outposts or factories had a representative merchant and warehouse. Often they were not permanently manned. In Scania, Denmark, around 30 Hanseatic seasonal factories produced salted herring, these were called vitten and were granted legal autonomy to the extent that Burkhardt argues that they resembled a fifth kontor and would be seen as such if not for their early decline.[36]: 157–158 In England, factories in Boston (the outpost was also called Stalhof), Bristol, Bishop's Lynn (later King's Lynn, which featured the sole remaining Hanseatic warehouse in England), Hull, Ipswich, Newcastle upon Tyne, Norwich, Scarborough, Yarmouth (now Great Yarmouth), and York, many of which were important for the Baltic trade and became centers of the textile industry in the late 14th century. Hansards and textile manufacturers coordinated to make fabrics meet local demand and fashion in the traders' hometowns. Outposts in Lisbon, Bordeaux, Bourgneuf, La Rochelle and Nantes offered the cheaper Bay salt. Ships that plied this trade sailed in the salt fleet. Trading posts operated in Flanders, Denmark-Norway, the Baltic interior, Upper Germany, Iceland, and Venice.[36]: 158–160

Hanseatic trade was not exclusively maritime, or even over water. Most Hanseatic towns did not have immediate access to the sea and many were linked to partners by river trade or even land trade. These formed an integrated network, while many smaller Hanseatic towns had their main trading activity in subregional trade. Internal Hanseatic trade was the Hanse's quantitatively largest and most important business.[36]: 153, 161 Trade over rivers and land was not tied to specific Hanseatic privileges, but seaports such as Bremen, Hamburg and Riga dominated trade on their rivers. This was not possible for the Rhine where trade retained an open character. Digging canals for trade was uncommon, although the Stecknitz Canal was built between Lübeck and Lauenburg from 1391 to 1398.[37]: 145–147, 158–159

#### Major trade goods

Imports and exports, 18 Mar 1368 – 10 Mar 1369
(in thousands of Port Lübeck marks)  Imports |  | Origin, Destination | Exports |  | Total | %

|
|
|
|
|
|

150 |  | London/Hamburg | 38 |  | 188 | 34.4
44 |  | Livonian towns: | 51 |  | 95 | 17.4
| 10 | Riga |  | 14 |  |
| 34 | Reval (Tallinn) |  | 14.3 |  |
| - | Pernau |  | 22.7 |  |
49.4 |  | Scania | 32.6 |  | 82 | 15
52 |  | Gotland, Sweden | 29.4 |  | 81.4 | 14.9
19 |  | Prussian towns: | 29.5 |  | 48.5 | 8.9
| 16 | Danzig |  | 22.8 |  |
| 3 | Elbing |  | 6.6 |  |
17.2 |  | Wendish & Pomeranian
towns: | 25.2 |  | 42.4 | 7.8
| 5.5 | Stettin |  | 7 |  |
| 4 | Stralsund |  | 7.5 |  |
| 2.2 | Rostock |  | 4.6 |  |
| 5.5 | Wismar |  | 6.1 |  |
4.3 |  | Bergen | – |  | 4.3 | 0.8
3 |  | Small Baltic ports | 1.2 |  | 4.2 | 0.8
338.9 |  | Total | 206.9 |  | 545.8 | 100

Starting with trade in coarse woolen fabrics, the Hanseatic League increased both commerce and industry in northern Germany. As trade increased, finer woolen and linen fabrics, and even silks, were manufactured in northern Germany. The same refinement of products out of the cottage industry occurred in other fields, e.g. etching, wood carving, armor production, engraving of metals, and wood-turning.

The league primarily traded beeswax, furs, timber, resin (or tar), flax, honey, wheat, and rye from the east to Flanders and England with cloth, in particular broadcloth, (and, increasingly, manufactured goods) going in the other direction. Metal ore (principally copper and iron) and herring came south from Sweden, while the Carpathians were another important source of copper and iron, often sold in Thorn. Lubeck had a vital role in the salt trade; salt was acquired in Lüneburg or shipped from France and Portugal and sold on Central European markets, taken to Scania to salt herring, or exported to Russia. Stockfish was traded from Bergen in exchange for grain; Hanseatic grain inflows allowed more permanent settlements further north in Norway. The league also traded beer, with beer from Hanseatic towns the most valued, and Wendish cities like Lübeck, Hamburg, Wismar, and Rostock developed export breweries for hopped beer.[38]: 45–61 [39]: 35–36 [40]: 72 [41]: 141 [32]: 207–233

#### Economic power and defense

The Hanseatic League, at first the merchant hansas and eventually its cities, relied on power to secure protection and gain and preserve privileges. Bandits and pirates were persistent problems; during wars, these could be joined by privateers. Traders could be arrested abroad and their goods could be confiscated.[14] The league sought to codify protection; internal treaties established mutual defense and external treaties codified privileges.[17]: 53

Many locals, merchant and noble alike, envied the League's power and tried to diminish it. For example, in London, local merchants exerted continuing pressure for the revocation of privileges.[35]: 96–98 Most foreign cities confined Hanseatic traders to specific trading areas and their trading posts.[36]: 128, 143 The refusal of the Hansa to offer reciprocal arrangements to their counterparts exacerbated the tension.[42]: 105–111

League merchants used their economic power to pressure cities and rulers. They called embargoes, redirected trade away from towns, and boycotted entire countries. Blockades were erected against Novgorod in 1268 and 1277/1278.[17]: 58 Bruges was pressured by temporarily moving the Hanseatic emporium to Aardenburg from 1280 to 1282,[17]: 58 [43]: 19–21 from 1307 or 1308 to 1310 [43]: 20–21 and in 1350,[31]: 29 to Dordt in 1358 and 1388, and to Antwerp in 1436.[35]: 68, 80, 92 Boycotts against Norway in 1284[31]: 28 and Flanders in 1358 nearly caused famines.[35]: 68 They sometimes resorted to military action. Several Hanseatic cities maintained their warships and in times of need, repurposed merchant ships. Military action against political powers often involved an ad hoc coalition of stakeholders, called an alliance (tohopesate).[31]: 32, 39–40 [35]: 93–95

File:Kõpu tuletorn Hiiumaal.jpgKõpu Lighthouse in Hiiumaa

As an essential part of protecting their investments, League members trained pilots and erected lighthouses,[44] including Kõpu Lighthouse.[45][14] Lübeck erected in 1202 what may be northern Europe's first proper lighthouse in Falsterbo. By 1600 at least 15 lighthouses had been erected along the German and Scandinavian coasts, making it the best-lighted coast in the world, largely thanks to the Hansa.[46]

### Zenith

Stargard Mill Gate, Pomerania, today in Poland

The weakening of imperial power and imperial protection under the late Hohenstaufen dynasty forced the League to institutionalize a cooperating network of cities with a fluid structure, called the Städtehanse,[31]: 27 but it never became a formal organization and the Kaufmannshanse continued to exist.[31]: 28–29 This development was delayed by the conquest of Wendish cities by the Danish king Eric VI Menved or by their feudal overlords between 1306 and 1319 and the restriction of their autonomy.[17]: 60–61 Assemblies of the Hanse towns met irregularly in Lübeck for a Hansetag (Hanseatic Diet) – starting either around 1300,[17]: 59 or possibly 1356.[35]: 66 Many towns chose not to attend nor to send representatives, and decisions were not binding on individual cities if their delegates were not included in the recesses; representatives would sometimes leave the Diet prematurely to give their towns an excuse not to ratify decisions.[31]: 36–39 [lower-alpha 2] Only a few Hanseatic cities were free imperial cities or enjoyed comparable autonomy and liberties, but many temporarily escaped domination by local nobility.[47]

Town Hall of Reval (now Tallinn, Estonia) Military situation in Denmark (1370) after foreign invasions.

Between 1361 and 1370, League members fought against Denmark in the Danish-Hanseatic War. Though initially unsuccessful with a Wendish offensive, towns from Prussia and the Netherlands, and eventually joined by Wendish towns, allied in the Confederation of Cologne in 1368, sacked Copenhagen and Helsingborg, and forced Valdemar IV, King of Denmark, and his son-in-law Haakon VI, King of Norway, to grant tax exemptions and influence over Øresund fortresses for 15 years in the peace treaty of Stralsund in 1370. It extended privileges in Scania to the League, including Holland and Zeeland. The treaty marked the height of Hanseatic influence; for this period the League was called a "Northern European great power". The Confederation lasted until 1385, while the Øresund fortresses were returned to Denmark that year.[35]: 64, 70–73

After Valdemar's heir Olav died, a succession dispute erupted over Denmark and Norway between Albert of Mecklenburg, King of Sweden and Margaret I, Queen of Denmark. This was further complicated when Swedish nobles rebelled against Albert and invited Margaret. Albert was taken prisoner in 1389, but hired privateers in 1392, the socalled Victual Brothers, who took Bornholm and Visby in his name. They and their descendants threatened maritime trade between 1392 and the 1430s. Under the 1395 release agreement for Albert, Stockholm was ruled from 1395 to 1398 by a consortium of 7 Hanseatic cities, and enjoyed full Hanseatic trading privileges. It went to Margaret in 1398.[35]: 76–77

The Victual Brothers controlled Gotland in 1398. It was conquered by the Teutonic Order with support from the Prussian towns and its privileges were restored.[35]: 77–78

### Rise of rival powers

Over the 15th century, the League became further institutionalized. This was in part a response to challenges in governance and competition with rivals, but also reflected changes in trade. A slow shift occurred from loose participation to formal recognition/revocation.[34]: 113–115 Another general trend was Hanseatic cities' increased legislation of their kontors abroad. Only the Bergen kontor grew more independent in this period.[36]: 136

The Novgorod Republic c. 1400. Novgorod created a vast territorial empire and controlled much of the fur trade with Europe. The city was one of the main trading posts of the Hanseatic League.

In Novgorod, after extended conflict since the 1380s, the League regained its trade privileges in 1392, agreeing to Russian trade privileges for Livonia and Gotland.[35]: 78–83

In 1424, all German traders of the Peterhof kontor in Novgorod were imprisoned and 36 of them died. Although rare, arrests and seizures in Novgorod were particularly violent.[48]: 182 In response, and due to the ongoing war between Novgorod and the Teutonic Order, the League blockaded Novgorod and abandoned the Peterhof from 1443 to 1448.[49]: 82

After extended conflicts with the League from the 1370s, English traders gained trade privileges in the Prussian region via the treaties of Marienburg (the first in 1388, the last in 1409).[35]: 78–83 Their influence increased, while the importance of Hanseatic trade in England decreased over the 15th century.[35]: 98

Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg, tried to assert authority over the Hanseatic towns Berlin and Cölln in 1442 and blocked all Brandenburg towns from participating in Hanseatic diets. For some Brandenburg towns, this ended their Hanseatic involvement. In 1488, John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg did the same to Stendal and Salzwedel in the Altmark.[50]: 34–35

Until 1394, Holland and Zeeland actively participated in the Hansa, but in 1395, their feudal obligations to Albert I, Duke of Bavaria prevented further cooperation. Consequently, their Hanseatic ties weakened, and their economic focus shifted. Between 1417 and 1432, this economic reorientation became even more pronounced as Holland and Zeeland gradually became part of the Burgundian State.

The city of Lübeck faced financial troubles in 1403, leading dissenting craftsmen to establish a supervising committee in 1405. This triggered a governmental crisis in 1408 when the committee rebelled and established a new town council. Similar revolts broke out in Wismar and Rostock, with new town councils established in 1410. The crisis was ended in 1418 by a compromise.[35]: 83–88 [undue weight? - discuss]

Eric of Pomerania succeeded Margaret in 1412 and sought to expand into Schleswig and Holstein levying tolls at the Øresund. Hanseatic cities were divided initially; Lübeck tried to appease Eric while Hamburg supported the Schauenburg counts against him. This led to the Danish-Hanseatic War (1426–1435) and the Bombardment of Copenhagen (1428). The Treaty of Vordingborg renewed the League's commercial privileges in 1435, but the Øresund tolls continued.

Eric of Pomerania was subsequently deposed and in 1438 Lübeck took control of the Øresund toll, which caused tensions with Holland and Zeeland.[35]: 89–91 [51]: 265 [52][53]: 171 The Sound tolls,[lower-alpha 3] and a later attempt of Lübeck to exclude the English and Dutch merchants from Scania harmed the Scanian herring trade when the excluded regions began to develop their own herring industries.[36]: 157–158

File:Holy Roman Empire at the Golden Bull of 1356.pngThe Holy Roman Empire was a limited elective monarchy composed of hundreds of state-like entities.

In the Dutch–Hanseatic War (1438–1441), a privateer war mostly waged by Wendish towns, the merchants of Amsterdam sought and eventually won free access to the Baltic. Although the blockade of the grain trade hurt Holland and Zeeland more than Hanseatic cities, it was against Prussian interest to maintain it.[35]: 91

Georg Giese from Danzig, 34-year-old German Hanseatic merchant at the Steelyard, painted in London by Hans Holbein

In 1454, the year of the marriage of Elisabeth of Austria to King-Grand Duke Casimir IV Jagiellon of Poland-Lithuania, the towns of the Prussian Confederation rose up against the dominance of the Teutonic Order and asked Casimir IV for help. Danzig, Thorn and Elbing became part of the autonomous province of Royal Prussia in the Kingdom of Poland by the Second Peace of Thorn.

Poland in turn was heavily supported by the Holy Roman Empire through family connections and by military assistance under the Habsburgs. Kraków, then the Polish capital, had a loose association with the Hansa.[54]: 93 The lack of customs borders on the River Vistula after 1466 helped to gradually increase Polish grain exports, transported down the Vistula, from 10,000 short tons (9,100 t) per year, in the late 15th century, to over 200,000 short tons (180,000 t) in the 17th century.[55] The Hansa-dominated maritime grain trade made Poland one of the main areas of its activity, helping Danzig to become the Hansa's largest city. Polish kings soon began to reduce the towns' political freedoms.[50]: 36

Beginning in the mid-15th century, the Griffin dukes of Pomerania were in constant conflict over control of the Pomeranian Hanseatic towns. While not successful at first, Bogislav X eventually subjugated Stettin and Köslin, curtailing the region's economy and independence.[50]: 35

View of the Gdańsk Crane in the port city of Gdańsk (Danzig), today in Poland Hanseatic Museum and Schøtstuene in Bergen, Norway

When Flanders and Holland became part of the Duchy of Burgundy, Burgund Dutch and Prussian cities increasingly excluded Lübeck from their grain trade in the 15th and 16th century. Burgund Dutch demand for Prussian and Livonian grain grew in the late 15th century. These trade interests differed from Wendish interests, threatening political unity, but also showed a trade where the Hanseatic system was impractical.[32]: 198, 215–216 Hollandish freight costs were much lower than the Hansa's, and the Hansa were excluded as middlemen. After naval wars between Burgundy and the Hanseatic fleets, Amsterdam gained the position of leading port for Polish and Baltic grain from the late 15th century onwards.{{citation needed|date=March 2023

King Edward IV of England reconfirmed the league's privileges in the Treaty of Utrecht despite the latent hostility, in part thanks to the significant financial contribution the League made to the Yorkist side during the Wars of the Roses of 1455–1487.[56]: 308–309 Tsar Ivan III of Russia closed the Hanseatic Kontor at Novgorod in 1494 and deported its merchants to Moscow, in an attempt to reduce Hanseatic influence on Russian trade.[57]: 145 At the time, only 49 traders were at the Peterhof.[58]: 99 The fur trade was redirected to Leipzig, taking out the Hansards;[38]: 54 while the Hanseatic trade with Russia moved to Riga, Reval, and Pskov.[58]: 100 When the Peterhof reopened in 1514, Novgorod was no longer a trade hub.[56]: 182, 312 In the same period, the burghers of Bergen tried to develop an independent intermediate trade with the northern population, against the Hansards' obstruction.[41]: 144 The League's mere existence and its privileges and monopolies created economic and social tensions that often spilled onto rivalries between League members.

### End of the Hansa

Heinrich Sudermann

The development of transatlantic trade after the discovery of the Americas caused the remaining contours to decline, especially in Bruges, because it centered on other ports. It also changed business practice to short-term contracts and obsoleted the Hanseatic model of privileged guaranteed trade.[36]: 154

The trends of local feudal lords asserting control over towns and suppressing their autonomy, and of foreign rulers repressing Hanseatic traders continued in the next century. The city of Kiel was expelled from the League in 1518 for harbouring pirates.

In the Swedish War of Liberation 1521–1523, the Hanseatic League was successful in opposition to an economic conflict it had over the trade, mining, and metal industry in Bergslagen[59] (the main mining area of Sweden in the 16th century) with Jakob Fugger (industrialist in the mining and metal industry) and his unfriendly business take-over attempt. Fugger allied with his financially dependent pope Leo X, Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, and Christian II of Denmark/Norway. Both sides made costly investments in support of mercenaries to win the war. After the war, Gustav Vasa's Sweden and Frederick I's Denmark pursued independent policies and didn't support Lübeck's effort against Dutch trade.[42]: 113

However, Lübeck under Jürgen Wullenwever overextended in the Count's Feud in Scania and Denmark and lost influence in 1536 after Christian III's victory.[41]: 144 Lübeck's attempts at forcing competitors out of the Sound eventually alienated even Gustav Vasa.[42]: 113–114 Its influence in the Nordic countries began to decline.

The Hanseatic towns of Guelders were obstructed in the 1530s by Charles II, Duke of Guelders. Charles, a strict Catholic, objected to Lutheranism, in his words "Lutheran heresy", of Lübeck and other north German cities. This frustrated but did not end the towns' Hanseatic trade and a small resurgence came later.[60]

Later in the 16th century, Denmark-Norway took control of the southern Baltic Sea. Sweden had regained control over its own trade, the Kontor in Novgorod had closed, and the Kontor in Bruges had become effectively moribund because the Zwin inlet was closing up.[36]: 132 Finally, the growing political authority of the German princes constrained the independence of Hanse towns.

The league attempted to deal with some of these issues: it created the post of syndic in 1556 and elected Heinrich Sudermann to the position, who worked to protect and extend the diplomatic agreements of the member towns. In 1557 and 1579, revised agreements spelled out the duties of towns and some progress was made. The Bruges Kontor moved to Antwerp in 1520[36]: 140–154 and the Hansa attempted to pioneer new routes. However, the league proved unable to prevent the growing mercantile competition.

In 1567, a Hanseatic League agreement reconfirmed previous obligations and rights of league members, such as common protection and defense against enemies.[61] The Prussian Quartier cities of Thorn, Elbing, Königsberg and Riga and Dorpat also signed. When pressed by the King of Poland–Lithuania, Danzig remained neutral and would not allow ships running for Poland into its territory. They had to anchor somewhere else, such as at Pautzke (Puck).

The Antwerp Kontor, moribund after the fall of the city, closed in 1593. In 1597 Queen Elizabeth I of England expelled the League from London, and the Steelyard closed and sequestered in 1598. The Kontor returned in 1606 under her successor, James I, but it could not recover.[56]: 341–343 The Bergen Kontor continued until 1754; of all the Kontore, only its buildings, Bryggen, survive.

Not all states tried to suppress their cities' former Hanseatic links; the Dutch Republic encouraged its eastern former members to maintain ties with the remaining Hanseatic League. The States-General relied on those cities in diplomacy at the time of the Kalmar War.[34]: 123

The Thirty Years' War was destructive for the Hanseatic League and members suffered heavily from both the imperials, the Danes and the Swedes. In the beginning, Saxon and Wendish faced attacks because of the desire of Christian IV of Denmark to control the Elbe and Weser. Pomerania had a major population decline. Sweden took Bremen-Verden (excluding the city of Bremen), Swedish Pomerania (including Stralsund, Greifswald, Rostock) and Swedish Wismar, preventing their cities from participating in the League, and controlled the Oder, Weser, and Elbe, and could levy tolls on their traffic.[42]: 114–116 The league became increasingly irrelevant despite its inclusion in the Peace of Westphalia.[31]: 43

In 1666, the Steelyard burned in the Great Fire of London. The Kontor-manager sent a letter to Lübeck appealing for immediate financial assistance for a reconstruction. Hamburg, Bremen, and Lübeck called for a Hanseatic Day in 1669. Only a few cities participated and those who came were reluctant to contribute financially to the reconstruction. It was the last formal meeting, unbeknownst to any of the parties. This date is often taken in retrospect as the effective end date of the Hansa, but the League never formally disbanded. It silently disintegrated.[62]: 192 [12]: 2

### Aftermath

The Hanseatic League, however, lived on in the public mind. Leopold I even requested Lübeck to call a Tagfahrt to rally support for him against the Turks.[62]: 192

Lübeck, Hamburg, and Bremen continued to attempt common diplomacy, although interests had diverged by the Peace of Ryswick.[62]: 192 Nonetheless, the Hanseatic Republics were able to jointly perform some diplomacy, such as a joint delegation to the United States in 1827, led by Vincent Rumpff; later the United States established a consulate to the Hanseatic and Free Cities from 1857 to 1862.[63] Britain maintained diplomats to the Hanseatic Cities until the unification of Germany in 1871. The three cities also had a common "Hanseatic" representation in Berlin until 1920.[62]: 192

Three kontors remained as, often unused, Hanseatic property after the League's demise, as the Peterhof had closed in the 16th century. Bryggen was sold to Norwegian owners in 1754. The Steelyard in London and the Oostershuis in Antwerp were long impossible to sell. The Steelyard was finally sold in 1852 and the Oostershuis, closed in 1593, was sold in 1862.[62]: 192 [56]: 341–343

Hamburg, Bremen, and Lübeck remained as the only members until the League's formal end in 1862, on the eve of the 1867 founding of the North German Confederation and the 1871 founding of the German Empire under Kaiser Wilhelm I. Despite its collapse, they cherished the link to the Hanseatic League. Until German reunification, these three cities were the only ones that retained the words "Hanseatic City" in their official German names. Hamburg and Bremen continue to style themselves officially as "free Hanseatic cities", with Lübeck named "Hanseatic City". For Lübeck in particular, this anachronistic tie to a glorious past remained important in the 20th century. In 1937, the Nazi Party revoked its imperial immediacy through the Greater Hamburg Act.[64] Since 1990, 24 other German cities have adopted this title.[65]

## Organization

Hanseatic Seal of Stralsund

The Hanseatic League was a complex, loose-jointed constellation of protagonists pursuing their interests, which coincided in a shared program of economic domination in the Baltic region, and by no means a monolithic organization or a 'state within a state'.[66]: 37–38 It gradually grew from a network of merchant guilds into a more formal association of cities, but never formed into a legal person.[58]: 91

League members were Low German-speaking, except for Dinant. Not all towns with Low German merchant communities were members (e.g., Emden, Memel (today Klaipėda), Viborg (today Vyborg), and Narva). However, Hansards also came from settlements without German town law—the premise for league membership was birth to German parents, subjection to German law, and commercial education. The league served to advance and defend its members' common interests: commercial ambitions such as enhancement of trade, and political ambitions such as ensuring maximum independence from the territorial rulers.[67]: 10–11

League decisions and actions were taken via a consensus-based procedure. If an issue arose, members were invited to participate in a central meeting, the Tagfahrt (Hanseatic Diet, "meeting ride", sometimes also referred to as Hansetag), that may have begun around 1300,[17]: 59 and were formalized since 1358 (or possibly 1356).[35]: 66–67 The member communities then chose envoys (Ratssendeboten) to represent their local consensus on the issue at the Diet. Not every community sent an envoy; delegates were often entitled to represent multiple communities. Consensus-building on local and Tagfahrt levels followed the Low Saxon tradition of Einung, where consensus was defined as the absence of protest: after a discussion, the proposals that gained sufficient support were dictated to the scribe and passed as binding Rezess if the attendees did not object; those favoring alternative proposals unlikely to get sufficient support remained silent during this procedure. If consensus could not be established on a certain issue, it was found instead in the appointment of league members empowered to work out a compromise.[67]: 70–72

The League was characterised by legal pluralism and the diets could not issue laws. But the cities cooperated to achieve limited trade regulation, such as measures against fraud, or worked together on a regional level. Attempts to harmonize maritime law yielded a series of ordinances in the 15th and 16th centuries. The most extensive maritime ordinance was the Ship Ordinance and Sea Law of 1614, but it may not have been enforced.[68]: 31, 37–38

### Kontors

The Oostershuis, a kontor in Antwerp

A Hanseatic Kontor was a settlement of Hansards organized in the mid-14th century as a private corporation that had its treasury, court, legislation, and seal. They operated like an early stock exchange.[69]: 443–446 Kontors were first established to provide security, but also served to secure privileges and engage in diplomacy.[36]: 128–130, 134–135 The quality of goods was also examined at Kontors, increasing trade efficiency, and they served as bases to develop connections with local rulers and as sources of economic and political information.[58]: 91 [lower-alpha 4] Most Kontors were also physical locations containing buildings that were integrated and segregated from city life to different degrees. The kontor of Bruges was an exception in this regard; it acquired buildings only as of the 15th century.[36]: 131–133 Like the guilds, the Kontore were usually led by Ältermänner ("eldermen", or English aldermen). The Stalhof, a special case, had a Hanseatic and an English alderman. In Novgorod the aldermen were replaced by a hofknecht in the 15th century.[56]: 100–101 The contours statutes were read aloud to the present merchants once a year.[36]: 131–133

In 1347 the Kontor of Bruges modified its statute to ensure an equal representation of League members. To that end, member communities from different regions were pooled into three circles (Drittel ("third [part]"): the Wendish and Saxon Drittel, the Westphalian and Prussian Drittel as well as the Gotlandian, Livonian and Swedish Drittel). Merchants from each Drittel chose two aldermen and six members of the Eighteen Men Council (Achtzehnmännerrat) to administer the Kontor for a set period.[58]: 91, 101 [36]: 138–139

In 1356, during a Hanseatic meeting in preparation for the first (or one of the first) Tagfahrt, the League confirmed this statute. All trader settlements including the Kontors were subordinated to the Diet's decisions around this time, and their envoys received the right to attend and speak at Diets, albeit without voting power.[58]: 91 [lower-alpha 5]

### Drittel

The league gradually divided the organization into three constituent parts called Drittel (German thirds), as shown in the table below.[67]: 62–63 [70]: 55 [71][72]: 62–64

Drittel (1356–1554)  | Regions  | Chief city (Vorort)

|
|

Wendish-Saxon  | Holstein, Saxony, Mecklenburg, Pomerania, Brandenburg  | Lübeck
Westphalian-Prussian  | Westphalia, Rhineland, Prussia | Dortmund, later Cologne
Gotlandian-Livonian-Swedish  | Gotland, Livonia, Sweden  | Visby, later Riga

The Hansetag was the only central institution of the Hanseatic League. However, with the division into Drittel, the members of the respective subdivisions frequently held a Dritteltage ("Drittel meeting") to work out common positions which could then be presented at a Hansetag. On a more local level, league members also met, and while such regional meetings never crystallized into a Hanseatic institution, they gradually gained importance in the process of preparing and implementing the Diet's decisions.[73]: 55–57

### Quarters

From 1554, the division into Drittel was modified to reduce the circles' heterogeneity, to enhance the collaboration of the members on a regional level and thus to make the League's decision-making process more efficient.[74]: 217 The number of circles rose to four, so they were called Quartiere (quarters):[70]

Quartier (since 1554)  | Chief city (Vorort)

|

Wendish and Pomeranian[75] | Lübeck[75]
Saxon, Thuringian and Brandenburg[75]
Prussia, Livonia and Sweden[75] – or East Baltic[76]: 47, 120 | Danzig (now Gdańsk)[75]
Rhine, Westphalia and the Netherlands[75] | Cologne[75]

This division was however not adopted by the Kontore, who, for their purposes (like Ältermänner elections), grouped League members in different ways (e.g., the division adopted by the Stalhof in London in 1554 grouped members into Dritteln, whereby Lübeck merchants represented the Wendish, Pomeranian Saxon, and several Westphalian towns, Cologne merchants represented the Cleves, Mark, Berg and Dutch towns, while Danzig merchants represented the Prussian and Livonian towns).[77]: 38–92

## Hanseatic ships

Various types of ships were used.

### Cog

The most used type, and the most emblematic, was the cog. The cog was a multi-purpose clinker-built ship with a carvel bottom, a stern rudder, and a square rigged mast. Most cogs were privately owned and were also used as warships. Cogs were built in various sizes and specifications and were used on both the seas and rivers. They could be outfitted with castles starting from the thirteenth century. The cog was depicted on many seals and several coats of arms of Hanseatic cities, like Stralsund, Elbląg and Wismar. Several shipwrecks have been found. The most notable wreck is the Bremen cog.[39]: 35–36 It could carry a cargo of about 125 tons.[78]: 20

### Hulk

Modern, faithful painting of the Adler von Lübeck – the world's largest ship in its time

The hulk began to replace the cog by 1400 and cogs lost their dominance to them around 1450.[79]: 264

The hulk was a bulkier ship that could carry larger cargo; Elbl estimates they could carry up to 500 tons by the 15th century. It could be clinker or carvel-built.[79]: 264 [80]: 64 No archeological evidence of a hulk has been found.

### Carvel

In 1464, Danzig acquired a French carvel ship through a legal dispute and renamed it the Peter von Danzig. It was 40 m long and had three masts, one of the largest ships of its time. Danzig adopted carvel construction around 1470.[57]: 44 Other cities shifted to carvels starting from this time. An example is the Jesus of Lübeck, later sold to England for use as a warship and slave ship.[81]

The galleonlike carvel warship Adler von Lübeck was constructed by Lübeck for military use against Sweden during the Northern Seven Years' War (1563–70). Launched in 1566, it was never put to military use after the Treaty of Stettin. It was the biggest ship of its day at 78 m long and had four masts, including a bonaventure mizzen. It served as a merchant ship until it was damaged in 1581 on a return voyage from Lisbon and broken up in 1588.[57]: 43–44 [82]

## Hanseatic cities

Map of the Hanseatic League, showing principal Hanseatic cities

### Hansa Proper

In the table below, the names listed in the column labeled Quarter have been summarised as follows:

* "Wendish": Wendish and Pomeranian[75] (or just Wendish)[76]: 120 quarter
* "Saxon": Saxon, Thuringian and Brandenburg[75] (or just Saxon)[76]: 120 quarter
* "Baltic": Prussian, Livonian and Swedish[75] (or East Baltic)[76]: 120 quarter
* "Westphalian": Rhine-Westphalian and Netherlands (including Flanders)[75] (or Rhineland)[76]: 120 quarter

The remaining column headings are as follows:

* City – the city's name, with any variants
* Territory – the jurisdiction to which the city was subject at the time of the League
* Now – the modern nation-state in which the city is located
* From and Until – the dates at which the city joined and/or left the league
* Notes – additional details about the city
* Ref. – one or more references to works about the city

List of cities in Hansa Proper

Quarter  | City  | Territory  | Now  | From  | Until  | Notes  | Template:Ref heading

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Wendish  | Lubeck File:Wappen Lübeck.svg Lübeck

| Free imperial city File:Wappen Lübeck.svg Free City of Lübeck

|  Germany  |  |  | Capital of the Hanseatic League, the main town of the Wendish and Pomeranian Circle  |

* [72]
* [75]
* [76]: 47, 120
* [83]
* [84]: 74, 82
* [85]

Wendish  | Hamburg File:Coat of arms of Hamburg.svg Hamburg

| Free imperial city File:Coat of arms of Hamburg.svg Free City of Hamburg

|  Germany  |  |  |  |

* [72]
* [76]: 47
* [83]
* [84]: 82
* [86]

Wendish  | Luneburg  Lüneburg

| Brunswick-Luneburg  Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg

|  Germany  |  |  |  |

* [72]
* [83]
* [85]
* [86]
* [87]

Wendish  | Wismar File:DEU Wismar COA.svg Wismar

| Mecklenburg  Duchy of Mecklenburg

|  Germany  |  |  | Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty (Rostocker Landfrieden) in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards).  |

* [72]
* [83]
* [84]: 82
* [85]
* [86]
* [88]

Wendish  | Rostock  Rostock

| Mecklenburg  Duchy of Mecklenburg

|  Germany  |  |  | Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards).  |

* [72]
* [83]
* [84]: 82
* [85]
* [86]
* [88]
* [89]

Wendish  | Stralsund File:Wappen Stralsund.svg Stralsund

| Rugen  Principality of Rügen

|  Germany  | 1293 |  | Rügen was a fief of the Danish crown to 1325. Stralsund joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Stralsund was a member of the Vierstädtebund with Greifswald, Demmin and Anklam.  |

* [72]
* [83]
* [85]
* [86]
* [88]
* [90]

Wendish  | Demmin File:DEU Demmin COA.svg Demmin

| Pomerania  Duchy of Pomerania

|  Germany  |  |  | Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Demmin was a member of the Vierstädtebund with Stralsund, Greifswald and Anklam.  |

* [72]
* [85]
* [88]
* [91]

Wendish  | Greifswald  Greifswald

| Pomerania  Duchy of Pomerania

|  Germany  |  |  | Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Greifswald was a member of the Vierstädtebund with Stralsund, Demmin and Anklam.  |

* [72]
* [85]
* [86]
* [88]
* [91]

Wendish  | Anklam File:DEU Hansestadt Anklam COA.svg Anklam

| Pomerania  Duchy of Pomerania

|  Germany  |  |  | Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Anklam was a member of the Vierstädtebund with Stralsund, Greifswald and Demmin.  |

* [72]
* [85]
* [88]
* [91]

Wendish  | Stettin  Stettin (Szczecin)

| Pomerania  Duchy of Pomerania

|  Poland  | 1278 |  | Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards); since the 14th century gradually adopted the role of a chief city for the Pomeranian Hanse towns to its east  |

* [72]
* [76]: 120
* [83]
* [85]
* [87]
* [88]

Wendish  | Pasewalk  Pasewalk

| Pomerania  Duchy of Pomerania

|  Germany  |  |  |  |
Wendish  | Kolberg  Kolberg (Kołobrzeg)

| Pomerania  Duchy of Pomerania

|  Poland  |  |  |  |

* [72]
* [85]
* [87]
* [91]

Wendish  | Rugenwalde File:POL Darłowo COA 1.svg Rügenwalde (Darłowo)

| Pomerania  Duchy of Pomerania

|  Poland  |  |  |  |

* [72]
* [85]
* [86]
* [87]
* [91]

Wendish  | Stolp  Stolp (Słupsk)

| Pomerania  Duchy of Pomerania

|  Poland  |  |  |  |

* [85]
* [87]
* [91]

Wendish  | Stargard  Stargard

| Pomerania  Duchy of Pomerania

|  Poland  |  |  |  |

* [72][83]
* [85][87]
* [92]: 476

Baltic  | Visby  Visby

| Sweden  Kingdom of Sweden

|  Sweden  |  | 1470 | In 1285 at Kalmar, the League agreed with Magnus III, King of Sweden, that Gotland be joined with Sweden. In 1470, Visby's status was rescinded by the League, with Lübeck razing the city's churches in May 1525.  |

* [72]
* [83]
* [85]
* [93]

Saxon  | Braunschweig  Braunschweig

| Brunswick-Luneburg  Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg

|  Germany  |  13th cent.  |  17th cent.  | Main town of the Saxon, Thuringian and Brandenburg Circle  |

* [72]
* [75]
* [83]
* [85]
* [86]
* [87]

Saxon  | Bremen  Bremen

| Free imperial city  Free City of Bremen

|  Germany  | 1260 |  |  |

* [72]
* [83]
* [85]
* [86]
* [89]

Saxon  | Magdeburg  Magdeburg

| Magdeburg  Archbishopric of Magdeburg

|  Germany  |  13th cent.  |  | Main town of the Saxon, Thuringian and Brandenburg Circle  |

* [72]
* [83]
* [85]
* [86]
* [87]

Saxon  | Goslar File:Wappen Goslar.svg Goslar

| Goslar File:Wappen Goslar.svg Imperial City of Goslar

|  Germany  | 1267 | 1566 | Goslar was a fief of Saxony until 1280.  |

* [72]
* [83]
* [85]
* [86]
* [87]

Saxon  | Hanover  Hanover

| Brunswick-Luneburg  Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg

|  Germany  |  |  |  |

* [72][86]
* [87]

Saxon  | Göttingen  Göttingen

| Brunswick-Luneburg  Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg

|  Germany  |  |  |  |

* [72][86]
* [87][94]

Saxon  | Erfurt File:Wappen Erfurt.svg Erfurt

| Mainz  Archbishopric of Mainz

|  Germany  | 1430 |  |  |

* [72]
* [83]
* [95]

Saxon  | Stade  Stade

| Bremen  Archbishopric of Bremen

|  Germany  |  |  |  |

* [72]
* [86]

Saxon  | Berlin File:Brandenburg Wappen.svg Berlin

| Brandenburg  Margraviate of Brandenburg

|  Germany  |  | 1442 | Brandenburg was raised to an Electorate in 1356. Elector Frederick II caused all the Brandenburg cities to leave the League in 1442.  |

* [76]: 120
* [83]
* [84]: 32
* [85]
* [87]

Saxon  | Frankfurt Oder
Frankfurt an der Oder

| Brandenburg  Margraviate of Brandenburg

|  Germany  | 1430 | 1442 | Elector Frederick II caused all the Brandenburg cities to leave the League in 1442.  |

* [83]
* [84]: 32
* [85]
* [87]

Saxon  | Salzwedel  Salzwedel

| Brandenburg  Margraviate of Brandenburg

|  Germany  | 1263 | 1518 | In 1488 the Hanseatic cities of the Altmark region rebelled against a beer tax against Elector of Brandenburg John Cicero. They lost and were punished by being forced to leave the Hanseatic League. Salzwedel and Stendal managed to stay in the Hanseatic League until 1518.  |

* [83]
* [84]: 32
* [85]
* [87]

Saxon  | Uelzen  Uelzen

| Brunswick-Luneburg  Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg

|  Germany  |  |  |  |
Saxon  | Stendal File:DEU Stendal COA.svg Stendal

| Brandenburg  Margraviate of Brandenburg

|  Germany  | 1358 | 1518 | In 1488 the Hanseatic cities of the Altmark region rebelled against a beer tax against Elector of Brandenburg John Cicero. They lost and were punished by being forced to leave the Hanseatic League. Salzwedel and Stendal managed to stay in the Hanseatic League until 1518.  |

* [83]
* [84]: 32
* [85]
* [87]

Saxon  | Hamelin  Hamelin

|  |  Germany  |  |  |  |

* [87]

Baltic  | Danzig  Danzig (Gdańsk)

| Teutonic Order  Teutonic Order

|  Poland  | 1358 |  | Main town of the Prussian, Livonian and Swedish (or East Baltic) Circle. Danzig had been first a part of the Duchy of Pomerelia with a Kashubian and a growing German population, then part of the State of the Teutonic Order from 1308 until 1457. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466) Danzig became an autonomous city under the protection of the Polish Crown until the 18th century when it was annexed by Prussia.  |

* [72]
* [75]
* [76]: 120
* [83]
* [84]: 81
* [85]
* [86]
* [87]
* [92]: 403

Baltic  | Elbing  Elbing (Elbląg)

| Teutonic Order  Teutonic Order

|  Poland  | 1358 |  | Elbing had originally been part of the territory of the Old Prussians, until the 1230s when it became part of the State of the Teutonic Order. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), Royal Prussia, including Elbląg was part of the Kingdom of Poland.  |

* [72]
* [83]
* [85]
* [86]
* [87]
* [92]: 452

Baltic  | Thorn  Thorn (Toruń)

| Teutonic Order  Teutonic Order

|  Poland  | 1280 |  | Toruń was part of the State of the Teutonic Order from 1233 until 1466. After the Second Peace of Thorn (1466), Royal Prussia, including Toruń, was part of the Kingdom of Poland.  |

* [72]
* [83]
* [85]
* [87]
* [92]: 436

Baltic  | Krakow  Kraków

| Poland  Kingdom of Poland

|  Poland  | c. 1370 | c. 1500 | Kraków was the capital of the Kingdom of Poland, 1038–1596/1611. It adopted Magdeburg town law and 5000 Poles and 3500 Germans lived within the city proper in the 15th century; Poles steadily rose in the ranks of guild memberships reaching 41% of guild members in 1500. It was very loosely associated with Hansa, and paid no membership fees, nor sent representatives to League meetings.  |

* [54]
* [83]
* [85]
* [87]
* [96]
* [97]
* [98]

Baltic  | Breslau  Breslau, (Wrocław)

| Silesia  Kingdom of Bohemia

|  Poland  | 1387 | 1474 | Breslau, a part of the Duchy of Breslau and the Kingdom of Bohemia, was only loosely connected to the League and paid no membership fees nor did its representatives take part in Hansa meetings  |

* [83]
* [85]
* [87]
* [99]
* [100]

Baltic  | Culm Culm (Chełmno)

| Teutonic Order  Teutonic Order

|  Poland  |  |  |  |

[72][85][87]

Baltic  | Konigsberg  Königsberg (Kaliningrad)

| Teutonic Order  Teutonic Order

|  Russia  | 1340 |  | Königsberg was the capital of the Teutonic Order, it accepted the sovereignty of the Polish crown in 1466. It became Ducal Prussia in 1525 after secularisation, a German principality that was a fief of the Polish crown until gaining its independence in the 1660 Treaty of Oliva. The city was renamed Kaliningrad in 1946 after East Prussia was divided between the People's Republic of Poland and the Soviet Union at the Potsdam Conference.  |

* [72]
* [83]
* [85]
* [87]

Baltic  | Riga  Riga

| Livonia  Archbishopric of Riga

|  Latvia  | 1282 | 1581 | Archbishopric until 1561, Riga became a Free imperial city until the 1581 Treaty of Drohiczyn ceded the city to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.  |

* [72]
* [83]
* [84]: 82
* [85]
* [86]
* [87]
* [101]: 20

Baltic  | Reval  Reval (Tallinn)

| Livonia  Teutonic Order

|  Estonia  | 1285 |  | On joining the League, Reval was part the Kingdom of Denmark; it was sold in 1346 to the Teutonic Order. In 1561, the city became part of the Kingdom of Sweden.  |

* [71]
* [72]
* [76]: 47
* [83]
* [84]: 81
* [85]
* [87]

Baltic  | Dorpat  Dorpat (Tartu)

| Livonia  Bishopric of Dorpat

|  Estonia  |  1280s  | 1558 | The Bishopric of Dorpat ceased to exist in 1558 when the city was captured by Russian troops during the Livonian war.  |

* [71]
* [72]
* [83]
* [85]
* [87]

Baltic  | Fellin  Fellin (Viljandi)

| Livonia  Teutonic Order

|  Estonia  |  |  |  |

* [71]
* [87][102]

Baltic  | Pernau Pernau (Pärnu)

| Livonia  Teutonic Order

|  Estonia  |  |  |  |

* [71][85]
* [87][72]
* [102]

Baltic  | Wenden Wenden (Cēsis)

| Livonia  Teutonic Order

|  Latvia  |  |  |  |

* [71][85]
* [101]: 60
* [87][102]

Baltic  | Kokenhusen Kokenhusen (Koknese)

| Livonia  Teutonic Order

|  Latvia  |  |  |  |

* [71][85]
* [87][103]
* [104][105]
* [102]

Baltic  | Roop Roop (Straupe)

| Livonia  Teutonic Order

|  Latvia  |  |  |  |

* [71][102]

Baltic  | Windau Windau (Ventspils)

| Livonia  Teutonic Order

|  Latvia  |  |  |  |

* [71]

Baltic  | Lemsal Lemsal (Limbaži)

| Livonia  Teutonic Order

|  Latvia  |  |  |  |

* [71][85]
* [87][102]

Baltic  | Wolmar Wolmar (Valmiera)

| Livonia  Teutonic Order

|  Latvia  |  |  |  |

* [71][85]
* [102][87]

Baltic  | Goldingen Goldingen (Kuldīga)

| Livonia  Teutonic Order

|  Latvia  |  |  |  |

* [71][102]

Westphalian  | Cologne  Cologne

| Cologne  Imperial City of Cologne

|  Germany  |  | 1669 | Main town of the Rhine-Westphalian and Netherlands Circle until after the Anglo-Hanseatic War (1470–74), when the city was prosecuted in 1475 with temporary trade sanctions (German: Verhanst) for some years for having supported England; Dortmund was made main town of the Circle. Cologne also was called "Electorate of Cologne" (German: Kurfürstentum Köln or Kurköln). In June 1669 the last Hanseday was held in the town of Lübeck by the last remaining Hanse members, amongst others Cologne.  |

* [72]
* [75]
* [76]: 120
* [83]
* [85]
* [86]

Westphalian  | Dortmund  Dortmund

| Dortmund  Imperial City of Dortmund

|  Germany  |  |  | After Cologne was excluded after the Anglo-Hanseatic War (1470–74), Dortmund was made the main town of the Rhine-Westphalian and Netherlands Circle.  |

* [72]
* [83]
* [84]: 82
* [85]
* [86]
* [87]

Westphalian  | Dinant  Dinant

|  |  Belgium  |  |  |  |

* [58]: 101
* [67]: 9

Westphalian  | Deventer  Deventer

| Utrecht  Bishopric of Utrecht

|  Netherlands  |  | 1500 |  |

* [72]
* [83]
* [85]
* [86]
* [89]
* [106]
* [107]
* [108]: 438

Westphalian  | Nijmegen  Nijmegen

| Guelders  Jülich-Guelders

|  Netherlands  |  |  |  |

* [34]: 115
* [85]
* [86]
* [89]

Westphalian  | Kampen  Kampen

| Utrecht  Bishopric of Utrecht

|  Netherlands  | 1441 |  |  |

* [72]
* [83]
* [85]
* [86]
* [107]
* [108]: 433

Westphalian  | Zwolle  Zwolle

| Utrecht  Utrecht

|  Netherlands  | 1294  |  |  |

* [34]: 110, 112
* [72][85][107]
* [108]: 433, 439

Westphalian  | Groningen  Groningen

| Friesland  Friesland

|  Netherlands  |  |  |  |

* [72]
* [83]
* [85]
* [89]

Westphalian  | Roermond  Roermond

| Guelders  Jülich-Guelders

|  Netherlands  |  |  |  |

* [31]: 32
* [34]: 115

Westphalian  | Arnhem  Arnhem

| Guelders  Jülich-Guelders

|  Netherlands  |  |  |  |

* [31]: 32
* [108]: 432
* [109]

| Bolsward  Bolsward

| Frisia |  Netherlands  |  |  |  |

* [34]: 115
* [86][110]

| Stavoren  Stavoren (Starum)

| Frisia |  Netherlands  |  |  |  |

[108]: 398

Westphalian  | Doesburg  Doesburg

| Guelders  Jülich-Guelders

|  Netherlands  |  |  |  |

* [34]: 110, 112
* [107]
* [108]: 433

Westphalian  | Zutphen  Zutphen

| Guelders  Jülich-Guelders

|  Netherlands  |  |  |  |

* [34]: 110, 112
* [107][72][85]
* [108]: 433 [86]

Westphalian  | Harderwijk  Harderwijk

| Guelders  Jülich-Guelders

|  Netherlands  |  |  |  |

[34]: 114–115

Westphalian  | Venlo  Venlo

| Guelders  Jülich-Guelders

|  Netherlands  |  |  |  |

[34]: 115

Westphalian  | Hattem  Hattem

| Guelders  Jülich-Guelders

|  Netherlands  |  |  |  |

* [34]: 112
* [107]
* [85]

Westphalian  | Elburg  Elburg

| Guelders  Jülich-Guelders

|  Netherlands  |  |  |  |

* [34]: 112
* [107]
* [108]: 433

Westphalian  | Ommen  Ommen

| Utrecht  Utrecht

|  Netherlands  |  |  |  |

[34]: 115

Westphalian  | Tiel  Tiel

| Utrecht  Utrecht

|  Netherlands  |  |  |  |

[34]: 115

Westphalian  | Hasselt  Hasselt

| Utrecht  Utrecht

|  Netherlands  |  |  |  |

* [34]: 115
* [72]
* [85]
* [107]

Westphalian  | Oldenzaal  Oldenzaal

| Utrecht  Utrecht

|  Netherlands  |  |  |  |

* [34]: 115
* [85]

Westphalian  | Zaltbommel  Zaltbommel

| Guelders  Jülich-Guelders

|  Netherlands  |  |  |  |

[34]: 115

Westphalian  | Munster  Münster

| Munster  Prince-Bishopric of Münster

|  Germany  |  |  |  |

* [72]
* [84]: 82
* [85]
* [86]
* [87]

Westphalian  | Osnabruck  Osnabrück

| Osnabruck  Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück

|  Germany  |  12th cent.  |  |  |

* [72]
* [83]
* [85]
* [86]
* [87]

Westphalian  | Wesel  Wesel

|  |  Germany  |  |  |  |

[85][86]

Westphalian  | Soest File:DEU Soest COA.svg Soest

| Soest File:DEU Soest COA.svg Imperial City of Soest

|  Germany  |  | 1609 | The city was a part of the Electorate of Cologne until acquiring its freedom in 1444–49, after which it aligned with the Duchy of Cleves.  |

* [72]
* [83]
* [84]: 82
* [85]
* [86]
* [87]

Westphalian  | Paderborn  Paderborn

|  |  Germany  |  |  |  |

* [72]
* [85]
* [87]

Westphalian  | Lemgo  Lemgo

|  |  Germany  |  |  |  |

* [72]
* [85]
* [86]
* [87]

Westphalian  | Herford  Herford

|  |  Germany  |  |  |  |

* [84]: 82
* [85]
* [86]
* [87]
* [111]: 391

| Minden  Minden

|  |  Germany  |  |  |  |

* [72][85]
* [86][87]

### Kontore

The kontore were the major foreign trading posts of the League, not cities that were Hanseatic members, and are listed in the hidden table below.

List of Hansa kontore

Quarter  | City  | Territory  | Now  | From  | Until  | Notes  | Template:Ref heading

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Kontor | Novgorod  Novgorod: Peterhof

| Novgorod  Novgorod Republic

|  Russia  |  |  1500s  | Novgorod was one of the principal Kontore of the League and the easternmost. In 1494, Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow, closed the Peterhof; it was reopened a few years later, but the League's Russian trade never recovered.  |

* [75]
* [76]: 47
* [83]
* [84]: 26, 82
* [89]
* [106]

Kontor | Bergen  Bergen: Bryggen

| Norway File:Blason Norvège.svg Kingdom of Norway

|  Norway  | 1360 | 1775 | Bryggen was one of the principal Kontore of the League. It was razed by accidental fire in 1476. In 1560, administration of Bryggen was placed under Norwegian administration.  |

* [75]
* [83]
* [84]: 82
* [89]
* [106]
* [112]
* [113]

Kontor | Bruges  Bruges: Hanzekantoor

| Flanders  County of Flanders

|  Belgium  |  |  | Bruges was one of the principal Kontore of the League until the 15th century, when the seaway to the city silted up; trade from Antwerp benefiting from Bruges's loss.  |

* [76]: 47
* [83]
* [84]: 80
* [89]
* [106]
* [108]: 134, 176

Kontor | London  London: Steelyard

| England File:Royal Arms of England (1198-1340).svg Kingdom of England

|  United Kingdom  | 1303 | 1853 | The Steelyard was one of the principal Kontore of the League. King Edward I granted a Carta Mercatoria in 1303. The Steelyard was destroyed in 1469 and Edward IV exempted Cologne merchants, leading to the Anglo-Hanseatic War (1470–74). The Treaty of Utrecht, sealing the peace, led to the League purchasing the Steelyard outright in 1475, with Edward having renewed the League's privileges without insisting on reciprocal rights for English merchants in the Baltic. London merchants persuaded Elizabeth I to rescind the League's privileges on 13 January 1598; while the Steelyard was re-established by James I, the advantage never returned. Consulates continued however, providing communication during the Napoleonic Wars, and the Hanseatic interest was only sold in 1853.  |

* [56]
* [76]: 47
* [83]
* [84]: 26, 80–82
* [89]
* [106]
* [112]
* [111]: 95

Kontor | Antwerp  Antwerp

| Brabant  Duchy of Brabant

|  Belgium  |  |  | Antwerp became a major Kontor of the League, particularly after the seaway to Bruges silted up in the 15th century, leading to its fortunes waning in Antwerp's favour, despite Antwerp's refusal to grant special privileges to the League's merchants. Between 1312 and 1406, Antwerp was a margraviate, independent of Brabant.  |

* [83]
* [84]: 80
* [106]

### Vitten

The vitten were significant foreign trading posts of the League in Scania, not cities that were Hanseatic members, they are argued by some to have been similar in status to the kontors,[36]: 157–158 and are listed in the hidden table below.

List of Hansa vitten

Quarter  | City  | Territory  | Now  | From  | Until  | Notes  | Template:Ref heading

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Vitte | Malmo  Malmö

| Denmark  Kingdom of Denmark

|  Sweden  |  15th cent.  |  | Skåne (Scania) was Danish until ceded to Sweden by the 1658 Treaty of Roskilde, during the Second Northern War.  |

* [83]
* [106]

Vitte | Falsterbo  Falsterbo

| Denmark  Kingdom of Denmark

|  Sweden  |  15th cent.  |  | Skåne was Danish until ceded to Sweden by the 1658 Treaty of Roskilde, during the Second Northern War.  |

* [83]
* [106]

### Ports with Hansa trading posts

List of ports with Hansa trading posts

The Hanseatic Warehouse in King's Lynn is the only surviving League building in England.

* Åhus[36]: 159
* Berwick-upon-Tweed
* Bishop's Lynn (King's Lynn)[83][106][111]: 95 [36]: 158 [114]
* Boston[83][89][106][111]: 95 [36]: 158
* Bordeaux[106][36]: 159
* Bourgneuf[36]: 159
* Bristol[83]
* Copenhagen[36]: 159
* Damme[83]
* Frankfurt[36]: 160
* Ghent[36]: 159
* Hull (Kingston upon Hull)[83][106]
* Ipswich[83][106][115][36]: 158
* Kalundborg[36]: 159
* Kaunas[36]: 159 [71][83][106]
* Landskrona[36]: 159
* La Rochelle[36]: 159
* Leith[83][106]
* Lisbon[116][36]: 159
* Nantes[106][36]: 159
* Narva[71][106]
* Næstved[36]: 159
* Newcastle[83][106][36]: 158
* Norwich[36]: 158
* Nuremberg[36]: 160
* Oslo[36]: 159
* Pskov[36]: 159–160 [83][106]
* Polotsk[83][106][36]: 159
* Rønne[36]: 159
* Scarborough[36]: 158
* Yarmouth (Great Yarmouth)[83][106][36]: 158
* Sluis[36]: 159
* Smolensk[36]: 159
* Tønsberg[36]: 159
* Venice[36]: 160
* Vilnius[71][106][36]: 159
* Vitebsk[36]: 159
* York[83][106]
* Ystad[36]: 159

### Other cities with a Hansa community

Other cities with a Hansa community

* Aberdeen[117]
* Åbo (Turku)[106]
* Avaldsnes[89][113]
* Brae[106]
* Grindavík[106]
* Grundarfjörður[106]
* Gunnister[106][113][118]
* Hafnarfjörður[89][106][119]
* Haroldswick[106]
* Hildesheim[72][86][87]
* Hindeloopen (Hylpen)[108]: 397 [120]
* Kalmar[85][121]
* Krambatangi[89][113]
* Kumbaravogur[122]
* Leghorn[123]: 98
* Lunna Wick[106]
* Messina[124]
* Naples[124]
* Nordhausen[72][85]
* Nyborg[106]
* Nyköping[85]
* Scalloway
* Stockholm[83][85][36]: 160
* Tórshavn[89][106]
* Trondheim[113]
* Tver
* Walk (Valka)[71]
* Weißenstein (Paide)[71]
* Wesenberg (Rakvere)[71]

## Legacy

### Historiography

The European Hansemuseum in Lübeck

Academic historiography of the Hanseatic League is considered to begin with Georg Sartorius, who started writing his first work in 1795 and founded the liberal historiographical tradition about the League. The German conservative nationalist historiographical tradition was first published with F.W. Barthold's Geschichte der Deutschen Hansa of 1853/1854. The conservative view was associated with Little German ideology and came to predominate from the 1850s until the end of the First World War. Hanseatic history was used to justify a stronger German navy and conservative historians drew a link between the League and the rise of Prussia as the leading German state. This climate deeply influenced the historiography of the Baltic trade.[62]: 192–194 [32]: 203–204

Issues of social, cultural and economic history became more important in German research after the First World War. But leading historian Fritz Rörig also promoted a National Socialist perspective. After the Second World War the conservative nationalist view was discarded, allowing exchanges between German, Swedish and Norwegian historians on the Hanseatic League's role in Sweden and Norway. Views on the League were strongly negative in the Scandinavian countries, especially Denmark, because of associations with German privilege and supremacy.[125]: 68–69, 74 Philippe Dollinger's book The German Hansa became the standard work in the 1960s. At that time, the dominant perspective became Ahasver von Brandt's view of a loosely aligned trading network. Marxist historians in the GDR were split on whether the League was a "late feudal" or "proto-capitalist" phenomenon.[62]: 197–200

Two museums in Europe are dedicated to the history of the Hanseatic League: the European Hansemuseum in Lübeck and the Hanseatic Museum and Schøtstuene in Bergen.

### Popular views

From the 19th century, Hanseatic history was often used to promote a national cause in Germany. German liberals built a fictional literature around Jürgen Wullenwever, expressing fierce anti-Danish sentiment. Hanseatic subjects were used to propagate nation building, colonialism, fleet building and warfare, and the League was presented as a bringer of culture and pioneer of German expansion.[62]: 195–196

The preoccupation with a strong navy motivated German painters in the 19th century to paint supposedly Hanseatic ships. They used the traditions of maritime paintings and, not wanting Hanseatic ships to look unimpressive, ignored historical evidence to fictionalise cogs into tall two- or three-masted ships. The depictions were widely reproduced, such as on plates of Norddeutscher Lloyd. This misleading artistic tradition influenced public perception throughout the 20th century.[62]: 196–197

In the late 19th century, a social-critical view developed, where opponents of the League like the likedeelers were presented as heroes and liberators from economic oppression. This was popular from the end of the First World War into the 1930s, and survives in the Störtebeker Festival on Rügen, founded as the Rügenfestspiele by the GDR.[62]: 196

From the late 1970s, the Europeanness and cooperation of the Hanseatic League came to prominence in popular culture. It is associated with innovation, entrepreneurism and internationalness in economic circles.[62]: 199–203 In this way it often used for tourism, city branding and commercial marketing.[34]: 109 The League's unique governance structure has been identified as a precursor to the supranational model of the European Union.[126]

### Modern transnational organisations named after the Hanseatic League

#### Union of Cities THE HANSA

German language logo

In 1979, Zwolle invited over 40 cities from West Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and Norway with historic links to the Hanseatic League to sign the recesses of 1669, at Zwolle's 750 year city rights' anniversary in August of the next year.[127] In 1980, those cities established a "new Hanse" in Zwolle, named Städtebund Die Hanse (Union of Cities THE HANSA) in German and reinstituted the Hanseatic diets. This league is open to all former Hanseatic League members and cities that share a Hanseatic heritage.[128]

In 2012, the city league had 187 members. This included twelve Russian cities, most notably Novgorod, and 21 Polish cities. No Danish cities had joined the Union although several qualify.[62]: 199–200 The "new Hanse" fosters business links, tourism and cultural exchange.[128]

The headquarters of the New Hansa is in Lübeck, Germany.[128]

Dutch cities including Groningen, Deventer, Kampen, Zutphen and Zwolle, and a number of German cities including Bremen, Buxtehude, Demmin, Greifswald, Hamburg, Lübeck, Lüneburg, Rostock, Salzwedel, Stade, Stendal, Stralsund, Uelzen and Wismar now call themselves Hanse cities (the German cities' car license plates are prefixed H, e.g. –HB– for "Hansestadt Bremen").

Each year one of the member cities of the New Hansa hosts the Hanseatic Days of New Time international festival.

In 2006, King's Lynn became the first English member of the union of cities.[129] It was joined by Hull in 2012 and Boston in 2016.[130]

#### New Hanseatic League

In February 2018, a new small group of EU countries formed a monetary and economic working group called the New Hanseatic League. Finance ministers from Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, the Netherlands and Sweden signed its foundational document which set out the countries' "shared views and values in the discussion on the architecture of the EMU".[131]

### Others

The legacy of the Hansa is reflected in several names: the German airline Lufthansa (lit. "Air Hansa"); F.C. Hansa Rostock, nickamed the Kogge or Hansa-Kogge; Hansa-Park, one of the biggest theme parks in Germany; Hanze University of Applied Sciences in Groningen, Netherlands; Hanze oil production platform, Netherlands; the Hansa Brewery in Bergen and the Hanse Sail in Rostock; Hanseatic Trade Center in Hamburg; DDG Hansa, which was a major German shipping company from 1881 until its bankruptcy and takeover by Hapag-Lloyd in 1980; the district of New Hanza City in Riga, Latvia; and Hansabank in Estonia, which was rebranded as Swedbank.

## Historical maps

* Europe in 1097

* Europe in 1430

* Europe in 1470

* Carta marina of the Baltic Sea region (1539)

## In popular culture

* In the Patrician series of trading simulation video games, the player assumes the role of a merchant in any of several cities of the Hanseatic League.[132]
* In the Saga of Seven Suns series of space opera novels by American writer Kevin J. Anderson, the human race has colonized multiple planets in the Spiral Arm, most of which are governed by the powerful Terran Hanseatic League (Hansa).[133]
* Hansa Teutonica is a German board game designed by Andreas Steding and published by Argentum Verlag in 2009.
* In the Metro franchise of post-apocalyptic novels and video games, a trading alliance of stations called The Commonwealth of the Stations of the Ring Line is also known as the Hanseatic League, usually shortened to Hansa or Hanza.

## See also

* Baltic maritime trade (c. 1400–1800)
* Bay Fleet
* Brick Gothic
* Company of Merchant Adventurers of London
* Dithmarschen
* Hanseatic Cross
* Hanseatic Days of New Time
* Hanseatic flags
* Hanseatic Museum and Schøtstuene
* Hildebrand Veckinchusen
* History of Bremen (City)
* Maritime republics
* Peasants' Republic
* Schiffskinder
* Thalassocracy

## Explanatory footnotes

1. ↑ /ˌhænsiˈætɪk/; Middle Low German: Hanse; Düdesche Hanse; Hansa; Modern German: Deutsche Hanse; Dutch: Hanze; Latin: Hansa Teutonica.[3]
2. ↑ Een opvalled euvel betrof de gewoonte dat gezanten, die voor hen nadelige afspraken niet konden accepteren, vroegtijdig de Hanzedag verlieten. Op deze wijze hoopten zij niet in de notulen, de zogenaamde Hanzerecessen, te worden opgenomen. Het verschafte de stadsbesturen vervolgens de mogelijkheid de daarin opgenomen besluiten niet te ratificeren. [...] Opvallend is dat de Hanzedag, en ook Lübeck en de Wendische steden, niet in staat waren dit fenomeen te sanctioneren en zelfs een gedoogpolitiek ontstond. Terwijl veel historici hierin een essentiële zwakte van de Hanze zien, vat Pichierri dit op als een teken van flexibiliteit. [...] Al met al zijn dit enkele kenmerken van een organisatiestructuur die bij sociologen als een netwerk met losse bindingen te boek staat. De verbindingen tussen de verschillende leden van een dergelijke netwerk waren niet star noch daadwerkelijk verplichtend. [...] Het gebrek aan duurzame samenhand vloeide voort uit de grote autonomie van de steden zoals deze besloten lag in het zogenaamde Einungsrecht. [...] Juist doordat de Hanzevergadering vast bleef houden aan het uitgangspunt dat de gemeenschappelijke wil van alle steden afzonderlijk gerespecteerd moest worden, kon een besluit alleen op grond van algemene instemming genomen worden. [...] Volgens de principes van het Einungsrecht was echter geen enkele stad gedwongen zich aan de wil of aan de besluiten van een woordvoerder, in dit geval de Algemene Hanzedag, te onderwerpen. Aan het einde van de besluitvormingsketen was de instemming van de stedelijke gemeenschap doorslaggevend, ongeacht wat er op hogere niveaus was afgesproken. Het kwam derhalve zeer regelmatig voor dat besluiten die raadszendbode vanuit een minderheidspositie stilzwijgend moesten aanvaarden, achteraf door hun stadsbesturen werden afgewezen. A notable shortcoming concerned the custom that envoys, who could not accept arrangements that were disadvantageous for them, left the Hanseatic Day prematurely. In this way they hoped not to be included in the minutes, the so-called Hanseatic recesses. It then provided the city authorities with the option of not ratifying the decrees contained therein. [...] It is striking that the Hanseatic Day, and also Lübeck and the Wendish cities, were unable to sanction this phenomenon and even a policy of condoning arose. While many historians see this as an essential weakness of the Hanseatic League, Pichierri sees this as a sign of flexibility. [...] All in all, these are some characteristics of an organizational structure that sociologists regard as a network with loose connections. The connections between the various members of such a network were neither rigid nor actually binding. [...] The lack of sustainable cohesion arose from the great autonomy of the cities as it was implied in the so-called Einungsrecht. [...] Precisely because the Hanseatic Assembly continued to adhere to the principle that the common will of all individual cities had to be respected, a decision could only be taken on the basis of general consent. [...] According to the principles of Einungsrecht, however, no city was forced to submit to the will or to the decisions of a spokesman, in this case the General Hansedag. At the end of the decision-making chain, the agreement of the urban community was decisive, regardless of what was agreed at higher levels. It therefore happened very regularly that decisions that council messengers had to accept tacitly from a minority position were subsequently rejected by their city councils (Brand Egge).
3. ↑ The Sound here is the Øresund, the strait between the Danish island of Zealand (Sjælland) and Sweden.
4. ↑ Door de Kantoren werden er duurzame relaties met de machthebbers ter plaatse opgebouwd. Daaarnaast waren ze ook een onmisbare bron van informatie voor de Hanzesteden over de lokale politiek en handel. Bovendien waren de Kantoren plaatsen waar er controle was op de kwaliteit van goederen in de hanzeatische handel. Dit bevorderde de efficiëntie van deze handel. [...] Het midden van de veertiende eeuw wordt voor Brugge en Bergen als scharnierpunt in het ontstaan van de Kantoren gezien omdat ze toen een vastere organisatie en duidelijke regelgeving kregen. [...] Niettemin waren de Kantoren, in tegenstelling tot de Hanze als geheel, wel degelijk rechtsperonen. Als gevolg daarvan voerden ze eigen zegels, hadden ze een eigen administratie, een gemeenschappelijke kas en de machtsmiddelen om het correct naleven van de regels af te dwingen. The Kontors built lasting relationships with local ruler. In addition, they were also an indispensable source of information for the Hanseatic cities about local politics and trade. Moreover, the Kontors were places where the quality of goods in the Hanseatic trade was monitored. This promoted the efficiency of this trade. [...] The middle of the fourteenth century is seen as a pivotal point in the emergence of the Kontors for Bruges and Bergen, because they were then given a more permanent organization and clear regulations. [...] Nevertheless, unlike the Hanseatic League as a whole, the Kontors were indeed legal persons. As a result, they had their own seals, had their own administration, a common treasury and the means to enforce proper compliance with the rules (Wubs-Mrozewicz 2010).
5. ↑ Rond dezelfde tijd werden ook alle nederzettingen formeel ondergeschikt aan de beslissingen van de Hanzedag. Hun vertegenwoordigers hadden sindsdien het recht om de Hanzevergaderingen bij te wonen en voor de belangen van de Kantoren en hun kooplieden te pleiten. Ze hadden er echter geen stemrecht. Around the same time, all settlements were also formally subordinated to the decisions of the Hanseatic League. Since then their representatives had the right to attend the Hanse meetings and to advocate for the interests of the Offices and their merchants. However, they had no voting rights (Wubs-Mrozewicz 2010).

## References

1. ↑ "Die Verdrängung der mittelniederdeutschen durch die neuhochdeutsche Schriftsprache" (in de). Handbuch zur niederdeutschen Sprach – und Literaturwissenschaft. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag. 1983. pp. 119–181. ISBN 978-3-503-01645-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=QGavEQHPCqgC&pg=PA119.
2. ↑ Blank, Angelika (1 June 2008). "Die Hanse – Bündnis mit Tradition" (in de). wendland-net.de. https://wendland-net.de/post/hanse-buendnis-geschichte.
3. ↑ "Synonym-Details zu 'Deutsche Hanse · Düdesche Hanse · Hansa Teutonica (lat.)". openthesaurus. https://www.openthesaurus.de/synonyme/edit/23690.
4. ↑ Seebold, Elmar (2008) (in de). Chronologisches Wörterbuch des deutschen Wortschatzes, Vol. 2 Der Wortschatz des 9. Jahrhunderts. Walter de Gruyter. p. 388. ISBN 978-3-11-020502-2.
5. ↑ Delvaux de Fenffe, Gregor (11 March 2018). "Hanse" (in de). Planet Wissen. https://www.planet-wissen.de/geschichte/mittelalter/hanse/index.html.
6. ↑ Köbler, Gerhard (3 August 2014). "Mittelniederdeutsches Wörterbuch: H." (in de). Innsbruck: Gerhard Köbler. https://www.koeblergerhard.de/mnd/mnd_h.html.
7. ↑ Weststrate, Job (2010). Handel en transport over land en rivieren. Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum. p. 145. ISBN 978-90-8704-165-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=T5e68QReeykC&pg=PA145. in Brand & Egge 2010
8. ↑ Martin, Janet (1975). "Les Uškujniki de Novgorod: Marchands ou Pirates?" (in fr). Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique (The Hague: Mouton & Co) 16: 5–18.
9. ↑ Lukin, Pavel V. (25 August 2016). "Urban Community and Consensus: Brotherhood and Communalism in Medieval Novgorod" (in en). Imagined Communities on the Baltic Rim. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 279–306. doi:10.1017/9789048528998.011. ISBN 978-90-485-2899-8. https://doi.org/10.1017/9789048528998.011.
10. ↑ Lukin 2022, pp. 117–120.
11. ↑ Smith, Jillian R. (May 2010). Hanseatic Cogs and Baltic Trade: Interrelations Between Trade, Technology and Ecology (Thesis). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska at Lincoln. pp. 14–25\. Archived from the original on 9 May 2022. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Schulte Beerbühl, Margrit (2012). "Networks of the Hanseatic League". European History Online (Mainz: Institute of European History). http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2011121210.
13. ↑ Ewert, Ulf Christian; Sunder, Marco (2 September 2011). "Trading Networks, Monopoly and Economic Development in Medieval Northern Europe: an Agent-Based Simulation of Early Hanseatic Trade". 9th European Historical Economics Society Conference, Dublin, Ireland. Oakville, Ontario, Canada: Medievalists.net. https://www.medievalists.net/2014/02/trading-networks-monopoly-economic-development-medieval-northern-europe-agent-based-simulation-early-hanseatic-trade/. Retrieved 18 January 2023.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Hibbert, Arthur Boyd. "Hanseatic League | Definition, History, & Facts". https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hanseatic-League.
15. ↑ Rotz, Rhiman A. (1977). "The Lubeck Uprising of 1408 and the Decline of the Hanseatic League". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 121 (1): 1–45. ISSN 0003-049X. https://www.jstor.org/stable/986565. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
16. ↑ Sartorius Von Waltershausen, Georg-Friedrich-Christoph (1830). Lappenberg, J. M.. ed (in de). Urkundliche Geschichte des Ursprunges der deutschen Hanse. 2. Hamburg: Friedrich Perthes. p. 94. https://books.google.com/books?id=aUSNiCkcb9YC.
17. ↑ 17.00 17.01 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.06 17.07 17.08 17.09 17.10 17.11 17.12 17.13 17.14 Hammel-Kiesow, Rolf (27 January 2015). The Early Hansas. BRILL. pp. 15–63. ISBN 978-90-04-28476-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=sfhyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA15. Retrieved 5 January 2025. in Harreld 2015
18. ↑ Braunmüller, Kurt (2002). 135\. Language contacts in the Late Middle Ages and in Early Modern Times. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017149-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=6b7WwBC5tRAC&pg=PA1222. Retrieved 5 January 2025. Bandle et al. 2005
19. ↑ Laurén, Christer (2002). 208\. Special languages and their social and functional dimensions 1: Socially dependent varieties. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1933. ISBN 978-3-11-017149-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=6b7WwBC5tRAC&pg=PA1933. Retrieved 5 January 2025. Bandle et al. 2005
20. ↑ Soosaar, Sven-Erik (2013). "The Origins of Stems of Standard Estonian – A Statistical Overview". Trames. Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences (TRAMES) 17 (3): 273. doi:10.3176/tr.2013.3.04. https://www.kirj.ee/public/trames_pdf/2013/issue_3/Trames-2013-3-273-300.pdf. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
21. ↑ Siliņa-Piņķe, Renāte (August 2019). "Spuren des Mittelniederdeutschen in den lettischen Eigennamen" (in de). Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik (Franz Steiner Verlag) 86 (2): 229–243. doi:10.25162/ZDL-2019-0009. https://biblioscout.net/article/10.25162/ZDL-2019-0009. Retrieved 24 February 2023.
22. ↑ "The Chronicle of the Hanseatic League". http://www.european-heritage.org/germany/münster/hanseatic/cronicle-hanse.
23. ↑ Pletneva, Olga (20 December 2006). "Ancient Rus: Trade and Crafts". Moscow: Garant-InfoCentre. http://www.russia-ic.com/business_law/trade_and_crafts/331/#.XJHN2yMd_IU.
24. ↑ Wubs-Mrozewicz, Justyna (2008). Traders, ties and tensions: the interactions of Lübeckers, Overijsslers, and Hollanders in Late Medieval Bergen. Hilversum: Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 111. ISBN 978-90-8704-041-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=VrCgvOuV5U0C.
25. ↑ Lloyd, T. H. (1991). "The winning of the Hanse franchises, 1157–1361". England and the German Hanse, 1157–1611: A Study of Their Trade and Commercial Diplomacy (Revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (published 2002). p. 15. ISBN 978-0-521-52214-4. https://books.google.com/books?id=PYYdGhgzGHYC. Retrieved 2 February 2020. "[A] grant of about 1157 [...] conferred perpetual protection upon the homines et cives Colonienses. As long as they paid established dues they were to be treated as the king's men and no fresh charges would be levied on them without their consent. By this time they had some form of corporate organization with a headquarters in London [...]."
26. ↑ Huffman, Joseph P. (13 November 2003). Family, Commerce, and Religion in London and Cologne: Anglo-German Emigrants, c. 1000 – c. 1300 (revised ed.). Cambridge University Press (published 2003). ISBN 978-0-521-52193-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=aFZ9IKWhqxEC.c. 1000 –+c. 1300&rft.aulast=Huffman&rft.aufirst=Joseph+P.&rft.au=Huffman, Joseph+P.&rft.date=13+November+2003&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52193-2&rft_id=https://books.google.com/books?id=aFZ9IKWhqxEC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikibooks.org:Organization:Hanseatic_League">
27. ↑ Korpiola, Mia (2018). "18. Customary Law and the Influence of the ius commune in High and Late Medieval East Central Europe: III 'Germanisation' of East Central European Law: Towns as conduits of Reception". in Pihlajamäki, Heikki; Dubber, Markus D.; Godfrey, Mark. The Oxford Handbook of European Legal History. Oxford University Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=y2hiDwAAQBAJ.
28. ↑ Feldbrugge, Ferdinand J.M. (2017). A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. Brill. p. 230. ISBN 978-90-0435-214-8.
29. ↑ Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500. University of Washington Press. p. 328. ISBN 978-0-295-97290-9.
30. ↑ Frankot, Edda (2012). Of Laws of Ships and Shipmen: Medieval Maritime Law and its Practice in Urban Northern Europe. Edinburgh University Press. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-7486-6807-6.
31. ↑ 31.00 31.01 31.02 31.03 31.04 31.05 31.06 31.07 31.08 31.09 Brand, Hanno. De bestuurlijke slagkracht van de 'Stedenhanze'. p. 36. https://books.google.com/books?id=T5e68QReeykC&pg=PA36. in Brand & Egge 2010
32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 Jahnke, Carsten (27 January 2015). The Baltic Trade. BRILL. pp. 194–240. ISBN 978-90-04-28476-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=sfhyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA194. Retrieved 5 January 2025.
33. ↑ Braudel, Fernand (17 January 2002). Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th century (softcover). 3: The Perspective of the World. London: Phoenix Press. ISBN 978-1-84212-289-1.
34. ↑ 34.00 34.01 34.02 34.03 34.04 34.05 34.06 34.07 34.08 34.09 34.10 34.11 34.12 34.13 34.14 34.15 34.16 34.17 34.18 Looper, Bert. De Nederlandse Hanzesteden: scharnieren in de Europese economie 1250–1550. https://books.google.com/books?id=T5e68QReeykC&pg=PA108. in Brand & Egge 2010
35. ↑ 35.00 35.01 35.02 35.03 35.04 35.05 35.06 35.07 35.08 35.09 35.10 35.11 35.12 35.13 35.14 35.15 Sarnowsky, Jürgen (27 January 2015). The 'Golden Age' of the Hanseatic League. BRILL. pp. 64–100. ISBN 978-90-04-28476-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=sfhyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA64. Retrieved 5 January 2025.
36. ↑ 36.00 36.01 36.02 36.03 36.04 36.05 36.06 36.07 36.08 36.09 36.10 36.11 36.12 36.13 36.14 36.15 36.16 36.17 36.18 36.19 36.20 36.21 36.22 36.23 36.24 36.25 36.26 36.27 36.28 36.29 36.30 36.31 36.32 36.33 36.34 36.35 36.36 36.37 36.38 36.39 36.40 36.41 36.42 36.43 36.44 36.45 36.46 Burkhardt, Mike (27 January 2015). 'Kontors' and Outposts. BRILL. pp. 127–161. ISBN 978-90-04-28476-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=sfhyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA127. Retrieved 5 January 2025. in Harreld 2015
37. ↑ Weststrate, Job. Handel en transport over land en rivieren. p. 145. https://books.google.com/books?id=T5e68QReeykC&pg=PA145. in Brand & Egge 2010
38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Jahnke, Carsten. 7\. De Hanze en de Europese economie in the middeleeuwen [The Hanseatic League and the European economy in the Middle Ages]. p. 45. https://books.google.com/books?id=T5e68QReeykC&pg=PA45. in Brand & Egge 2010
39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 Heidrink, Ingo (2012). "The Business of Shipping: An Historical Perspective". in Talley, Wayne K. (in en). The Blackwell Companion to Maritime Economics (hardcover) (1st ed.). Blackwell Publishing Ltd, John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-4443-3024-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=I_Uu4_VRDXUC&pg=PA35.
40. ↑ Montgomery, John (2016). Upwave: City Dynamics and the Coming Capitalist Revival (hardcover) (reprint ed.). Abingdon-on-Thames, New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-00409-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=4MKXCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72.
41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 Hansen, Lars Ivar (2020). "The Trading Networks of the High North during the Sixteenth Century". in Berg, Sigrun Høgetveit; Bergesen, Rognald Heiseldal; Kristiansen, Roald Ernst (in English). The Protracted Reformation in the North. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110686210. https://books.google.com/books?id=Fkn2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA144.
42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 North, Michael (27 January 2015). The Hanseatic League in the Early Modern Period. BRILL. pp. 101–124. ISBN 978-90-04-28476-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=sfhyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA114. Retrieved 5 January 2025. in Harreld 2015
43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Henn, Volker. Het ontstaan van de Hanze [The coming into being of the Hanseatic League]. p. 19. https://books.google.com/books?id=T5e68QReeykC&pg=PA19. in Brand & Egge 2010
44. ↑ McKenna, Amy (2013). Denmark, Finland, and Sweden. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 186. ISBN 9781615309955. https://books.google.com/books?id=af-cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA186.
45. ↑ Ebelt, Thomas (2018). Lighthouses of Europe. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 35. ISBN 9781472958754. https://books.google.com/books?id=sZNyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35.
46. ↑ Stevenson, D. Alan (2013). The World's Lighthouses: From Ancient Times to 1820. Courier Corporation. ISBN 9780486157085. https://books.google.com/books?id=9fO7AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA24.
47. ↑ Hansen, Mogens Herman, ed (2000). "Imperial and Free Towns of the Holy Roman Empire City States in Pre-Modern Germany?". A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures. Københavns universitet, Polis centret. Copenhagen: Copenhagen Polis Centre & C.A. Reitzels Forlag. p. 305. ISBN 978-8-7787-6177-4.
48. ↑ Dollinger, P. (2000). The German Hansa. Routledge. pp. 341–343. ISBN 978-0-415-19073-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=jbompf7OyYwC&pg=PA342. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
49. ↑ Martin, Janet (2004). Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-54811-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=z0tet2-BeXcC.
50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Carsten, F. L. (1985). "The Origins of the Junkers" (in en). Essays in German History. A&C Black. ISBN 978-1-4411-3272-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=uoaxAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34.
51. ↑ Pulsiano, Phillip; Wolf, Kirsten (2019). Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia (softcover) (1st reprinted ed.). London: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-138-06302-0.
52. ↑ Stearns, Peter N; Langer, William Leonard (2001). The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-395-65237-4. https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00stea.
53. ↑ MacKay, Angus; Ditchburn, David (1997). "Late Medieval Scandinavia: Unity and Disunity". Atlas of Medieval Europe. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-12231-3. https://archive.org/details/atlasofmedievale0000unse/page/n7/mode/2up.
54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 Blumówna, Helena et al. (1965). Dąbrowski, Jan. ed (in pl). Kraków jego dzieje i sztuka: Praca zbiorowa (hardcover) (1st ed.). Warsaw: Arkady. https://catalog.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/1907431/Details. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
55. ↑ Davies, Norman (1982). God's playground. A history of Poland, Volume 1: The Origins to 1795. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-925339-5.
56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 56.4 56.5 Dollinger, Philippe (2000). The German Hansa. London & New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-19073-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=jbompf7OyYwC&pg=PA341. Retrieved 30 April 2011.
57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 Meier, Dirk (2009). Seafarers, Merchants and Pirates in the Middle ages (softcover) (Illustrated ed.). Martlesham, Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer. ISBN 978-1-84383-5-127.
58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 58.4 58.5 58.6 Wubs-Mrozewicz, Justyna (2010). De Kantoren van de Hanze: Bergen, Brugge, Londen en Nowgorod. p. 91. https://books.google.com/books?id=T5e68QReeykC&pg=PA91. in Brand & Egge 2010
59. ↑ Skantze, Margareta (2019) (in sv). Där brast ett ädelt hjärta: Kung Kristian II och hans värld. Lyckeby: Arakne Förlag AB. ISBN 978-91-9786-813-6.
60. ↑ Benders, Jeroen. De stad Groningen en de Hanze tot het eind van de zestiende eeuw. p. 184. https://books.google.com/books?id=T5e68QReeykC&pg=PA184. in Brand & Egge 2010
61. ↑ "Agreement of the Hanseatic League at Lübeck, 1557". Baltic Connections. http://www.balticconnections.net/views/exhibition/detail.cfm?mode=language&ID=18CEDA3F-D929-4A8E-E777F313AC7EB8E4.
62. ↑ 62.00 62.01 62.02 62.03 62.04 62.05 62.06 62.07 62.08 62.09 62.10 62.11 Hammel-Kiesow, Rolf. Hoe de Hanze verdween en op de drempel van de 20e naar de 21e eeuw weer opleeft. p. 191. https://books.google.com/books?id=T5e68QReeykC&pg=PA191. in Brand & Egge 2010
63. ↑ "Hanseatic Republics* – Countries – Office of the Historian". https://history.state.gov/countries/hanseatic-republics.
64. ↑ Seegers, Lu (2021). "Hanseaten und das Hanseatische im 20. Jahrhundert". in Historische Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen. Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte. 92. Wallstein Verlag. p. 189. ISBN 978-3-8353-4510-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=O22ADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA189.
65. ↑ "Alle politisch selbständigen Gemeinden mit ausgewählten Merkmalen am 30.06.2022 (2. Quartal 2022)" (in de). https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Laender-Regionen/Regionales/Gemeindeverzeichnis/Administrativ/Archiv/GVAuszugQ/AuszugGV2QAktuell.html.
66. ↑ Jahnke, Carsten (2012). Wubs-Mrozewicz, Justyna; Jenks, Stuart. eds. The Hanse in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. ISBN 978-90-0421-252-7.
67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 Hammel-Kiesow, Rolf (2008) (in de). Die Hanse. Munich: C H Beck. ISBN 978-3-406-58352-0.
68. ↑ Boestad, Tobias (2021). "Legitimizing interurban cooperation in the Middle Ages: the legal system of the Hanse". Research Handbook on International Law and Cities. Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78897-328-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=MXg8EAAAQBAJ. Retrieved 8 March 2023.
69. ↑ Northrup, Cynthia Clark, ed (2015). "Hanseatic League". Encyclopedia of World Trade: From Ancient Times to the Present. 2 (Reprint ed.). London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-7656-8058-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=LXkGCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA-. Retrieved 19 February 2018. "To facilitate trade in foreign countries, the Hansa established counters (Kontore) [...]. [...] The counters operated as the equivalent of an early stock exchange."
70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 Pfeiffer, Hermannus (2009) (in de). Seemacht Deutschland. Die Hanse, Kaiser Wilhelm II. und der neue Maritime Komplex. Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag. ISBN 978-3-86153-513-3.
71. ↑ 71.00 71.01 71.02 71.03 71.04 71.05 71.06 71.07 71.08 71.09 71.10 71.11 71.12 71.13 71.14 71.15 71.16 71.17 Mills, Jennifer (May 1998). "The Hanseatic League in the Eastern Baltic". Encyclopedia of Baltic History (group research project). Seattle, WA: University of Washington. http://depts.washington.edu/baltic/papers/hansa.html. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
72. ↑ 72.00 72.01 72.02 72.03 72.04 72.05 72.06 72.07 72.08 72.09 72.10 72.11 72.12 72.13 72.14 72.15 72.16 72.17 72.18 72.19 72.20 72.21 72.22 72.23 72.24 72.25 72.26 72.27 72.28 72.29 72.30 72.31 72.32 72.33 72.34 72.35 72.36 72.37 72.38 72.39 72.40 72.41 72.42 72.43 72.44 72.45 72.46 72.47 Falke, Dr Johannes (1863) (in de). Die Hansa als deutsche See- und Handelsmacht. Berlin: F Henschel. https://books.google.com/books?id=01NAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA62.
73. ↑ Distler, Eva-Marie (2006) (in de). Städtebünde im deutschen Spätmittelalter. Eine rechtshistorische Untersuchung zu Begriff, Verfassung und Funktion. Frankfurt: Vittorio Klostermann. ISBN 978-34-6504001-9.
74. ↑ Fritze, Konrad et al. (1985) (in de). Die Geschichte der Hanse. Berlin: Das Europäische Buch. ISBN 978-3-8843-6142-9.
75. ↑ 75.00 75.01 75.02 75.03 75.04 75.05 75.06 75.07 75.08 75.09 75.10 75.11 75.12 75.13 75.14 75.15 75.16 Natkiel, Richard; Preston, Antony (1989). Atlas of Maritime History. New York: Smithmark Publishing. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-8317-0485-8. https://archive.org/details/atlasofmaritimeh0000natk/page/33.
76. ↑ 76.00 76.01 76.02 76.03 76.04 76.05 76.06 76.07 76.08 76.09 76.10 76.11 76.12 76.13 76.14 Keating, Michael (2004). Regions and Regionalism in Europe. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8317-0485-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=6meikazgxksC.
77. ↑ Reibstein, Ernst (1956). "Das Völkerrecht der deutschen Hanse" (in de). Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht (Heidelberg: Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht) 17 (1). ISSN 0044-2348. http://www.zaoerv.de/17_1956_57/17_1956_1_a_38_92.pdf. Retrieved 30 April 2010.
78. ↑ Baker, William A. (2013). "The Technical Importance of Shipwreck Archaeology". Maritime Archaeology: A Reader of Substantive and Theoretical Contributions. Springer. ISBN 978-1-4899-0084-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=UzjoBwAAQBAJ. Retrieved 27 January 2023.
79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 Elbl, Martin Malcolm (2020). "Hulk". Trade, Travel, and Exploration in the Middle Ages: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-59094-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=-OmCfNI_SxAC.
80. ↑ Martin, C. (1990). "Hulk". God's Obvious Design: Papers for the Spanish Armada Symposium, Sligo, 1988. Tamesis Books. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-855660-00-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=5FPK5cjimbUC&pg=PA62.
81. ↑ Paine, Lincoln P. (2000). "Jesus of Lübeck". Warships of the World to 1900. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-0-395-98414-7. https://books.google.com/books?id=Xh7CSxFeK-IC&pg=PA86.
82. ↑ Kuipers, Jan J.B. (2020). De Hanze: Kooplui, koningen, steden & staten. Walburg Pers, Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 9789462495609. https://books.google.com/books?id=BCYGEAAAQBAJ.
83. ↑ 83.00 83.01 83.02 83.03 83.04 83.05 83.06 83.07 83.08 83.09 83.10 83.11 83.12 83.13 83.14 83.15 83.16 83.17 83.18 83.19 83.20 83.21 83.22 83.23 83.24 83.25 83.26 83.27 83.28 83.29 83.30 83.31 83.32 83.33 83.34 83.35 83.36 83.37 83.38 83.39 83.40 83.41 83.42 83.43 83.44 83.45 83.46 83.47 83.48 83.49 83.50 83.51 83.52 83.53 83.54 Jotischky, Andrew; Caroline Hull (2005). The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Medieval World. Penguin Books. pp. 122–23. ISBN 978-0-14-101449-4. https://archive.org/details/penguinhistorica0000joti.
84. ↑ 84.00 84.01 84.02 84.03 84.04 84.05 84.06 84.07 84.08 84.09 84.10 84.11 84.12 84.13 84.14 84.15 84.16 84.17 84.18 84.19 Holborn, Hajo (1982). A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation. Princeton University Press. pp. [1] 32, 74, 80–82. ISBN 0-691-00795-0. https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng00hajo/page/32.
85. ↑ 85.00 85.01 85.02 85.03 85.04 85.05 85.06 85.07 85.08 85.09 85.10 85.11 85.12 85.13 85.14 85.15 85.16 85.17 85.18 85.19 85.20 85.21 85.22 85.23 85.24 85.25 85.26 85.27 85.28 85.29 85.30 85.31 85.32 85.33 85.34 85.35 85.36 85.37 85.38 85.39 85.40 85.41 85.42 85.43 85.44 85.45 85.46 85.47 85.48 85.49 85.50 85.51 85.52 85.53 85.54 85.55 85.56 85.57 85.58 85.59 Dollinger, Philippe (2000). The German Hansa. Stanford University Press. pp. ix–x. ISBN 0-8047-0742-1. https://archive.org/details/germanhansa0000doll. Retrieved 15 May 2011.
86. ↑ 86.00 86.01 86.02 86.03 86.04 86.05 86.06 86.07 86.08 86.09 86.10 86.11 86.12 86.13 86.14 86.15 86.16 86.17 86.18 86.19 86.20 86.21 86.22 86.23 86.24 86.25 86.26 86.27 86.28 86.29 86.30 86.31 Barthold, Dr Friedrich Wilhelm (1862). Geschichte der Deutschen Hanse. Leipzig: TD Weigel. pp. 35 and 496–97.
87. ↑ 87.00 87.01 87.02 87.03 87.04 87.05 87.06 87.07 87.08 87.09 87.10 87.11 87.12 87.13 87.14 87.15 87.16 87.17 87.18 87.19 87.20 87.21 87.22 87.23 87.24 87.25 87.26 87.27 87.28 87.29 87.30 87.31 87.32 87.33 87.34 87.35 87.36 87.37 87.38 87.39 87.40 Schäfer, D (2010). Die deutsche Hanse. Reprint-Verlag-Leipzig. pp. 37. ISBN 978-3-8262-1933-7.
88. ↑ 88.0 88.1 88.2 88.3 88.4 88.5 88.6 Wernicke, Horst (2007). "Die Hansestädte an der Oder". in Schlögel, Karl; Halicka, Beata (in de). Oder-Odra. Blicke auf einen europäischen Strom. Lang. pp. 137–48; here p. 142. ISBN 978-3-631-56149-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=NxqZHbORC9sC&pg=PA1.
89. ↑ 89.00 89.01 89.02 89.03 89.04 89.05 89.06 89.07 89.08 89.09 89.10 89.11 89.12 89.13 Mehler, Natascha (2009). "The Perception and Interpretation of Hanseatic Material Culture in the North Atlantic: Problems and Suggestions". Journal of the North Atlantic (Special Volume 1: Archaeologies of the Early Modern North Atlantic): 89–108. http://histarch.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/ag_histarch/PDF-Dateien/Mehler/Mehler_2009_JONA.pdf.
90. ↑ "Stralsund". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2011. https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/567988/Stralsund. Retrieved 28 December 2011.
91. ↑ 91.0 91.1 91.2 91.3 91.4 91.5 Buchholz, Werner (1999) (in de). Pommern. Siedler. p. 120. ISBN 3-88680-272-8.
92. ↑ 92.0 92.1 92.2 92.3 Bedford, Neil (2008). Poland. Lonely Planet. pp. 403, 436, 452 and 476. ISBN 978-1-74104-479-9.
93. ↑ "Varför ruinerades Visby" (in sv). Goteinfo.com. http://www.guteinfo.com/?id=2337.
94. ↑ "Göttingen". Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/239864/Gottingen. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
95. ↑ Westholm, Gun. Hanseatic Sites, Routes and Monuments: A Traveler's Guide to the Past and Present. Uppsala: Gotland Centre for Baltic Studies, 1994.
96. ↑ Alma Mater. Kraków: Jagiellonian University. 2008. p. 6.
97. ↑ Carter, Francis W. (1994). Trade and urban development in Poland. An economic geography of Cracow, from its origins to 1795, Volume 20. Cambridge studies in historical geography. Cambridge University Press. pp. 70–71, 100–02. ISBN 0-521-41239-0.
98. ↑ Jelicz, Antonina (1966). Życie codzienne w średniowiecznym Krakowie: wiek XIII–XV. Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy.
99. ↑ Gilewska-Dubis, Janina (2000). Życie codzienne mieszczan wrocławskich w dobie średniowiecza. Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. p. 160.
100. ↑ Buśko, Cezary; Włodzimierz Suleja; Teresa Kulak (2001). Historia Wrocławia: Od pradziejów do końca czasów habsburskich. Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie. p. 152.
101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 Turnbull, Stephen R (2004). Crusader castles of the Teutonic Knights: The stone castles of Latvia and Estonia 1185–1560. Osprey Publishing. pp. 20, 60. ISBN 978-1-84176-712-3.
102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 102.2 102.3 102.4 102.5 102.6 102.7 Murray, Alan V. (2017). The North-Eastern Frontiers of Medieval Europe: The Expansion of Latin Christendom in the Baltic Lands. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781351884839. https://books.google.com/books?id=KgokDwAAQBAJ.
103. ↑ "History of Koknese". Koknese official website. 10 January 2011. http://www.koknese.lv/?s=4&l=eng.
104. ↑ "Collector Coin Koknese". National Bank of Latvia. http://www.bank.lv/en/money/collector-coin-koknese.
105. ↑ Könnecke, Jochen; Vladislav Rubzov (2005). Lettland. DuMont Reiseverlag. pp. 23, 26–7, 161. ISBN 978-3-7701-6386-1.
106. ↑ 106.00 106.01 106.02 106.03 106.04 106.05 106.06 106.07 106.08 106.09 106.10 106.11 106.12 106.13 106.14 106.15 106.16 106.17 106.18 106.19 106.20 106.21 106.22 106.23 106.24 106.25 106.26 106.27 106.28 106.29 106.30 106.31 106.32 Mehler, Natascha (2011). "Hansefahrer im hohen Norden". epoc (2): 16–25, particularly 20 and 21. http://histarch.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/ag_histarch/PDF-Dateien/Mehler/Mehler_2011a.pdf.
107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 107.2 107.3 107.4 107.5 107.6 107.7 ver Berkmoes, Ryan; Karla Zimmerman (2010). The Netherlands. Lonely Planet. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=MkAw1f_iSEwC&pg=PA255 255]. ISBN 978-1-74104-925-1. https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781741049251/page/255.
108. ↑ 108.00 108.01 108.02 108.03 108.04 108.05 108.06 108.07 108.08 108.09 McDonald, George (2009). Frommer's Belgium, Holland & Luxembourg, 11th Edition. Frommers. pp. [2] 134, 176, 397, 432–38. ISBN 978-0-470-38227-1. https://archive.org/details/frommersbelgiumh00geor/page/134.
109. ↑ Merriam-Webster, Inc (1997). Merriam-Webster's geographical dictionary. Merriam-Webster, Inc. pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Co_VIPIJerIC&pg=PA74 74–75]. ISBN 978-0-87779-546-9. https://archive.org/details/merriamwebstersg1998merr/page/74.
110. ↑ Miruß, Alexander (1838). Das See-Recht und die Fluß-Schifffahrt nach den Preußischen Gesetzen. Leipzig: JC Hinrichsschen Buchhandlung. p. 17. https://books.google.com/books?id=RXM7AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA17. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 111.2 111.3 Ward, Adolphus William. Collected Papers Historical, Literary, Travel and Miscellaneous. pp. 95, 391.
112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed (1911). "Hanseatic League". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
113. ↑ 113.0 113.1 113.2 113.3 113.4 Mehler, Natascha (April 2009). "HANSA: The Hanseatic Expansion in the North Atlantic". University of Vienna. http://histarch.univie.ac.at/dr-natascha-mehler-ma/projects/hansa-the-hanseatic-expansion-in-the-north-atlantic/.
114. ↑ Conybeare, John (1985). "Trade Wars: A Comparative Study of Anglo-Hanse, Franco-Italian, and Hawley-Smoot Conflicts". World Politics 38 (1): 147–172. doi:10.2307/2010354.
115. ↑ Grimwade, Patricia (2019). Ipswich: A Hanseatic Port. Ipswich: Ipswich Maritime Trust.
116. ↑ Pohle, Jürgen (December 2010). "O estabelecimento dos mercadores-banqueiros alemães em Lisboa no início do século XVI". Universidade Atlântica (Lisbon). http://repositorio-cientifico.uatlantica.pt/jspui/bitstream/10884/615/1/RepC - Comunicação «O estabelecimento dos mercadores-banqueiros alemães».pdf.
117. ↑ Mitchell, Alex. "The Old Burghs Of Aberdeen". Aberdeen Civic Society. http://aberdeencivicsociety.org.uk/whats-new/the-old-burghs-of-aberdeen/.
118. ↑ Gardiner, Mark; Natascha Mehler (2010). "The Hanseatic trading site at Gunnister Voe, Shetland". Post-Medieval Archaeology 44 (2): 347–49. http://histarch.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/ag_histarch/PDF-Dateien/Mehler/Gardiner_Mehler_2010.pdf.
119. ↑ Bjarnadóttir, Kristín (2006) (PDF), Mathematical Education in Iceland in Historical Context, Roskilde University, http://diggy.ruc.dk:8080/retrieve/9181/license.txt, retrieved 2 May 2011
120. ↑ Wild, Albert (1862). Die Niederlande: ihre Vergangenheit und Gegenwart, Volume 2. Wigand. pp. 250.
121. ↑ Dollinger, Philippe (2000). The German Hansa. Routledge. pp. 128, 352. ISBN 978-0-415-19073-2.
122. ↑ Mehler, Natascha (October 2010). "The Operation of International Trade in Iceland and Shetland (c. 1400–1700)". University of Vienna. http://histarch.univie.ac.at/dr-natascha-mehler-ma/projekte/oitis-the-operation-of-international-trade-in-iceland-and-shetland-ca-1400-1700/.
123. ↑ Walford, Cornelius (1881). "An Outline History of the Hanseatic League, More Particularly in Its Bearings upon English Commerce". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 9: 82–136. doi:10.2307/3677937. https://zenodo.org/record/2491599. Retrieved 10 January 2020. "The following cities were also connected with the League, but did not have representation in the Diet, nor responsibility: (...) Leghorn, Lisbon, London, Marseilles, Messina, Naples (...)".
124. ↑ 124.0 124.1 "Cultus.hk". http://www.cultus.hk/hist/readingsBaltic/History of the Hanseatic League.pdf.
125. ↑ Hill, Thomas (2001). "Vom öffentlichen Gebrauch der Hansegeschichte und hanseforschung im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert". in Graßmann, Antjekathrin (in German). Ausklang und Nachklang der Hanse im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. Hansische Studien. XII. Trier: Porta Alba Verlag. pp. 67–88. ISBN 3-933701-02-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=tB9oAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA67. Retrieved 5 January 2025.
126. ↑ Morris, Chris. "Hanseatic League | The first European Union?". https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/extra/A2MFANtn3Z/hanseatic_league.
127. ↑ Lelsz, Jac. (22 December 1979). "Hanze-reünie in feestvierend Zwolle" (in Dutch). Trouw. https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=ABCDDD:010825142:mpeg21:p017.
128. ↑ 128.0 128.1 128.2 "City League The HANSE". http://www.hanse.org/en/the_hansa/.
129. ↑ "King's Lynn Hanse Festival 2009". Borough Council of King's Lynn and West Norfolk. http://www.west-norfolk.gov.uk/Default.aspx?page=24618.
130. ↑ Richards, Paul (2017). "Introduction". Six Essays in Hanseatic History. Cromer: Poppyland Publishing. ISBN 978-1-909796-33-1.
131. ↑ Suutre, Siiri (6 March 2018). "Shared views and values on the architecture of the EMU". Estonian Ministry of Finance. (PDF at "Read more here"). https://www.rahandusministeerium.ee/en/news/shared-views-and-values-architecture-emu.
132. ↑ Bett, Richard (22 January 2011). "Patrician IV Review" (in en-US). PC Gamer. https://www.pcgamer.com/patrician-iv-review/. Retrieved 18 October 2020.
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## Sources

* Bandle, Oskar; Braunmüller, Kurt; Jahr, Ernst Håkon et al., eds (2005). The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages (hardcover). 2 (1st ed.). Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-1101-7149-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=6b7WwBC5tRAC.
* Brand, Hanno; Egge, Knol, eds (2010) (in nl). Koggen, kooplieden en kantoren: de Hanze, een praktisch netwerk (hardcover) (1 ed.). Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum. ISBN 978-90-8704-165-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=T5e68QReeykC. Retrieved 11 January 2023.
* Harreld, Donald J., ed (2015) (in en). A Companion to the Hanseatic League. Brill's Companions to European History. Leiden, Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-28288-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=sfhyBgAAQBAJ.
* Lukin, Pavel V. (2022). "German Merchants in Novgorod: Hospitality and Hostility, Twelfth–Fifteenth Centuries" (in en). Baltic Hospitality from the Middle Ages to the Twentieth Century: Receiving Strangers in Northeastern Europe. Springer International Publishing. pp. 117–142. ISBN 978-3-030-98527-1. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-98527-1_5.

## Further reading

* Brand, Hanno (2006). "Baltic Sea Trade: Baltic Connections". Hanse Research Center. http://www.balticconnections.net/index.cfm.
* Colvin, Ian D. (1915). The Germans in England: 1066–1598. London: The National Review Office. https://archive.org/details/germansinengland00colvuoft.
* Dollinger, Philippe; Ault, D. S.; Steinberg, S. H.; Dollinger, Philippe (2000). The German Hansa. The rise of international business. London: Routledge. pp. 341–43. ISBN 978-0-415-19073-2.
* Gade, John A. (1951). The Hanseatic Control of Norwegian Commerce During the Middle Ages. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
* Halliday, Stephen (July 2009). "The First Common Market? The Hanseatic League". History Today 59 (7): 31–37. https://www.historytoday.com/archive/first-common-market-hanseatic-league.
* Israel, Jonathan I. (1995). The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477-1806. The Oxford history of early modern Europe. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-873072-9.
* Magnusson, Lars (2000). Magnusson, Lars. ed. An Economic History of Sweden. Routledge explorations in economic history. London; New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-67596-8. https://books.google.com/books?id=iuWFAgAAQBAJ.
* Meier, Dirk (2009). Seafarers, Merchants and Pirates in the Middle Ages. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1-84383-512-7. OCLC 427612409.
* Nash, Elizabeth Gee (1995). The Hansa: Its History and Romance. New York: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 978-1-56619-867-7. https://archive.org/details/hansa0000nash.
* Nedkvitne, Arnved (2013). The German Hansa and Bergen 1100 - 1600. Quellen und Darstellungen zur Hansischen Geschichte. Köln Weimar Wien: Böhlau Verlag. ISBN 978-3-412-21682-5. https://www.hansischergeschichtsverein.de/file/qud70_volltext_hq.pdf. Retrieved 17 December 2024.
* Schulte Beerbühl, Margrit (2012). Networks of the Hanseatic League. Mainz: Institute of European History. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2011121210. Retrieved 24 January 2012.
* Thompson, James Westfall (1931). Economic and Social History of Europe in the Later Middle Ages (1300–1530). New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Company. pp. 146–79. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55855.
* Wubs-Mrozewicz, Justyna, ed (2013). The Hanse in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. The Northern world. Leiden; Boston: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-21252-7.
* Zimmern, Helen (1889). The Hansa Towns. The Story of the Nations (London ed.). T. Fisher Unwin. https://archive.org/details/hansatowns03zimmgoog.

### Historiography

* Cowan, Alexander (2010). Hanseatic League: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-980958-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=E4s5hkes75kC.
* Harrison, Gordon Scott (May 1971). "The Hanseatic League in Historical Interpretation". The Historian 33 (3): 385–397. doi:10.1111/j.1540-6563.1971.tb01514.x. ISSN 0018-2370.
* Szepesi, Istvan (June 2015). "Reflecting the Nation: The Historiography of Hanseatic Institutions". Waterloo Historical Review 7. doi:10.15353/whr.v7.33. ISSN 2369-615X.

## External links

* 29th International Hansa Days in Novgorod
* 30th International Hansa Days 2010 in Pärnu-Estonia
* Chronology of the Hanseatic League
* Hanseatic Cities in the Netherlands
* Hanseatic League Historical Re-enactors
* Hanseatic Towns Network
* Hanseatic League related sources in the German Wikisource
* Colchester: a Hanseatic port – Gresham
* The Lost Port of Sutton: Maritime trade

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