List of galaxies

Short description: List of some galaxies

This is one set of lists of galaxies. For even more lists, see Lists of galaxies.

Size (left) and distance (right) of a few well-known galaxies put to scale

There are an estimated 100 billion galaxies in all of the observable universe.[1] On the order of 100,000 galaxies make up the Local Supercluster, and about 51 galaxies are in the Local Group (see list of nearest galaxies for a complete list).

The first attempts at systematic catalogues of galaxies were made in the 1960s, with the Catalogue of Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies listing 29,418 galaxies and galaxy clusters, and with the Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies, a putatively complete list of galaxies with photographic magnitude above 15, listing 30,642. In the 1980s, the Lyons Groups of Galaxies listed 485 galaxy groups with 3,933 member galaxies. Galaxy Zoo is a project aiming at a more comprehensive list: launched in July 2007, it has classified over one million galaxy images from The Sloan Digital Sky Survey, The Hubble Space Telescope and the Cosmic Assembly Near-Infrared Deep Extragalactic Legacy Survey.[2]

## Contents

* 1 Named galaxies
* 2 Naked-eye galaxies
* 3 Observational firsts
* 4 Prototypes
* 5 Closest and most distant-known galaxies by type
* 5.1 Closest galaxies
* 5.2 Most distant galaxies
* 5.2.1 Timeline notes
* 6 Galaxies by brightness and power
* 7 Galaxies by mass and density
* 8 Galaxies by size
* 9 Interacting galaxies
* 9.1 Galaxy mergers
* 10 Galaxies with some other notable feature
* 11 See also
* 11.1 Lists of galaxies
* 12 Notes
* 13 References
* 14 External links

## Named galaxies

This is a list of galaxies that are well known by something other than an entry in a catalog or list, or a set of coordinates, or a systematic designation.

Image  | Galaxy  | Constellation | Origin of name  | Notes

|
|
|
|

| Alcyoneus | Lynx |  | A low-exitation, Fanaroff and Riley Class II radio galaxy, one of the largest discovered.
| Andromeda I | Andromeda | Andromeda I was named because the galaxy is in the constellation Andromeda | Andromeda I is a dwarf spheroidal galaxy (dSph) about 2.40 million light-years away in the constellation Andromeda. Andromeda I is part of the local group of galaxies and a satellite galaxy of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31). It is roughly 3.5 degrees south and slightly east of M31. As of 2005, it is the closest known dSph companion to M31 at an estimated projected distance of ~40 kpc or ~150,000 light-years.
| Andromeda Galaxy | Andromeda
| Ambartsumian's Knot  | Ursa Major | Appearance is similar to Ambartsumian's knot  | NGC 3561, also known as Arp 105, is a pair of interacting galaxies NGC 3561A and NGC 3561B within the galaxy cluster Abell 1185 in Ursa Major. It was discovered by British astronomer John Herschel on 30 March 1827.[6] Its common name is "the Guitar" and contains a small tidal dwarf galaxy known as Ambartsumian's Knot that is believed to be the remnant of the extensive tidal tail pulled out of one of the galaxies.
| Antennae Galaxies | Corvus | Two colliding galaxies[3]
| Backward Galaxy | Centaurus |
| Barnard's Galaxy |  |
| Bear Paw Galaxy | Lynx
| Black Eye Galaxy | Coma Berenices | It has a spectacular dark band of absorbing dust in front of the galaxy's bright nucleus, giving rise to its nicknames of the "Black Eye" or "Evil Eye" galaxy.[4] | Also known as "Sleeping Beauty Galaxy."
| Blinking Galaxy  | Serpens
| Bode's Galaxy | Ursa Major | Named for Johann Elert Bode who discovered this galaxy in 1774.[5] | Also known as Messier 81. The largest galaxy in the M81 Group. It harbors a supermassive black hole 70 million times the mass of the Sun.
| Butterfly Galaxies  | Virgo | Looks are similar to a butterfly.[6] |
| Cartwheel Galaxy | Sculptor
| Cigar Galaxy | Ursa Major
| Circinus Galaxy | Circinus |
| Cocoon Galaxy  | Canes Venatici |
| Coma Pinwheel Galaxy | Coma Berenices
| Comet Galaxy | Sculptor
| Condor Galaxy | Pavo | The largest known spiral galaxy, it has a diameter of over 665,300 light-years (204.0 kiloparsecs).[7] It is tidally disturbed by the smaller lenticular galaxy IC 4970.[8]
| Cosmos Redshift 7 | Sextans | The name of this galaxy is based on a Redshift (z) measurement of nearly 7 (actually, z = 6.604).[9] | Galaxy Cosmos Redshift 7 is reported to be the brightest of distant galaxies (z > 6) and to contain some of the earliest first stars (first generation; Population III) that produced the chemical elements needed for the later formation of planets and life as we know it.[9]
| Dusty Hand Galaxy  | Camelopardalis |
| Eye of God | Eridanus
| Eye of Sauron | Canes Venatici | Due to its resemblance to the Eye of Sauron from The Lord of the Rings.[10] |
| Fireworks Galaxy | Cygnus and Cepheus
| Fried Egg Galaxy  | Pegasus
| Godzilla Galaxy  | Perseus | Its extremely large size[11]
| Helix Galaxy  | Ursa Major
| Grasshopper | Lynx | Named after its appearance to a grasshopper[12] | Two colliding galaxies
| Hidden Galaxy  | Camelopardalis | The difficulty in observing this object makes it 'hidden'[13][14] though it can readily be detected even with binoculars.[15] |
| Hockey Stick Galaxies | Canes Venatici
| Hoag's Object | Serpens Caput
| Knife Edge Galaxy | Draco
| Large Magellanic Cloud | Dorado/Mensa | This is the fourth-largest galaxy in the Local Group, and forms a pair with the SMC, and from recent research, may not be part of the Milky Way system of satellites at all.[16]
| Lindsay-Shapley Ring | Volans
| Little Sombrero Galaxy | Pegasus |
| Malin 1 | Coma Berenices | Discovered and named by David Malin.[17] |
| Meathook Galaxy  | Volans | After its appearance resembling a meathook.[18]
| Medusa Merger | Ursa Major |
| Sculptor Dwarf Galaxy | Sculptor
| Mice Galaxies | Coma Berenices |
| Small Magellanic Cloud | Tucana
| Mayall's Object | Ursa Major | This is named after Nicholas Mayall, of the Lick Observatory, who discovered it.[19][20][21]
| Milky Way | Sagittarius (centre) | The galaxy containing the Sun and its Solar System, and therefore Earth.
| Needle Galaxy  | Coma Berenices
| Wolf-Lundmark-Melotte  | Cetus |
| Paramecium Galaxy | Pegasus | Named after its appearance to the organism Paramecium | It is included in the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies in the category galaxies with detached segments.
| Peekaboo Galaxy | Hydra | Galaxy, relatively nearby, is considered one of the most metal-poor ("extremely metal-poor" (XMP)), least chemically enriched, and seemingly primordial, galaxies known.[22][23]
| Pinwheel Galaxy | Ursa Major
| Porphyrion  | Draco |  |
| Porpoise Galaxy  | Hydra | Its appearance resembles a porpoise[24] | Also known as the Penguin Galaxy
| Sculptor Galaxy | Sculptor
| Skyrocket Galaxy  | Ursa Major
| Sombrero Galaxy | Virgo | Similar in appearance to a sombrero.[25] | Also known as Messier Object 104 or M104
| Southern Pinwheel Galaxy  | Hydra |
| Spider Galaxy | Boötes |
| Spiderweb Galaxy  | Hydra | Its irregular shape and continuous structure resembles a spiderweb.[26] |
| Starfish Galaxy  | Ophiuchus
| Sunflower Galaxy | Canes Venatici |
| Tadpole Galaxy | Draco | The name comes from the resemblance of the galaxy to a tadpole.[27] | This shape resulted from tidal interaction that drew out a long tidal tail.
| Topsy Turvy Galaxy  | Reticulum | The disorganized and chaotic appearance makes it look topsy turvy.[28]
| Triangulum Galaxy | Triangulum |
| UFO Galaxy  | Lynx | Named after its resemblance to a UFO.[29]
| Whale Galaxy  | Canes Venatici
| Whirlpool Galaxy | Canes Venatici |

## Naked-eye galaxies

This is a list of galaxies that are visible to the naked eye, for at the very least, keen-eyed observers in a very dark-sky environment that is high in altitude, during clear and stable weather.

Naked-eye galaxies  Galaxy  | Apparent
Magnitude  | Distance  | Constellation | Notes

|
|
|
|

Milky Way | −6.5[lower-alpha 1] | 0  | Sagittarius (centre) | This is the galaxy containing the Sun and its Solar System, and therefore Earth. Most things visible to the naked eye in the sky are part of it, including the Milky Way composing the Zone of Avoidance.[30]
Large Magellanic Cloud | 0.9  | 160 kly (49 kpc)  | Dorado/Mensa | Visible only from the southern hemisphere. It is also the brightest patch of nebulosity in the sky.[30][31][32]
Small Magellanic Cloud (NGC 292)  | 2.7  | 200 kly (61 kpc)  | Tucana | Visible only from the southern hemisphere.[30][33]
Andromeda Galaxy (M31, NGC 224)  | 3.4  | 2.5 Mly (770 kpc)  | Andromeda | Once called the Great Andromeda Nebula, it is situated in the Andromeda constellation.[30][34]
Triangulum Galaxy (M33, NGC 598)  | 5.7  | 2.9 Mly (890 kpc)  | Triangulum | Being a diffuse object, its visibility is strongly affected by even small amounts of light pollution, ranging from easily visible in direct vision in truly dark skies to a difficult averted vision object in rural/suburban skies.[35]
Centaurus A (NGC 5128)  | 6.84  | 13.7 Mly (4.2 Mpc)  | Centaurus | Centaurus A has been spotted with the naked eye by Stephen James O'Meara.[36]
Bode's Galaxy (M81, NGC 3031)  | 6.94  | 12 Mly (3.7 Mpc)  | Ursa Major | Highly experienced amateur astronomers may be able to see Messier 81 under exceptional observing conditions.[37][38][39]

* Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy is not listed, because it is not discernible as being a separate galaxy in the sky.

## Observational firsts

First  | Galaxy  | Constellation  | Year  | Notes

|
|
|
|

First spiral galaxy  | Whirlpool Galaxy | Canes Venatici | 1845  | Lord William Parsons, Earl of Rosse discovered the first spiral nebula from observing M51 (recognition of the spiral shape without the recognition of the object as outside the Milky Way).[40]
Notion of galaxy | Milky Way
& Andromeda Galaxy | Sagittarius (centre)
& Andromeda | 1923
First Seyfert galaxy | NGC 1068 (M77)  | Cetus | 1943
(1908)  | The characteristics of Seyfert galaxies were first observed in M77 in 1908; however, Seyferts were defined as a class in 1943.[41]
First radio galaxy | Cygnus A | Cygnus | 1951  | Of several items, then called radio stars, Cygnus A was identified with a distant galaxy, being the first of many radio stars to become a radio galaxy.[42][43]
First quasar | 3C 273 | Virgo | 1962
3C 48 | Triangulum | 1960
First superluminal galactic jet  | 3C 279 | Virgo | 1971
First low surface brightness galaxy | Malin 1 | Coma Berenices | 1986  | Malin 1 was the first verified LSB galaxy. LSB galaxies had been first theorized in 1976.[44]
First superluminal jet from a Seyfert  | III Zw 2 | Pisces[45] | 2000  | [46]

## Prototypes

This is a list of galaxies that became prototypes for a class of galaxies.

Prototype Galaxies  Class  | Galaxy  | Constellation | Date  | Notes

|
|
|
|

BL Lac object  | BL Lacertae (BL Lac)  | Lacerta |  | This AGN was originally catalogued as a variable star, and "stars" of its type are considered BL Lac objects.
Hoag-type Galaxy  | Hoag's Object | Serpens Caput |  | This is the prototype Hoag-type ring galaxy
Giant LSB galaxy  | Malin 1 | Coma Berenices | 1986  | [47]
FR II radio galaxy
(double-lobed radio galaxy)  | Cygnus A | Cygnus | 1951  | [48]
Starburst galaxy | Cigar Galaxy | Ursa Major |  |
Flocculent spiral galaxy | NGC 2841 | Ursa Major |  |

## Closest and most distant-known galaxies by type

Title  | Galaxy  | Constellation | Distance  | Notes

|
|
|
|

Closest galaxy  | Ursa Major III | Ursa Major | 32,600 light-years
(10 kiloparsecs)  | A proposed dwarf galaxy known as the Canis Major Overdensity may lie closer at 25,000 light-years, however its status as a galaxy is disputed.[49][50][51]
Most distant galaxy  | MoM-z14 | Sextans | z=14.44  | Existed 280 million years after the Big Bang.[52]
Closest quasar  | Markarian 231 | Ursa Major | z=0.0415
Most distant quasar  | UHZ1 | Sculptor | z=10.1  | Gravitationally lensed quasar behind Pandora's Cluster (Abell 2744). It is also the first quasar observed beyond a redshift of 10.[53][54]
Closest radio galaxy  | Centaurus A (NGC 5128, PKS 1322–427)  | Centaurus | 13.7 Mly  | [55]
Most distant radio galaxy | ILT J2336+1842 | Pegasus | z=6.6[56] | Another radio galaxy, GLEAM J0917-0012, may either lie at z=2.01 or as distant as z=8.21.[57]
Closest Seyfert galaxy  | Circinus Galaxy | Circinus | 13 Mly  | Closest undisputed Seyfert galaxy. It has been proposed that the nearby (2.05 Mly) dwarf galaxy NGC 185 may also be a Seyfert,[58] though this status has been disputed.[59]
Most distant Seyfert galaxy  | HSC 0921+0007  | Hydra | z=6.56[60]
Closest blazar  | Markarian 421 (Mrk 421, Mkn 421, PKS 1101+384, LEDA 33452)  | Ursa Major | z=0.030  | This is a BL Lac object.[61][62]
Most distant-known blazar  | Q0906+6930 | Ursa Major | z=5.47  | This is a flat spectrum radio-loud quasar-type blazar.[63][64]
Closest BL Lac object  | Centaurus A | Centaurus | 13.7 Mly  | Misaligned BL Lac nucleus.[65] Also the closest radio galaxy (see above)
Most distant BL Lac object  | FIRST J233153.20+112952.11  | Pegasus | z=6.57  | [66]
Closest LINER  |  |  |  |
Most distant LINER  |  |  | z=  |
Closest LIRG  |  |  |  |
Most distant LIRG  |  |  | z=  |
Closest ULIRG  | IC 1127 (Arp 220/APG 220)  | Serpens Caput | z=0.018  | [67]
Most distant ULIRG  |  |  | z=  |
Closest starburst galaxy  | IC 10 (UGC 192, PGC 1305)  | Cassiopeia | 750 ± 150 kpc (2,450,000 ± 489,000 ly)  | A mild starburst galaxy, this is the only such galaxy within the Local Group.[68][69]
Most distant starburst galaxy  | SPT 0243-49  | Horologium | z=5.698  | [70][71]
Most distant spiral galaxy  | Zhúlóng  | Sextans | z=5.2  | [72]
Closest jellyfish galaxy  | IC 3418 | Virgo | 17 Mpc  | [73]
Most distant jellyfish galaxy  | COSMOS2020-635829  | Sextans | z=1.156  | A candidate jellyfish galaxy.[74]

### Closest galaxies

See also: Astronomy:List of nearest galaxies

5 Closest Galaxies  Rank  | Galaxy  | Distance  | Notes

|
|
|

1  | Milky Way Galaxy  | 0  | This is the galaxy containing the Sun and its Solar System, and therefore Earth.
2  | Ursa Major III | 0.032 Mly  |
3  | Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy | 0.081 Mly  |
4  | Large Magellanic Cloud | 0.163 Mly
5  | Small Magellanic Cloud | 0.197 Mly  |

* Mly represents millions of light-years, a measure of distance.
* Distances are measured from Earth, with Earth being at zero.

Nearest Galaxies by Type  Title  | Galaxy  | Date  | Distance  | Notes

|
|
|
|

Nearest galaxy  | Milky Way | always  | 0
Nearest galaxy to the Milky Way  | Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy | 1994  | 0.070 Mly
Nearest dwarf galaxy  | Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy | 1994  | 0.070 Mly  |
Nearest major galaxy to the Milky Way  | Andromeda Galaxy | always  | 2.54 Mly
Nearest giant galaxy  | Maffei 1 | 1967  | 11 Mly
Nearest Neighboring Galaxy Title-holder  Galaxy  | Date  | Distance  | Notes

|
|
|

Ursa Major III | 2023 | 0.01 Mly  |
Sagittarius Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy | 1994–2023 | 0.026 Mly  |
Large Magellanic Cloud | antiquity–1994 | 0.163 Mly
Small Magellanic Cloud | 1913–1914 | 0.197 Mly
Andromeda Galaxy | 1923 | 2.5 Mly

* Mly represents millions of light-years, a measure of distance.
* Distances are measured from Earth, with Earth being at zero.

### Most distant galaxies

See also: Astronomy:List of the most distant astronomical objects

Most Remote Galaxies by Type  Title  | Galaxy  | Date  | Redshift[lower-alpha 2] | Notes

|
|
|
|

Most remote galaxy of any type, confirmed (spectroscopic redshift)  | MoM-z14 | 2025  | z=14.44  | As of its announcement in May 2025.[75]
Most remote quasar | UHZ1 | 2023  | z=10.3

As of its announcement in 2023.[76][77][78]

Most distant Lyman-break galaxy | MoM-z14 | 2025  | z=14.44  | [75]
Timeline of Most Remote Galaxy Record-holders[lower-alpha 3] Galaxy  | Date  | Distance
(z=Redshift)[lower-alpha 2] | Notes

|
|
|

MoM-z14 | 2025–  | z=14.44  | [75][79]
JADES-GS-z14-0  | 2024–2025 | z=14.32  | [80][75]
JADES-GS-z13-0 | 2012–2024 | z=13.20  | [80]
GN-z11 | 2016–2022 | z=11.09
EGSY8p7
(EGSY-2008532660)  | 2015–2016 | z=8.68  | This galaxy's redshift was determined by examining its Lyman-alpha emissions, which were released in August 2015.[81][82]
EGS-zs8-1 | 2015–2015 | z=7.730  | This was the most distant galaxy as of May 2015.[83][84]
Z8 GND 5296 | 2013–2015 | z=7.51
SXDF-NB1006-2 | 2012–2013 | z=7.215  | [85]
GN-108036 | 2012–2012 | z=7.213  | [86]
BDF-3299 | 2012–2013 | z=7.109  | [87]
IOK-1 | 2006–2010 | z=6.96  | This was the most remote object known at the time of discovery. In 2009, gamma ray burst GRB 090423 was discovered at z=8.2, taking the title of most distant object. The next galaxy to hold the title also succeeded GRB 090423, that being UDFy-38135539.[88][89][90]
SDF J132522.3+273520  | 2005–2006 | z=6.597  | This was the remotest object known at time of discovery.[90][91]
SDF J132418.3+271455  | 2003–2005 | z=6.578  | This was the remotest object known at time of discovery.[91][92][93][94]
HCM-6A | 2002–2003 | z=6.56  | This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. The galaxy is lensed by galaxy cluster Abell 370. This was the first galaxy, as opposed to quasar, found to exceed redshift 6. It exceeded the redshift of quasar SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0 of z=6.28[92][93][95][96][97][98]
SSA22−HCM1  | 1999–2002 | z=5.74  | This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. In 2000, the quasar SDSSp J104433.04-012502.2 was discovered at z=5.82, becoming the most remote object in the universe known. This was followed by another quasar, SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0 in 2001, the first object exceeding redshift 6, at z=6.28[99][100]
HDF 4-473.0  | 1998–1999 | z=5.60  | This was the remotest object known at the time of discovery.[100]
RD1 (0140+326 RD1)  | 1998 | z=5.34  | This was the remotest object known at time of discovery. This was the first object found beyond redshift 5.[100][101][102][103][104]
CL 1358+62 G1 & CL 1358+62 G2  | 1997–1998 | z=4.92  | These were the remotest objects known at the time of discovery. The pair of galaxies were found lensed by galaxy cluster CL1358+62 (z=0.33). This was the first time since 1964 that something other than a quasar held the record for being the most distant object in the universe. It exceeded the mark set by quasar PC 1247-3406 at z=4.897[100][102][103][105][106][107]

From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe were held by a succession of quasars.[107] That list is available at list of quasars.

8C 1435+63  | 1994–1997 | z=4.25  | This is a radio galaxy. At the time of its discovery, quasar PC 1247-3406 at z=4.73, discovered in 1991 was the most remote object known. This was the last radio galaxy to hold the title of most distant galaxy. This was the first galaxy, as opposed to quasar, that was found beyond redshift 4.[100][108][109][110]
4C 41.17 | 1990–1994 | z=3.792  | This is a radio galaxy. At the time of its discovery, quasar PC 1158+4635, discovered in 1989, was the most remote object known, at z=4.73 In 1991, quasar PC 1247-3406, became the most remote object known, at z=4.897[100][109][110][111][112]
1 Jy 0902+343 (GB6 B0902+3419, B2 0902+34)  | 1988–1990 | z=3.395  | This is a radio galaxy. At the time of discovery, quasar Q0051-279 at z=4.43, discovered in 1987, was the most remote object known. In 1989, quasar PC 1158+4635 was discovered at z=4.73, making it the most remote object known. This was the first galaxy discovered above redshift 3. It was also the first galaxy found above redshift 2.[100][112][113][114][115]
3C 256  | 1984–1988 | z=1.819  | This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar PKS 2000-330, at z=3.78, found in 1982.[100][116]
3C 241  | 1984 | z=1.617  | This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar PKS 2000-330, at z=3.78, found in 1982.[117][118]
3C 324 | 1983–1984 | z=1.206  | This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar PKS 2000-330, at z=3.78, found in 1982.[100][117][119]
3C 65  | 1982–1983 | z=1.176  | This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974. In 1982, quasar PKS 2000-330 at z=3.78 became the most remote object.
3C 368 | 1982 | z=1.132  | This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.[100]
3C 252  | 1981–1982 | z=1.105  | This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.
3C 6.1  | 1979 – | z=0.840  | This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.[100][120]
3C 318 | 1976 – | z=0.752  | This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.[100]
3C 411 | 1975 – | z=0.469  | This is a radio galaxy. At the time, the most remote object was quasar OQ172, at z=3.53, found in 1974.[100]

From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe were held by a succession of quasars.[107] That list is available at list of quasars.

3C 295 | 1960– | z=0.461  | This is a radio galaxy. This was the remotest object known at time of discovery of its redshift. This was the last non-quasar to hold the title of most distant object known until 1997. In 1964, quasar 3C 147 became the most distant object in the universe known.[100][107][121][122][123]
LEDA 25177 (MCG+01-23-008)  | 1951–1960 | z=0.2
(V=61000 km/s)  | This galaxy lies in the Hydra Supercluster. It is located at B1950.0  08h 55m 4s +03° 21′ and is the BCG of the fainter Hydra Cluster Cl 0855+0321 (ACO 732).[100][123][124][125][126][127][128][129]
LEDA 51975 (MCG+05-34-069)  | 1936– | z=0.13
(V=39000 km/s)  | The brightest cluster galaxy of the Bootes cluster (ACO 1930), an elliptical galaxy at B1950.0  14h 30m 6s +31° 46′ apparent magnitude 17.8, was found by Milton L. Humason in 1936 to have a 40,000 km/s recessional redshift velocity.[127][130][131]
LEDA 20221 (MCG+06-16-021)  | 1932 – | z=0.075
(V=23000 km/s)  | This is the BCG of the Gemini Cluster (ACO 568) and was located at B1950.0  07h 05m 0s +35° 04′[130][132]
BCG of WMH Christie's Leo Cluster  | 1931–1932 | z=
(V=19700 km/s)  | [132][133][134][135]
BCG of Baede's Ursa Major Cluster  | 1930–1931 | z=
(V=11700 km/s)  | [135][136]
NGC 4860 | 1929–1930 | z=0.026
(V=7800 km/s)  | [137][138]
NGC 7619 | 1929 | z=0.012
(V=3779 km/s)  | Using redshift measurements, NGC 7619 was the highest at the time of measurement. At the time of announcement, it was not yet accepted as a general guide to distance; however, later in the year, Edwin Hubble described redshift in relation to distance, leading to a seachange, and having this being accepted as an inferred distance.[137][139][140]
NGC 584 (Dreyer nebula 584)  | 1921–1929 | z=0.006
(V=1800 km/s)  | At the time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. However, in 1923, galaxies were generally recognized as external to the Milky Way.[127][137][139][141][142][143][144]
M104 (NGC 4594)  | 1913–1921 | z=0.004
(V=1180 km/s)  | This was the second galaxy whose redshift was determined; the first being Andromeda—which is approaching us and thus cannot have its redshift used to infer distance. Both were measured by Vesto Melvin Slipher. At this time, nebula had yet to be accepted as independent galaxies. NGC 4594 was originally measured as 1000 km/s, then refined to 1100, and then to 1180 in 1916.[137][141][144]
M81 | antiquity –
20th century[lower-alpha 4] | 11.8 Mly z=-0.10)  | This is the lower bound, as it is remotest galaxy observable with the naked eye. It is 12 million light-years away. Redshift cannot be used to infer distance, because it is moving toward us faster than cosmological expansion.
Messier 101 | 1930– |
Triangulum Galaxy | 1924–1930 |
Andromeda Galaxy | 1923–1924 |  | In 1923, Edwin Hubble measured the distance to Andromeda, and settled the question of whether or not there were galaxies, or if everything was in the Milky Way.
Small Magellanic Cloud | 1913–1923 |  | This was the first intergalactic distance measured. In 1913, Ejnar Hertzsprung measures the distance to SMC using Cepheid variables.

#### Timeline notes

* MACS0647-JD, discovered in 2012, with z=10.7, does not appear on this list because it has not been confirmed with a spectroscopic redshift.[145]
* UDFy-38135539, discovered in 2009, with z=8.6, does not appear on this list because its claimed redshift is disputed.[146] Follow-up observations have failed to replicate the cited redshift measurement. * A1689-zD1, discovered in 2008, with z=7.6, does not appear on this list because it has not been confirmed with a spectroscopic redshift.
* Abell 68 c1 and Abell 2219 c1, discovered in 2007, with z=9, do not appear on this list because they have not been confirmed.[147]
* IOK4 and IOK5, discovered in 2007, with z=7, do not appear on this list because they have not been confirmed with a spectroscopic redshift.
* STIS 123627+621755, discovered in 1999, with z=6.68, does not appear on this list because its redshift was based on an erroneous interpretation of an oxygen emission line as a hydrogen emission line.[148][149][150]

* BR1202-0725 LAE, discovered in 1998 at z=5.64 does not appear on the list because it was not definitively pinned. BR1202-0725 (QSO 1202-07) refers to a quasar that the Lyman alpha emitting galaxy is near. The quasar itself lies at z=4.6947[101][104]
* BR2237-0607 LA1 and BR2237-0607 LA2 were found at z=4.55 while investigating around the quasar BR2237-0607 in 1996. Neither of these appear on the list because they were not definitively pinned down at the time. The quasar itself lies at z=4.558[151][152]

* Two absorption dropouts in the spectrum of quasar BR 1202-07 (QSO 1202-0725, BRI 1202-0725, BRI1202-07) were found, one in early 1996, another later in 1996. Neither of these appear on the list because they were not definitively pinned down at the time. The early one was at z=4.38, the later one at z=4.687, the quasar itself lies at z=4.695[100][153][154][155][156]

* In 1986, a gravitationally lensed galaxy forming a blue arc was found lensed by galaxy cluster CL 2224-02 (C12224 in some references). However, its redshift was only determined in 1991, at z=2.237, by which time, it would no longer be the most distant galaxy known.[157][158]

* An absorption drop was discovered in 1985 in the light spectrum of quasar PKS 1614+051 at z=3.21 This does not appear on the list because it was not definitively fixed down. At the time, it was claimed to be the first non-QSO galaxy found beyond redshift 3. The quasar itself is at z=3.197[100][159]

* In 1975, 3C 123 was incorrectly determined to lie at z=0.637 (actually z=0.218).[160][161]

* From 1964 to 1997, the title of most distant object in the universe was held by a succession of quasars.[107] That list is available at list of quasars.
* In 1958, clusters Cl 0024+1654 and Cl 1447+2619 were estimated to have redshifts of z=0.29 and z=0.35, respectively. However, no galaxy was spectroscopically determined.[123]

## Galaxies by brightness and power

Title  | Galaxy  | Data  | Notes

|
|
|

Intrinsically brightest galaxy  | Baby Boom Galaxy |
Brightest galaxy to the naked eye  | Large Magellanic Cloud | Apparent magnitude 0.6
Intrinsically faintest galaxy  | Ursa Major III | Absolute magnitude +2.2
Lowest surface brightness galaxy  | Andromeda IX |  |
Most luminous galaxy  | WISE J224607.57−052635.0 |  | As of 21 May 2015, WISE-J224607.57-052635.0-20150521 is the most luminous galaxy discovered and releases 10,000 times more energy than the Milky Way galaxy, although smaller. Nearly 100 percent of the light escaping from this dusty galaxy is Infrared radiation.[162][163] (Image)
Brightest distant galaxy (z > 6)  | Cosmos Redshift 7 |

## Galaxies by mass and density

Title  | Galaxy  | Data  | Notes

|
|
|

Least massive galaxy  | Segue 2 | ~550,000 MSun
Most massive galaxy  | ESO 146-5 | 27×1012 MSun | Central galaxy in Abell 3827, 1.4 Gly distant.[164]
Most dense galaxy  | M85-HCC1 |  | This is an ultra-compact dwarf galaxy[165]
Least dense galaxy  |  |  |
Most massive spiral galaxy  | ISOHDFS 27 | 1.04×1012 MSun | The preceding most massive spiral was UGC 12591[166]
Least massive galaxy with globular cluster(s) | Andromeda I |  | [167]

## Galaxies by size

See also: Astronomy:List of largest galaxies

Title  | Galaxy  | Constellation | Diameter  | Estimation method  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

Smallest known galaxy  | Ursa Major III | Ursa Major | 3 parsecs (9.8 light-years)[168] | Half-light radius
Largest known galaxy  | ESO 383-76 | Centaurus | 540.89 kiloparsecs (1,764,000 light-years)[169][lower-alpha 5] | 90% total B-light | Central galaxy of Abell 3571[170]
Largest spiral galaxy  | NGC 6872 | Pavo | 220 kiloparsecs (718,000 light-years)  | D25.5 isophote
Largest irregular galaxy  | UGC 6697 | Leo | 62.82 kiloparsecs (205,000 light-years)  | D25 isophote
Largest lenticular galaxy  | ESO 248-6  | Eridanus | 530.62 kiloparsecs (1,731,000 light-years)  | 90% total B-light
Largest starburst galaxy  | Abell 2125 BCG  | Ursa Minor | 219.28 kiloparsecs (715,000 light-years)  | 2MASS K-band total mag  |
Largest radio galaxy  | TXS 0033+252 | Andromeda | 7,985 kiloparsecs (26,044,000 light-years)[171] |  |

## Interacting galaxies

Main article: Astronomy:Interacting galaxy

Galaxies in tidal interaction  Galaxies  | Data  | Notes

|
|

* Milky Way Galaxy
* Large Magellanic Cloud
* Small Magellanic Cloud

* Whirlpool Galaxy (NGC 5194, M51a)
* NGC 5195 (M51b)

* M81
* M82
* NGC 3077

|  | These three galaxies interact with each other and draw out tidal tails, which are dense enough to form star clusters. The bridge of gas between these galaxies is known as Arp's Loop.[172]

* NGC 6872 and IC 4970
* NGC 6872
* IC 4970

Tadpole Galaxy |
Galaxies in non-merger significant collision  Galaxies  | Data  | Notes

|
|

Arp 299 (NGC 3690 & IC 694)  |
Galaxies disrupted post significant non-merger collisions  Galaxies  | Data  | Notes

|
|

Mayall's Object |

### Galaxy mergers

Galaxies undergoing near-equal merger  Galaxies  | Data  | Notes

|
|

Antennae Galaxies (Ringtail Galaxy, NGC 4038 & NGC 4039, Arp 244)  | 2 galaxies
Eyes Galaxies (NGC 4435 & NGC 4438, Arp 120)  | 2 galaxies
Butterfly Galaxies (Siamese Twins Galaxies, NGC 4567 & NGC 4568)  | 2 galaxies
Mice Galaxies (NGC 4676, NGC 4676A & NGC 4676B, IC 819 & IC 820, Arp 242)  | 2 galaxies
NGC 520 | 2 galaxies
NGC 2207 and IC 2163 (NGC 2207 & IC 2163)  | 2 galaxies
NGC 5090 and NGC 5091 (NGC 5090 & NGC 5091)  | 2 galaxies
NGC 7318 (Arp 319, NGC 7318A & NGC 7318B)  | 2 galaxies
Four galaxies in CL0958+4702  | 4 galaxies  | These four near-equals at the core of galaxy cluster CL 0958+4702 are in the process of merging.[173]
Galaxy protocluster LBG-2377 | z=3.03  | This was announced as the most distant galaxy merger ever discovered. It is expected that this proto-cluster of galaxies will merge to form a brightest cluster galaxy, and become the core of a larger galaxy cluster.[174][175]
Galaxy protocluster SPT2349-56  | z=4.3 (14 galaxies)  | This protocluster is located at 12.4 billion light years from the Earth. Each of these galaxies are forming stars at 1000 times that of the Milky Way, nicknamed the Dusty Red Core.[176]
Recently merged galaxies of near-equals  Galaxy  | Data  | Notes

|
|

Starfish Galaxy (NGC 6240, IC 4625)  |
Galaxies undergoing disintegration by cannibalization  Disintegrating Galaxy  | Consuming Galaxy  | Notes

|
|

Canis Major Dwarf Galaxy  | Milky Way Galaxy
Virgo Stellar Stream | Milky Way Galaxy
Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy  | Milky Way Galaxy
Objects considered destroyed galaxies  Defunct Galaxy  | Destroyer  | Notes

|
|

Omega Centauri | Milky Way Galaxy  | This is now categorized a globular cluster of the Milky Way. However, it is considered the core of a dwarf galaxy that the Milky Way cannibalized.[177]
Mayall II | Andromeda Galaxy
Gaia Sausage | Milky Way Galaxy

## Galaxies with some other notable feature

Galaxy name  | Distance  | Constellation  | Property  | Notes

|
|
|
|

SDSS J081421.68+522410 |  | Lynx | Giant radio lobes  | Also termed Alcyoneus. Its radio lobes are some of the largest known structure made by a single galaxy.[178]
M87 |  | Virgo | [clarification needed] | This is the central galaxy of the Virgo Cluster, the central cluster of the Local Supercluster[179] It contains the first black hole ever imaged, in April 2019, by the Event Horizon Telescope. |-  | M102 |  | Draco (Ursa Major)  | [clarification needed] | This galaxy cannot be definitively identified, with the most likely candidate being NGC 5866, and a good chance of it being a misidentification of M101. Other candidates have also been suggested.
NGC 2770 |  | Lynx | "Supernova Factory"  | NGC 2770 is referred to as the "Supernova Factory" due to three recent supernovae occurring within it.
Arp 122  |  |  | [clarification needed] | Arp 122 is a collision of NGC 6040 and PGC 56942 or NGC 6039.
NGC 3314 (NGC 3314a and NGC 3314b)  |  | Hydra | exact visual alignment  | This is a pair of spiral galaxies, one superimposed on another, at two separate and distinct ranges, and unrelated to each other. It is a rare chance visual alignment.
ESO 137-001 |  | Triangulum Australe | "tail" feature  | Lying in the galaxy cluster Abell 3627, this galaxy is being stripped of its gas by the pressure of the intracluster medium (ICM), due to its high speed traversal through the cluster, and is leaving a high density tail with large amounts of star formation. The tail features the largest amount of star formation outside of a galaxy seen so far. The galaxy has the appearance of a comet, with the head being the galaxy, and a tail of gas and stars.[180][181][182][183]
Comet Galaxy |  | Sculptor | interacting with a galaxy cluster  | Lying in galaxy cluster Abell 2667, this spiral galaxy is being tidally stripped of stars and gas through its high speed traversal through the cluster, having the appearance of a comet.
4C +37.11 | 230 Mpc  |  Perseus | Least separation between binary central black holes, at 24 ly (7.4 pc)  | OJ 287 has an inferred pair with a 12-year orbital period, and thus would be much closer than 4C 37.11's pair.
SDSS J150636.30+540220.9
15h 06m 36.30s+54° 02′ 20.9″
("SDSS J1506+54")  | z = 0.608  | Boötes | Most efficient star production  | Most extreme example in the list of moderate-redshift galaxies with the highest density starbursts yet observed found in the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer data (Diamond-Stanic et al. 2012).[184]
Cosmos Redshift 7 | z = 6.604  | Sextans | Brightest distant galaxy (z > 6, 12.9 billion light-years)  | Galaxy Cosmos Redshift 7 is reported to be the brightest of distant galaxies (z > 6) and to contain some of the earliest first stars (first generation; Population III) that produced the chemical elements needed for the later formation of planets and life as we know it.[9][185]
RUBIES-UDS-QG-z7  | z = 7.29  | Cetus  | Earliest known massive quiescent galaxy  | This galaxy is reported to be the most distant and therefore earliest (700 million years after the Big Bang) massive galaxy where star formation stopped, contrary to expectations based on current models of galaxy formation.[186]
AMORE6  | z = 5.725  | Sculptor | Most pristine galaxy  | This galaxy is reported to be very metal poor, with the oxygen abundance of 12+log(O/H) < 5.8 (2 sigma), or <0.12% of Solar abundance, measured via JWST spectroscopy. This metallicity measurement is the lowest in the literature, making it the most pristine galaxy to date.[187]
Galaxies (left/top, right/bottom): NGC 7541, NGC 3021, NGC 5643, NGC 3254, NGC 3147, NGC 105, NGC 2608, NGC 3583, NGC 3147, MRK 1337, NGC 5861, NGC 2525, NGC 1015, UGC 9391, NGC 691, NGC 7678, NGC 2442, NGC 5468, NGC 5917, NGC 4639, NGC 3972, The Antennae Galaxies, NGC 5584, M106, NGC 7250, NGC 3370, NGC 5728, NGC 4424, NGC 1559, NGC 3982, NGC 1448, NGC 4680, M101, NGC 1365, NGC 7329, NGC 3447

## See also

* Infinity galaxy - First galaxy to show evidence of formation of supermassive black holes, through the direct collapse mechanism.
* Blueberry galaxy \- Small and very active galaxies.
* Galaxy
* Galaxy groups and clusters
* Illustris project
* List of galaxy groups and clusters
* List of galaxy superclusters
* Lists of astronomical objects
* Local Group
* Milky Way Galaxy
* Supercluster
* Virgo Supercluster

### Lists of galaxies

Main article: Astronomy:Lists of galaxies

* Local Group
* List of largest galaxies
* List of nearest galaxies
* List of polar-ring galaxies
* List of spiral galaxies
* List of ring galaxies
* List of quasars

## Notes

1. ↑ Excluding the Sun. Using the formula for addition of apparent magnitudes, the added magnitudes of all stars in the Milky Way but the Sun (−6.50) and the Sun (−26.74) differs from the apparent magnitude of just the sun by less than 10^-8.[188]
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion.
3. ↑ quasars and other AGN are not included on this list, since they are only galactic cores, unless the host galaxy was observed when it was most distant.
4. ↑ antiquity – 1913 (based on redshift); antiquity – 1930 (based on Cepheids)
5. ↑ The quick-look major axis physical diameter given by NED of 273.77 kiloparsecs (893,000 light-years) was based on an earlier distance estimate of 128 megaparsecs (417.5 million light-years). The quoted diameter in this infobox was based on NED's provided scale "Virgo \+ GA \+ Shapley" of 973 pc/arcsec multiplied with the given angular diameter of 555.90 arcsec.

## References

1. ↑ How Many Galaxies Are There? Astronomers Are Revealing the Enormity of the Universe
2. ↑ Simmons, B.D. (2014). "Galaxy Zoo: CANDELS barred discs and bar fractions". MNRAS 445 (4): 3466–3474. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu1817. Bibcode: 2014MNRAS.445.3466S.
3. ↑ O'Meara, Stephen James (2002). The Caldwell Objects. Cambridge University Press. pp. 240–43. ISBN 978-0-521-82796-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=3Hg6YHgx9nAC&pg=PA242.
4. ↑ Rubin, Vera C. (January 1994). "Kinematics of NGC 4826: A sleeping beauty galaxy, not an evil eye". The Astronomical Journal 107: 173. doi:10.1086/116842. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 1994AJ....107..173R.
5. ↑ Jones, K. G. (1991). Messier's Nebulae and Star Clusters (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-37079-0.
6. ↑ "NASA to Reexamine Nicknames for Cosmic Objects - NASA". 5 August 2020. https://www.nasa.gov/solar-system/nasa-to-reexamine-nicknames-for-cosmic-objects/.
7. ↑ "Detailed Information for Object NGC 6872". NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database. http://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/cgi-bin/objsearch?search_type=Obj_id&objid=56033.
8. ↑ Eufrasio, Rafael T.; de Mello, Duília F.; Urrutia-Viscarra, Fernanda; Mendes de Oliveira, Claudia; Dwek, Eli (March 2013). "When the Largest Spiral is Formed". Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 292: 328. doi:10.1017/S1743921313001543. Bibcode: 2013IAUS..292..328E.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Sobral, David; Matthee, Jorryt; Darvish, Behnam; Schaerer, Daniel; Mobasher, Bahram; Röttgering, Huub J. A.; Santos, Sérgio; Hemmati, Shoubaneh (4 June 2015). "Evidence For POPIII-Like Stellar Populations in the Most Luminous LYMAN-α Emitters at the Epoch Of Re-Ionisation: Spectroscopic Confirmation". The Astrophysical Journal 808 (2): 139. doi:10.1088/0004-637x/808/2/139. Bibcode: 2015ApJ...808..139S.
10. ↑ Chandra X-ray Observatory (10 March 2011). "NGC 4151: An Active Black Hole in the "Eye of Sauron"". Chandra X-ray Center. http://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2011/n4151/.
11. ↑ "NASA's Hubble Surveys Gigantic Galaxy | NASA". 2 January 2020. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2020/nasas-hubble-surveys-gigantic-galaxy.
12. ↑ information@eso.org. "UGC 4881" (in en). https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/heic0810bq/.
13. ↑ "Hubble's Hidden Galaxy". https://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1727a/.
14. ↑ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for IC 342. http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/.
15. ↑ O'Meara, Stephen James (2002). The Caldwell Objects. Cambridge University Press. pp. 30–32. ISBN 0-933346-97-2.
16. ↑ Williams, Matt (November 2016). "What are Magellanic clouds?". https://phys.org/news/2016-11-magellanic-clouds.html.
17. ↑ Bothun, Gregory D. (February 1997). "The Ghostliest Galaxies". Scientific American 276 (2): 56–61. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0297-56. Bibcode: 1997SciAm.276b..40B.
18. ↑ Chadwick, S; Cooper, I (11 December 2012). Imaging the Southern Sky. New York: Springer. p. 263. ISBN 978-1461447498.
19. ↑ Smith, Robert T. (1941). "The Radial Velocity of a Peculiar Nebula". Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific 53 (313): 187. doi:10.1086/125301. Bibcode: 1941PASP...53..187S.
20. ↑ Burbidge, E. Margaret (1964). "The Strange Extragalactic Systems: Mayall's Object and IC 883". Astrophysical Journal 140: 1617. doi:10.1086/148070. Bibcode: 1964ApJ...140.1617B.
21. ↑ Baade, W.; Minkowski, R. (1954). "On the Identification of Radio Sources". Astrophysical Journal 119: 215. doi:10.1086/145813. Bibcode: 1954ApJ...119..215B.
22. ↑ Karachentsev, J.D. (12 November 2022). "Peekaboo: the extremely metal poor dwarf galaxy HIPASS J1131-31". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 518 (4): 5893–5903. doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3284. https://academic.oup.com/mnras/article-abstract/518/4/5893/6825465. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
23. ↑ Villard, Ray (6 December 2022). "Peekaboo! A Tiny, Hidden Galaxy Provides A Peek Into The Past - Tucked Away In A Local Pocket Of Dark Matter, A Late-Blooming Dwarf Galaxy Looks Like iI Belongs In The Early Universe". NASA. https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/2022/news-2022-051. Retrieved 18 December 2022.
24. ↑ "Galaxy Crash Spawns Space Penguin in Hubble Telescope Photo". 20 June 2013. https://www.space.com/21658-penguin-galaxy-crash-hubble-photo.html.
25. ↑ "Famous Sombrero Galaxy Shows Surprising Side". 25 April 2012. http://www.space.com/15428-sombrero-galaxy-spitzer-photo.html.
26. ↑ "Flies in a spider's web: galaxy caught in the making" (in en). https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Flies_in_a_spider_s_web_galaxy_caught_in_the_making.
27. ↑ "The Tadpole Galaxy: Distorted Victim of Cosmic Collision" (in en). https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/2002/11/1181-Image.
28. ↑ "The Topsy-Turvy Galaxy NGC 1313". ESO. 23 November 2006. https://www.eso.org/public/images/eso0643a/.
29. ↑ "NGC 2683". SEDS. http://spider.seds.org/spider/Misc/n2683.html. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 Karen Masters (December 2003). "Curious About Astronomy: Can any galaxies be seen with the naked eye?". Ask an Astronomer. https://curious.astro.cornell.edu/question.php?number=590.
31. ↑ "Magellanic Cloud". Astronomy Knowledge Base. University of Ottawa. http://www.site.uottawa.ca:4321/astronomy/index.html#MagellanicCloud.
32. ↑ "The Large Magellanic Cloud, LMC". SEDS. http://messier.seds.org/xtra/ngc/lmc.html.
33. ↑ "The Small Magellanic Cloud, SMC". SEDS. http://messier.seds.org/xtra/ngc/smc.html.
34. ↑ "Messier 31". SEDS. http://messier.seds.org/m/m031.html.
35. ↑ John E. Bortle (February 2001). "The Bortle Dark-Sky Scale". Sky & Telescope. http://www.skyandtelescope.com/resources/darksky/3304011.html.
36. ↑ "The Revised AINTNO 100". http://astronomy-mall.com/Adventures.In.Deep.Space/aintno.htm.
37. ↑ Stephen Uitti. "Farthest Naked Eye Object". http://www.uitti.net/stephen/astro/essays/farthest_naked_eye_object.shtml.
38. ↑ "Messier 81". SEDS. http://messier.seds.org/m/m081.html.
39. ↑ S. J. O'Meara (1998). The Messier Objects. Cambridge University Press. p. 228. ISBN 978-0-521-55332-2. https://archive.org/details/messierobjectsfi00omea.
40. ↑ SEDS, Lord Rosse's drawings of M51, his "Question Mark" "Spiral Nebula"
41. ↑ SEDS, Seyfert Galaxies
42. ↑ Burbidge, G. (1999). "Baade & Minkowski's Identification of Radio Sources". Astrophysical Journal 525: 569. Bibcode: 1999ApJ...525C.569B.
43. ↑ Baade, W.; Minkowski, R. (1954). "Identification of the Radio Sources in Cassiopeia, Cygnus a, and Puppis a". The Astrophysical Journal 119: 206. doi:10.1086/145812. Bibcode: 1954ApJ...119..206B.
44. ↑ Scientific American, "The Ghostliest Galaxies", GD Bothun, Vol. 276, No. 2, February 1997, pp.40–45, Bibcode: 1997SciAm.276b..40B
45. ↑ Gonzalez-Perez, J.; Kidger, M.; Martin-Luis, F. (2001). "Optical and Near-Infrared Calibration of AGN Field Stars: An All-Sky Network of Faint Stars Calibrated on the Landolt System". The Astronomical Journal 122 (4): 2055. doi:10.1086/322129. Bibcode: 2001AJ....122.2055G.
46. ↑ Brunthaler, A. (2000). "III Zw 2, the first superluminal jet in a Seyfert galaxy". Astronomy & Astrophysics Letters 357: 45. Bibcode: 2000A&A...357L..45B.
47. ↑ Ken Crosswell, "Malin 1: A Bizarre Galaxy Gets Slightly Less So" , 22 January 2007
48. ↑ Moffet, Alan T. (1966). "The Structure of Radio Galaxies". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics 4: 145–170. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.04.090166.001045. Bibcode: 1966ARA&A...4..145M.
49. ↑ Lopez-Corredoira, M.; Moitinho, A.; Zaggia, S.; Momany, Y.; Carraro, G.; Hammersley, P. L.; Cabrera-Lavers, A.; Vazquez, R. A. (Jul 2012). "Comments on the "Monoceros" affair". arXiv:1207.2749 [astro-ph.GA].
50. ↑ Momany, Y.; Zaggia, S. R.; Bonifacio, P.; Piotto, G.; De Angeli, F.; Bedin, L. R.; Carraro, G. (July 2004). "Probing the Canis Major stellar over-density as due to the Galactic warp". Astronomy and Astrophysics 421 (2): L29. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20040183. Bibcode: 2004A&A...421L..29M.
51. ↑ Mateu, Cecilia; Vivas, A. Katherina; Zinn, Robert; Miller, Lissa R.; Abad, Carlos (2009). "No Excess of RR Lyrae Stars in the Canis Major Overdensity". The Astronomical Journal 37 (5): 4412–23. doi:10.1088/0004-6256/137/5/4412. Bibcode: 2009AJ....137.4412M.
52. ↑ Naidu, Rohan P.; et al. (2025). "A Cosmic Miracle: A Remarkably Luminous Galaxy at $z_{\rm{spec}}=14.44$ Confirmed with JWST". arXiv:2505.11263 [astro-ph.GA].
53. ↑ Bogdan (November 6, 2023). "Evidence for heavy-seed origin of early supermassive black holes from a z≈10 x-ray quasar". Nature Astronomy 8 (1): 126–133. doi:10.1038/s41550-023-02111-9. Bibcode: 2024NatAs...8..126B.
54. ↑ Ashley Strickland (November 7, 2023). "Telescopes spot the oldest and most distant black hole formed after the big bang". CNN. https://www.cnn.com/2023/11/07/world/most-distant-black-hole-webb-chandra-scn/index.html.
55. ↑ Sub-parsec-scale structure and evolution in Centaurus A Introduction ; Tue 26 November, 15:27:29 PST 1996
56. ↑ Hardcastle, M. J. (2023). "The LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey. VI. Optical identifications for the second data release". Astronomy & Astrophysics 678: A151. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347333. Bibcode: 2023A&A...678A.151H. https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023A&A...678A.151H;/abstract. Retrieved 2025-12-13.
57. ↑ Seymour, N.; Drouart, G.; Noirot, G.; Broderick, J. W.; Turner, R. J.; Shabala, S. S.; Stern, D. K.; Bellstedt, S. et al. (2022). "HST WFC3/Grism observations of the candidate ultra-high-redshift radio galaxy GLEAM J0917–0012". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia 39. doi:10.1017/pasa.2022.4. Bibcode: 2022PASA...39...16S.
58. ↑ Ho, Luis C.; Filippenko, Alexei V.; Sargent, Wallace L. W. (October 1997). "A Search for 'Dwarf' Seyfert Nuclei. III. Spectroscopic Parameters and Properties of the Host Galaxies". The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 112 (2): 315–390. doi:10.1086/313041. Bibcode: 1997ApJS..112..315H.
59. ↑ Martins, Lucimara P.; Lanfranchi, Gustavo; Goncalves, Denise R.; Magrini, Laura; Teodorescu, Ana M.; Quireza, Cintia (February 2012). "The ionization mechanism of NGC 185: How to fake a Seyfert galaxy?". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 419 (4): 3159–3166. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2011.19954.x. Bibcode: 2012MNRAS.419.3159M.
60. ↑ Wolf, J.; Nandra, K.; Salvato, M.; Buchner, J.; Onoue, M.; Liu, T.; Merloni, A.; Ciroi, S. et al. (2023). "X-ray emission from a rapidly accreting narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy at z=6.56". Astronomy & Astrophysics 669: A127. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244688. Bibcode: 2023A&A...669A.127W.
61. ↑ The 2006 Giant Flare in PKS 2155-304 and Unidentified TeV Sources
62. ↑ Julie McEnery. "Time Variability of the TeV Gamma-Ray Emission from Markarian 421". Iac.es. http://www.iac.es/blazars/mcenery.html.
63. ↑ bNet, Ablaze from afar: astronomers may have identified the most distant "blazar" yet , Sept 2004
64. ↑ Romani; David Sowards-Emmerd; Lincoln Greenhill; Peter Michelson (2004). "Q0906+6930: The Highest-Redshift Blazar". The Astrophysical Journal 610 (1): L9–L11. doi:10.1086/423201. Bibcode: 2004ApJ...610L...9R.
65. ↑ Chiaberge, M.; Capetti, A.; Celotti, A. (2024-06-30). "The BL Lac heart of Centaurus A". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 324 (4): L33–L37. doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04642.x.
66. ↑ Koptelova, Ekaterina; Hwang, Chorng-Yuan (2022). "A BL Lacertae Object at a Cosmic Age of 800 Myr". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 929 (1): L7. doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ac61e0. Bibcode: 2022ApJ...929L...7K.
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173. ↑ Richard Tresch Fienberg (9 August 2007). "Galaxy Monster Mash". http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/newsblog/9053516.html.
174. ↑ Larry O'Hanlon (9 April 2008). "Found! Oldest galaxy pile-up". http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2008/04/09/2211965.htm.
175. ↑ Cooke, Jeff; Barton, Elizabeth J.; Bullock, James S.; Stewart, Kyle R.; Wolfe, Arthur M. (2008). "A Candidate Brightest Protocluster Galaxy atz= 3.03". The Astrophysical Journal 681 (2): L57–L60. doi:10.1086/590406. Bibcode: 2008ApJ...681L..57C.
176. ↑ Michelle Starr (26 April 2018). "This Megamerger of 14 Galaxies Could Become The Most Massive Structure in Our Universe". https://www.sciencealert.com/galaxy-megamergers-in-the-early-universe-protoclusters-spt2349-56-dusty-red-core.
177. ↑ "Black hole found in Omega Centauri". United Press International. 10 April 2008. http://www.upi.com/Science_News/2008/04/10/Black_hole_found_in_Omega_Centauri/UPI-67471207850855/.
178. ↑ Oei, Martijn S. S. L.; van Weeren, Reinout J.; Hardcastle, Martin J.; Botteon, Andrea; Shimwell, Tim W.; Dabhade, Pratik; Gast, Aivin D. J. G. I. B.; Röttgering, Huub J. A. et al. (February 14, 2022). "The discovery of a radio galaxy of at least 5 Mpc". Astronomy & Astrophysics 660: A2. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142778. Bibcode: 2022A&A...660A...2O.
179. ↑ "Local Large-Scale Structure". Hayden Planetarium. 15 September 2008. http://haydenplanetarium.org/universe/duguide/exgt_local_structure.php.
180. ↑ Goldman, Stuart (28 September 2007). "New Stars in a Galaxy's Wake". Sky & Telescope. http://www.skyandtelescope.com/community/skyblog/newsblog/10003481.html.
181. ↑ "Orphan' Stars Found in Long Galaxy Tail" (Press release). NASA. 20 September 2007. Archived from the original on 4 November 2008.
182. ↑ Sun (2007). "H-alpha tail, intracluster HII regions and star-formation: ESO137-001 in Abell 3627". The Astrophysical Journal 671 (1): 190–202. doi:10.1086/522690. Bibcode: 2007ApJ...671..190S.
183. ↑ Fraser Cain (20 September 2007). "Galaxy Leaves New Stars Behind in its Death Plunge". Universe Today. http://www.universetoday.com/2007/09/20/galaxy-leaves-news-stars-behind-in-its-death-plunge/.
184. ↑ Geach, J. E. (April 2013). "A Redline Starburst: CO(2–1) Observations of an Eddington-Limited Galaxy Reveal Star Formation At Its Most Extreme". The Astrophysical Journal Letters 767 (1): L17. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/767/1/L17. Bibcode: 2013ApJ...767L..17G.
185. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `NYT-20150617`
186. ↑ Weibel, Andrea; de Graaff, Anna; Setton, David J.; Miller, Tim B.; Oesch, Pascal A.; Brammer, Gabriel; Lagos, Claudia D. P.; Whitaker, Katherine E. et al. (April 2025). "RUBIES Reveals a Massive Quiescent Galaxy at z = 7.3" (in en). The Astrophysical Journal 983 (1): 11. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/adab7a. ISSN 0004-637X. Bibcode: 2025ApJ...983...11W.
187. ↑ Morishita, Takahiro; Zhaoran, Liu; Stiavelli, Massimo; Treu, Tommaso; Bergamini, Pietro; Zhang, Yechi (July 2025). "Pristine Massive Star Formation Caught at the Break of Cosmic Dawn". arXiv:2507.10521 [astro-ph.CO].
188. ↑ "-log(100^(-x/5)+100^(-y/5))/log(100^(1/5))+26.74 where x=-26.74 and y=-6.5". http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=-log(100^(-x/5)+100^(-y/5))/log(100^(1/5))+26.74+where+x=-26.74+and+y=-6.5.

## External links

* Wolfram Research: Scientific Astronomer Documentations – Brightest Galaxies
* 1956 Catalogue of Galaxy Redshifts: Redshifts and magnitudes of extragalactic nebulae by Milton L. Humason, Nicholas U. Mayall, Allan Sandage
* 1936 Catalogue of Galaxy Redshifts: The Apparent Radial Velocities of 100 Extra-Galactic Nebulae by Milton L. Humason
* 1925 Catalogue of Galaxy Redshifts: [ ] by Vesto Slipher
* (1917) First Catalogue of Galaxy Redshifts: Nebulae by Vesto Slipher
* Interactive Map of the Visible Universe with Galaxies: Deep Space Map

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Galaxies

Morphology|

* Disc
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* Dwarf galaxy
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* cD
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* Ring
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Structure|

* Active galactic nucleus
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* Interstellar medium
* Protogalaxy
* Spiral arm
* Supermassive black hole

Active nuclei|

* Blazar
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Energetic galaxies|

* Lyman-alpha emitter
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Low activity|

* Low surface brightness
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Interaction|

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Lists|

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See also|

* Extragalactic astronomy
* Galactic astronomy
* Galactic coordinate system
* Galactic empire
* Galactic habitable zone
* Galactic magnetic fields
* Galactic orientation
* Galactic quadrant
* Galaxy color–magnitude diagram
* Galaxy formation and evolution
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