Shut-in (river)

Short description: Type of rock formation found in Ozarks streams

Johnson's Shut-Ins panorama

A shut-in is a type of rock formation found in streams in the Ozarks, comprising pools, rivulets, rapids and plunge pools. The term has an origin in Appalachia.

## Contents

* 1 Description
* 2 Etymology
* 3 Examples
* 4 See also
* 5 References

## Description

A shut-in is a rock formation that carve through a mountain ranges, causing a complex of pools, rivulets, rapids and plunge pools. They are found in streams in the Ozarks. Shut-ins are inherently confined to a narrow valley or canyon, with the river valley widening out both above and below the formation. Because the rock resists downcutting, streams typically descend at relatively steep gradient through shut-ins, with the downstream terminus of the formation often marked by a very large plunge pool. The river becomes unnavigable at shut-ins even by canoe due to the rapids and narrow channels.

## Etymology

The term has an origin in Appalachia, where it was used to refer to a narrow river gorge confined by resistant rock layers.[1]

## Examples

Johnson's Shut-Ins State Park in Missouri, with its hard rhyolite and a diabase dike that divert the Black River into many small streamlets following a complex joint system, is the most well known example.[1] More than ninety other shut–ins occur within and around the St. Francois Mountains region of southeast Missouri.[1] In southern Illinois, the Burden Falls Wilderness area includes a narrow canyon below a waterfall that is confined by a resistant sandstone layer; the gorge is referred to as a shut–in, following the Appalachian usage for the term.

## See also

* Earth:Downcutting - Process of deepening a stream channel by erosion of the bottom material

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Beveridge, T. R., Geologic Wonders and Curiosities of Missouri, Missouri Department of Natural Resources, 2nd ed. 1990, p. 39–62

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River morphology

Large-scale features|

* Drainage basin
* Drainage system (geomorphology)
* Estuary
* Strahler number (stream order)
* River valley
* River delta
* River sinuosity

Alluvial rivers|

* Anabranch
* Avulsion (river)
* Bar (river morphology)
* Braided river
* Channel pattern
* Cut bank
* Floodplain
* Meander
* Meander cutoff
* Mouth bar
* Oxbow lake
* Point bar
* Riffle
* Rapids
* Riparian zone
* River bifurcation
* River channel migration
* River mouth
* Slip-off slope
* Stream pool
* Thalweg

Bedrock river|

* Canyon
* Knickpoint
* Plunge pool

Bedforms|

* Ait
* Antidune
* Dune
* Current ripple

Regional processes|

* Aggradation
* Base level
* Degradation (geology)
* Erosion and tectonics
* River rejuvenation

Mechanics|

* Deposition (geology)
* Water erosion
* Exner equation
* Hack's law
* Helicoidal flow
* Playfair's law
* Sediment transport
* List of rivers that have reversed direction

* Category
* Portal

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