Topological degeneracy

Short description: Phenomenon in many-body quantum systems

In quantum many-body physics, topological degeneracy is a phenomenon in which the ground state of a gapped many-body Hamiltonian becomes degenerate in the limit of large system size such that the degeneracy cannot be lifted by any local perturbations.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Applications
* 2 Background
* 3 Robustness to Local Perturbations
* 4 References

## Applications

Topological degeneracy can be used to protect qubits which allows topological quantum computation.[2] It is believed that topological degeneracy implies topological order (or long-range entanglement [3]) in the ground state.[4] Many-body states with topological degeneracy are described by topological quantum field theory at low energies.

## Background

Topological degeneracy was first introduced to physically define topological order.[5] In two-dimensional space, the topological degeneracy depends on the topology of space, and the topological degeneracy on high genus Riemann surfaces encode all information on the quantum dimensions and the fusion algebra of the quasiparticles. In particular, the topological degeneracy on torus is equal to the number of quasiparticles types.

The topological degeneracy also appears in the situation with topological defects (such as vortices, dislocations, holes in 2D sample, ends of a 1D sample, etc.), where the topological degeneracy depends on the number of defects. Braiding those topological defect leads to topologically protected non-Abelian geometric phase, which can be used to perform topologically protected quantum computation.

Topological degeneracy of topological order can be defined on a closed space or an open space with gapped boundaries or gapped domain walls,[6] including both Abelian topological orders [7][8] and non-Abelian topological orders. [9] [10] The application of these types of systems for quantum computation has been proposed.[11] In certain generalized cases, one can also design the systems with topological interfaces enriched or extended by global or gauge symmetries.[12]

The topological degeneracy also appear in non-interacting fermion systems (such as p+ip superconductors[13]) with trapped defects (such as vortices). In non-interacting fermion systems, there is only one type of topological degeneracy where number of the degenerate states is given by 2Nd/2/2, where Nd is the number of the defects (such as the number of vortices). Such topological degeneracy is referred as "Majorana zero-mode" on the defects.[14] [15] In contrast, there are many types of topological degeneracy for interacting systems.[16] [17] [18] A systematic description of topological degeneracy is given by tensor category (or monoidal category) theory.

## Robustness to Local Perturbations

A defining and crucial feature of topological degeneracy is its stability against local perturbations. This means that if a system has a topologically ordered ground state with degeneracy K, adding any small, local term to its Hamiltonian will not lift this degeneracy. The ground states remain degenerate, though their energies may shift together. This robustness is protected by the finite energy gap of the system and is the fundamental reason why topological phases are considered ideal candidates for building a fault-tolerant topological quantum computer.[19]

The stability can be understood from the principle of local indistinguishability. The K degenerate ground states of a topologically ordered system on a manifold like a torus cannot be distinguished from one another by any local measurement. For instance, consider two such ground states, |Ψ₁⟩ and |Ψ₂⟩. If Ox is any operator that acts on a finite region of space near a point x (e.g., measuring a single spin), then its expectation value will be identical for both states:

⟨Ψ1|Ox|Ψ1⟩=⟨Ψ2|Ox|Ψ2⟩

More powerfully, the off-diagonal matrix elements between these distinct ground states for any local operator are zero:[20]

⟨Ψ1|Ox|Ψ2⟩=0

This mathematical property is the key to the stability. Any generic local perturbation Hpert to the original Hamiltonian H0 can be written as a sum of local operators:

H=H0+ϵV=H0+ϵ∑xOx

where ε is a small parameter controlling the strength of the perturbation. According to standard perturbation theory, a degeneracy between states |Ψ₁⟩ and |Ψ₂⟩ is lifted at first order if the matrix element ⟨Ψ₁|V|Ψ₂⟩ is non-zero. However, since V is a sum of local operators Ox, this matrix element is:

⟨Ψ1|V|Ψ2⟩=∑x⟨Ψ1|Ox|Ψ2⟩=∑x0=0

This argument holds to all orders in perturbation theory. A product of local operators is still a local operator (acting on a slightly larger, but still finite, region), and its matrix elements between the distinct ground states will also vanish. Therefore, as long as the perturbation εV is small enough that it does not close the energy gap Δ to the excited states (which contain anyonic excitations), the ground state degeneracy remains exact.[21]

Physically, the ground states encode global, topological information. For example, in the toric code on a torus, one ground state may correspond to a "string-net" configuration with no non-trivial loops, while another corresponds to a state with a string-net wrapping around a cycle of the torus. A local operator, which can only create or annihilate small, contractible loops in the string-net, cannot change one global configuration into another. To transition between |Ψ₁⟩ and |Ψ₂⟩, one must apply a non-local "loop operator" that acts on a path of spins stretching all the way around the torus. Since any physical source of noise or environmental error is overwhelmingly likely to be local, it cannot cause decoherence between the topologically protected ground states. This provides a passive error-correction mechanism, forming the basis of topological quantum computation.

## References

1. ↑ Wen, X. G.; Niu, Q. (1 April 1990). "Ground-state degeneracy of the fractional quantum Hall states in the presence of a random potential and on high-genus Riemann surfaces". Physical Review B (American Physical Society (APS)) 41 (13): 9377–9396. doi:10.1103/physrevb.41.9377. ISSN 0163-1829. PMID 9993283. Bibcode: 1990PhRvB..41.9377W. http://dao.mit.edu/~wen/pub/topWN.pdf.
2. ↑ Nayak, Chetan; Simon, Steven H.; Stern, Ady; Freedman, Michael; Das Sarma, Sankar (2008-09-12). "Non-Abelian anyons and topological quantum computation". Reviews of Modern Physics (American Physical Society (APS)) 80 (3): 1083–1159. doi:10.1103/revmodphys.80.1083. ISSN 0034-6861. Bibcode: 2008RvMP...80.1083N.
3. ↑ Chen, Xie; Gu, Zheng-Cheng; Wen, Xiao-Gang (2010-10-26). "Local unitary transformation, long-range quantum entanglement, wave function renormalization, and topological order". Physical Review B 82 (15). doi:10.1103/physrevb.82.155138. ISSN 1098-0121. Bibcode: 2010PhRvB..82o5138C.
4. ↑ Wen, X. G. (1990). "Topological Orders in Rigid States". International Journal of Modern Physics B (World Scientific Pub Co Pte Lt) 04 (2): 239–271. doi:10.1142/s0217979290000139. ISSN 0217-9792. Bibcode: 1990IJMPB...4..239W. http://dao.mit.edu/~wen/pub/topo.pdf.
5. ↑ Wen, X. G. (1 September 1989). "Vacuum degeneracy of chiral spin states in compactified space". Physical Review B (American Physical Society (APS)) 40 (10): 7387–7390. doi:10.1103/physrevb.40.7387. ISSN 0163-1829. PMID 9991152. Bibcode: 1989PhRvB..40.7387W.
6. ↑ Kitaev, Alexei; Kong, Liang (July 2012). "Models for gapped boundaries and domain walls". Commun. Math. Phys. 313 (2): 351–373. doi:10.1007/s00220-012-1500-5. ISSN 1432-0916. Bibcode: 2012CMaPh.313..351K.
7. ↑ Wang, Juven; Wen, Xiao-Gang (13 March 2015). "Boundary Degeneracy of Topological Order". Physical Review B 91 (12). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.91.125124. ISSN 2469-9969. Bibcode: 2015PhRvB..91l5124W.
8. ↑ Kapustin, Anton (19 March 2014). "Ground-state degeneracy for abelian anyons in the presence of gapped boundaries". Physical Review B (American Physical Society (APS)) 89 (12). doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.89.125307. ISSN 2469-9969. Bibcode: 2014PhRvB..89l5307K.
9. ↑ Wan, Hung; Wan, Yidun (18 February 2015). "Ground State Degeneracy of Topological Phases on Open Surfaces". Physical Review Letters 114 (7). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.076401. ISSN 1079-7114. PMID 25763964. Bibcode: 2015PhRvL.114g6401H.
10. ↑ Lan, Tian; Wang, Juven; Wen, Xiao-Gang (18 February 2015). "Gapped Domain Walls, Gapped Boundaries and Topological Degeneracy". Physical Review Letters 114 (7). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.076402. ISSN 1079-7114. PMID 25763965. Bibcode: 2015PhRvL.114g6402L.
11. ↑ Bravyi, S. B.; Kitaev, A. Yu. (1998). Quantum codes on a lattice with boundary. Bibcode: 1998quant.ph.11052B.
12. ↑ Wang, Juven; Wen, Xiao-Gang; Witten, Edward (August 2018). "Symmetric Gapped Interfaces of SPT and SET States: Systematic Constructions". Physical Review X 8 (3). doi:10.1103/PhysRevX.8.031048. ISSN 2160-3308. Bibcode: 2018PhRvX...8c1048W.
13. ↑ Read, N.; Green, Dmitry (15 April 2000). "Paired states of fermions in two dimensions with breaking of parity and time-reversal symmetries and the fractional quantum Hall effect". Physical Review B 61 (15): 10267–10297. doi:10.1103/physrevb.61.10267. ISSN 0163-1829. Bibcode: 2000PhRvB..6110267R.
14. ↑ Kitaev, A Yu (1 September 2001). "Unpaired Majorana fermions in quantum wires". Physics-Uspekhi (Uspekhi Fizicheskikh Nauk (UFN) Journal) 44 (10S): 131–136. doi:10.1070/1063-7869/44/10s/s29. ISSN 1468-4780. Bibcode: 2001PhyU...44..131K.
15. ↑ Ivanov, D. A. (8 January 2001). "Non-Abelian Statistics of Half-Quantum Vortices inp-Wave Superconductors". Physical Review Letters 86 (2): 268–271. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.86.268. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 11177808. Bibcode: 2001PhRvL..86..268I.
16. ↑ Bombin, H. (14 July 2010). "Topological Order with a Twist: Ising Anyons from an Abelian Model". Physical Review Letters 105 (3). doi:10.1103/physrevlett.105.030403. ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 20867748. Bibcode: 2010PhRvL.105c0403B.
17. ↑ Barkeshli, Maissam; Qi, Xiao-Liang (24 August 2012). "Topological Nematic States and Non-Abelian Lattice Dislocations". Physical Review X 2 (3). doi:10.1103/physrevx.2.031013. ISSN 2160-3308. Bibcode: 2012PhRvX...2c1013B.
18. ↑ You, Yi-Zhuang; Wen, Xiao-Gang (17 October 2012). "Projective non-Abelian statistics of dislocation defects in aZNrotor model". Physical Review B (American Physical Society (APS)) 86 (16): 161107(R). doi:10.1103/physrevb.86.161107. ISSN 1098-0121. Bibcode: 2012PhRvB..86p1107Y.
19. ↑ Nayak, C.; Simon, S. H.; Stern, A.; Freedman, M.; Das Sarma, S. (2008). "Non-Abelian anyons and topological quantum computation". Reviews of Modern Physics 80 (3): 1083–1159. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.80.1083. Bibcode: 2008RvMP...80.1083N.
20. ↑ Kitaev, A. Y. (2003). "Fault-tolerant quantum computation by anyons". Annals of Physics 303 (1): 2–30. doi:10.1016/S0003-4916(02)00018-0. Bibcode: 2003AnPhy.303....2K.
21. ↑ Wen, Xiao-Gang (2004). Quantum Field Theory of Many-body Systems: From the Origin of Sound to an Origin of Light and Electrons. Oxford University Press. pp. Ch. 9. ISBN 978-0-19-853094-7.

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