Bari language

Short description: Nilotic language spoken in South Sudan and Uganda

Bari

Barian
Karo, Kutuk
Region| South Sudan
Ethnicity| Bari people

Native speakers

| 770,000 (2017)e25

Language family

Nilo-Saharan?

* Eastern Sudanic?
* Kir–Abbaian?
* Nilotic
* Eastern Nilotic
* Bari

Dialects|

* Kakwa
* Kuku
* Mandari

Language codes
ISO 639-3| `bfa`
Glottolog| `bari1283` Barian[1]
`bari1284` Bari[2]

Bari is the Nilotic language of the Karo people, spoken over large areas of Central Equatoria state in South Sudan, across the northwest corner of Uganda, and into the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Bari is spoken by several distinct tribes: the Bari people themselves, the Pojulu, Kakwa, Nyangwara, Mundari, and Kuku. Each has its own dialect. The language is therefore sometimes called Karo or Kutuk ('mother tongue') rather than Bari.

Bari is a tone language. It has vowel harmony, subject–verb–object word order, and agglutinative verbal morphology with some suppletion. A very competent dictionary and grammar were published in the 1930s, but are very difficult to find today. More recently, a dissertation has been published on Bari tonal phonology, and another dissertation on Bari syntax is available.

## Contents

* 1 Dialects
* 2 Phonology
* 3 Orthography
* 4 References
* 4.1 General References
* 5 External links

## Dialects

Dialects are:

* Bari proper (Beri)
* Pöjulu (Pajulu, Fadjulu, Fajelu, Madi)
* Kakwa (Kakua, Kwakwak) [radio broadcasts in Uganda]
* Nyangbara (Nyangwara, Nyambara)
* Mandari (Mondari, Mundari, Chir, Kir, Shir)
* Kuku
* Nyepu (Nyefu, Nyepo, Nypho, Ngyepu)
* Ligo (Liggo)

## Phonology

Bari has a cross-height[clarification needed] vowel-harmony system.[3]

## Orthography

The Bari alphabet is used by the Bari and Kuku in South Sudan. There are four digraphs, ʼB, ʼD, ʼY and Ny, and the letter eng, Ŋ.

Bari alphabet  Uppercase  | A | B | ʼB | D | ʼD | E | G | J | I | Y | ʼY | K | L | M | N | Ŋ | Ny | O | Ö | P | R | S | T | U | W

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Lowercase  | a | b | ʼb | d | ʼd | e | g | j | i | y | ʼy | k | l | m | n | ŋ | ny | o | ö | p | r | s | t | u | w
Bari special characters  Uppercase  | Ŋ | Ö

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Lowercase  | ŋ | ö
Alternatives  | ng | o
Uppercase Unicode (hexadecimal)  | 014A  | 00D6
Lowercase Unicode (hexadecimal)  | 014B  | 00F6
Unicode Character Code Chart  | Latin Extended A  | Latin-1

## References

1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Barian". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bari1283.
2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Bari". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bari1284.
3. ↑ SIL Bibliography: Yokwe and Hall 1981

### General References

1. Bari Language, Sudan Primer: Sillabari Ko Kutuk Na Bari. The Catholic Press Institute. Juba, Sudan.
2. Owen, R.C.R. Bari grammar and vocabulary. 1908\. OCLC: 25040516
3. Spagnolo, Lorenzo M. Bari grammar. 1933\. Verona, Missioni Africane.. OCLC: 34898784
4. Yokwe, Eluzai. The tonal grammar of Bari. Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 1987.

## External links

| Bari language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

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* Kitap Kwakwaset The Book of Common Prayer in Bari (1953)
* https://web.archive.org/web/20090215100524/http://www.openroad.net.au/languages/african/

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