Pathfinder Technology Demonstrator

Mission type| Technology demonstration
Operator| NASA
Mission duration| 90 days (planned)
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft| PTD-1 → PTD-5
Spacecraft type| 6U CubeSat
Bus| Tyvak
Manufacturer| Ames Research Center and
Glenn Research Center
Launch mass| 11 kg (24 lb) [1]
Dimensions| 30 × 20 × 10 cm
Power| 65 watts
Start of mission
Launch date| 24 January 2021 (PTD-1) [2]
Rocket| Falcon 9
Launch site| CCAFS,
Contractor| SpaceX
Orbital parameters
Reference system| Geocentric orbit
Regime| Low Earth orbit
Altitude| Sun-synchronous orbit

NASA's Pathfinder Technology Demonstrator (PTD) Project is a series of tech demonstrations of technologies aboard a series of nanosatellites known as CubeSats, providing significant enhancements to the performance of these versatile spacecraft. Each of the five planned PTD missions consist of a 6-unit (6U) CubeSat with expandable solar arrays.[3]

Flight qualification and demonstration of these technologies carried aboard the PTD missions are expected to benefit future government and commercial missions. These include propulsion systems and sub-systems that stabilize and point the spacecraft to high accuracy in order to use a laser communications system capable of high-speed broadband.

The first mission, PTD-1, was scheduled for launch in December 2020 on a Falcon 9 rocket, from Cape Canaveral, as part of the ride-share ELaNa mission 35,[4] launched on January 24th, 2021, and demonstrated HYDROS-C water-based propellant system. PTD-3 launched on May 25 2022 on the SpaceX Transporter-5 rideshare and demonstrated the TBIRD infrared communication system.[5]

## Contents

* 1 Overview
* 2 Technology under assessment
* 3 PTD-1
* 3.1 HYDROS Propulsion test
* 4 PTD-2
* 5 PTD-3
* 6 PTD-4
* 7 PTD-R (PTD-5)
* 8 See also
* 9 References
* 10 External links

## Overview

The Pathfinder Technology Demonstrator (PTD) Project is led by NASA's Ames Research Center in California, in collaboration with NASA's Glenn Research Center in Ohio. The PTD project is managed and funded by NASA's Small Spacecraft Technology Program (SSTP) within the Space Technology Mission Directorate. The overall goal is to test the physics of key new technologies in order to enhance small spacecraft and make them able to reach new destinations and operate in new environments.[6][7] These technologies will be tested in low Earth orbit for potential future application in small spacecraft operating in Earth orbit or in deep space.[7] Technologies demonstrated by PTD flights may be applicable and scalable to larger spacecraft.[7]

The project plans to fly five 6U CubeSat orbital missions, coded PTD-1 through PTD-5, at 6-month intervals, each flight assessing different technologies.[8] Each mission will have a 90-day lifetime after it is released in low Earth orbit.[6] Each spacecraft will include different test payloads such as propulsion systems for orbital station-keeping, maneuvering and interplanetary transit, laser high bandwidth communications, or high precision attitude control (orientation) systems to stabilize the spacecraft and point the designated instruments with high accuracy.[6][7]

## Technology under assessment

Examples of novel systems to be tested are an electrospray thruster, water-based propulsion, and a very precise attitude control system.[6]

* BET-100 μN is a colloid thruster fabricated by Busek that was successfully flown in the ESA LISA Pathfinder mission in 2016.[9] Each thruster requires less than 6 watts of power.

* Attitude Determination and Control System (ADCS), uses Blue Canyon's Hyper-XACT ADCS. The package incorporates a star tracker, 3-4 reaction wheels, three torque rods, a magnetometer, an inertial measurement unit, and up to four Sun sensors.

* HYDROS is a hybrid chemical/electrical technology to provide propulsion using water. It uses an electrolysis cell to split water propellant into gaseous hydrogen and oxygen that are stored under pressure in separate tanks for burning in a thruster nozzle. This propulsion system is being developed by Tethers Unlimited, Inc.

* The MPS-130 engine by Aerojet Rocketdyne burns a novel ionic liquid propellant called hydroxylammonium nitrate (NH3OHNO3). It is a fuel/oxidizer blend also known as AF-M315E that is about 50% more efficient than traditional hydrazine, and is non-toxic.[6] Aerojet Rocketdyne tested this engine and fuel on a mission called Green Propellant Infusion Mission,[10] launched aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket on 25 June 2019, on a test mission called Space Test Program 2.

* The PTD project will also evaluate the commercial Globalstar communications network for low cost in-space communications for sending commands to spacecraft in low Earth orbit. Each of the five planned spacecraft will incorporate a Globalstar GSP-1720 Duplex Modem.[7][11]

## PTD-1

A Request for Proposal (RFP) NNA16574335R was issued, on 12 February 2016, for the delivery of a spaceflight qualified 6U CubeSat spacecraft to be operated by NASA for its Pathfinder Technology Demonstrator (PTD) Project to accommodate technology subsystems, hereafter referred to as the payload. One flight demonstration is planned for a low thrust propulsion system with options for four follow-on technology demonstrations. Follow‐on missions may include payloads such as higher thrust propulsion systems or payloads such as optical communications or high precision attitude determination and control systems. Request for proposal response date: 4 April 2016.[6]

The PTD-1 spacecraft is currently under development and fabrication. It will demonstrate a propulsion system with a water-based propellant obtained from electrolysis of water. While in orbit, the system separates onboard water into hydrogen and oxygen propellants by applying an electric current through the water. PTD-1 is scheduled for launch in December 2020 as part of the ride-share ELaNa mission 35 on board a Falcon 9 rocket.[4] [needs update]

PTD-1 launched January 24th 2021 on SpaceX rideshare Transporter-1 mission.

### HYDROS Propulsion test

Diagram showing the overall chemical equation.

HYDROS is a hybrid chemical/electrical technology to provide propulsion using water. It uses an electrolysis cell to split water propellant into gaseous hydrogen and oxygen that are stored under pressure in separate tanks. The system then burns the hydrogen and oxygen mix in a simple thruster nozzle to provide up to 1 Newton and a specific impulse of 258 seconds. This propulsion system is being developed by Tethers Unlimited, Inc.

In pure water, at the negatively charged cathode, a reduction reaction takes place, with electrons (e−) from the cathode being given to hydrogen cations to form hydrogen gas. The half reaction, balanced with acid, is:

Reduction at cathode: 2 H+ (Aqueous solution) + 2e− → H2 (gas)

At the positively charged anode, an oxidation reaction occurs, generating oxygen gas and giving electrons to the anode to complete the circuit:

Oxidation at anode: 2 H2O (liquid) → O2 (gas) + 4 H+ (aqueous solution) + 4e−

Overall reaction: 2 H2O (liquid) → 2 H2 (gas) + O2 (gas)

The propulsion system uses the electricity generated by the solar arrays to power the miniature water electrolysis. The demonstration will test propulsion performance through programmed changes in spacecraft velocity and altitude.

## PTD-2

PTD-2 is a 6U CubeSat technology demonstration mission to demonstrate an improved attitude determination and control system that was developed under the Tipping Point Program. The HyperXACT design will provide 5X improvement in reliability and pointing over the many state of the art systems whilst maintaining the 1/2 U form factor.[12]

| Parts of this engineering (those related to section) need to be updated. Please update this engineering to reflect recent events or newly available information. (October 2023)

|

PTD-2 was also the intended platform for a NASA demonstration of the GLOBALSTAR satellite communication modem.

PTD-2 was terminated after a mishap during integration and test of the Space Vehicle.

It was ultimately replaced by PTD-2R, also known as PTD-R. PTD-R was launched 8/16/2024 on SpaceX transporter-11, with the Lawrence Livermore National Lab developed Payload "Deep Purple". Deep Purple is a technology demonstration of a co-aligned pair of UV/SWIR telescopes.

NASA PTD SITE https://www.nasa.gov/smallspacecraft/pathfinder-technology-demonstrator/

## PTD-3

PTD-3, a 6U cubesat, launched on May 25 2022 on SpaceX's Transporter-5 rideshare mission, includes the 3U TeraByte InfraRed Delivery (TBIRD) laser communications test.[13][14] TBIRD will send data at 200 Gbps from LEO to ground stations.[15] By Dec 2022, TBIRD demonstrated 100 Gbps data transfers from a 300 mile orbit to Earth, and plans to test 200-1,000 Gbps.[16] On April 28, 2023, 200 gigabit per second (Gbps) throughput was achieved.[17]

## PTD-4

A 6U cubesat to demonstrate the Lightweight Integrated Solar Array and anTenna (LISA-T), a very high-power, low-volume deployable solar array with an integrated antenna. LISA-T is being developed by NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama. LISA-T offers lower mass and stored volume as well as a greater power per unit mass compared to current available solar array technology. As of December 2023, no launch date is set. The nanosatellite was launched along with PTD-R on SpaceX's Transporter-11 mission out of Vandenberg Space Force Base.[18][3][19] Transporter-11 launched in August 2024.

## PTD-R (PTD-5)

A 6U cubesat to demonstrate simultaneous ultraviolet and short-wave infrared optical sensing from space for the first time via two 85-mm aperture monolithic telescopes mounted side-by-side, using a new compact custom electronics module and a novel, lightweight, carbon-composite optical housing and radiator. It was launched on 16 August 2024 as part of SpaceX's Transporter-11 mission out of Vandenberg Space Force Base.[20]

## See also

* Cislunar Explorers, another spacecraft using water electrolysis to generate propellant
* World Is Not Enough, a spacecraft propulsion system using water harvested in-situ

## References

1. ↑ "Pathfinder Technology Demonstrator: Demonstrating Novel CubeSat Technologies in Low Earth Orbit". NASA. 23 April 2018. https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/ptd_factsheet_23apr2018_508.pdf. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
2. ↑ "Launch Schedule". Spaceflight Now. 8 October 2020. https://spaceflightnow.com/launch-schedule/.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Pathfinder Technology Demonstrator (PTD) - NASA" (in en-US). https://www.nasa.gov/smallspacecraft/pathfinder-technology-demonstrator/.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Upcoming ElaNa CubeSat Launches". NASA. 10 August 2020. https://www.nasa.gov/content/upcoming-elana-cubesat-launches. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
5. ↑ "Pathfinder Technology Demonstrator (PTD) - NASA" (in en-US). https://www.nasa.gov/smallspacecraft/pathfinder-technology-demonstrator/.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 "Pathfinder Technology Demonstrator, Small Satellite Conference 2016". NASA. 20-22 April 2016. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3482&context=smallsat. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 NASA's Pathfinder Technology Demonstrator Elwood F. Agasid, Roger C. Hunter, Christopher E. Baker, John Marmie, Darin Foreman. John Hanson, Mirabel Hill, Small Satellite Conference 2017, SSC17-III-02  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
8. ↑ Propulsion Technology Demonstrator. Demonstrating Novel CubeSat Technologies in low Earth orbit; NASA Technical Reports Server; Marmie, John; Martinez, Andres; Petro, Andrew; 8 August 2015; Document ID: 20150016065  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
9. ↑ Rovey, J.. "Propulsion and Energy: Electric Propulsion (Year in Review, 2009)". Aerospace America, December 2009, p. 44. http://www.aerospaceamerica.org/Documents/Aerospace America PDFs (2009)/Aerospace America_DEC2009.pdf.
10. ↑ Mohon, Lee (2013). "Technology Demonstration Missions: Green Propellant Infusion Mission (GPIM)". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/tdm/green/gpim_overview.html. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
11. ↑ Pathfinder Technology Demonstrator: GlobalStar Testing and Results. (PDF) Vanessa Kuroda Communications Subsystem Lead, 20-22 April 2016, CalPoly CubeSat Workshop
12. ↑ PTD-2
13. ↑ CubeSat set to demonstrate NASA's fastest laser link from space SpaceDaily, May 2022
14. ↑ CubeSat Set to Demonstrate NASA’s Fastest Laser Link from Space NASA, May 2022
15. ↑ Small Satellite Makes Big Impact on Optical Infusion NASA, Feb 2022
16. ↑ Communications system achieves fastest laser link from space yet
17. ↑ Tavares, Frank (2023-05-11). "NASA, Partners Achieve Fastest Space-to-Ground Laser Comms Link". http://www.nasa.gov/feature/ames/tbird-milestone.
18. ↑ "NASA Provides Update on Venture-Class Launch Services - NASA" (in en-US). 2023-12-13. https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/somd/launch-services-office/lsp/nasa-provides-update-on-venture-class-launch-services/.
19. ↑ PTD-4 (LISA-T)
20. ↑ "Who is ready for Transporter-11?". SEOPS. 25 June 2024. https://seops.space/news/who-is-ready-for-transporter-11/.

## External links

* PTD-1 NASA video at YouTube

* v
* t
* e

Orbital launches in 2021

January|

* Türksat 5A
* Q-PACE
* Passive Inspection CubeSat

February|

* Progress MS-16
* Cygnus NG-15 (STARS-EC * Maya-2 * GuaraníSat-1)
* Amazônia-1

April|

* Soyuz MS-18
* SpaceX Crew-2
* Tianhe
* Starlink 16 (60 satelites)
* Yaogan 34

May|

* Tianzhou 2

June|

* SpaceX CRS-22
* Shenzhou 12
* Progress MS-17
* Brik-II
* Starlink 17 (3 satellites)

Launches are separated by dashes ( – ), payloads by dots ( * ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ). Cubesats are smaller.
Crewed flights are bolded. Launch failures are in italics. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in brackets).

* v
* t
* e

Orbital launches in 2022

January|

* Starlink G4-5 (49 satellites)
* ION-SCV 004 (LabSat, STORK-1, STORK-2, SW1FT), Capella 7, Capella 8, ICEYE X14, ICEYE X16, USA-320, USA-321, USA-322, USA-323, DEWA SAT-1, Flock 4x × 44, Kepler × 4, Lemur-2 × 5, Nepal PQ-1
* Lemur-2 Krywe, STORK-3, TechEdSat-13, Unicorn-1, Unicorn-2 × 4
* Shiyan 13
* Starlink G4-6 (49 satellites)
* USA-324 / GSSAP-5, USA-325 / GSSAP-6
* CSG-2

February|

* USA-326
* Starlink G4-7 (49 satellites)
* Kosmos 2553 / Neitron №1
* OneWeb L13 (34 satellites)
* EOS-04 / RISAT-1A
* Progress MS-19
* Cygnus NG-17 (KITSUNE)
* Starlink G4-8 (46 satellites)
* Starlink G4-11 (50 satellites)
* Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D × 9, Jilin-1 Mofang-02A 01

March|

* GOES-18 / GOES-T
* Starlink G4-9 (47 satellites)
* Noor 2
* Starlink G4-10 (48 satellites)
* SpaceBEE × 16, SpaceBEE NZ × 4
* Yaogan 34-02
* Soyuz MS-21
* Starlink G4-12 (53 satellites)
* Meridian-M 10

April|

* ION-SCV 005 (KSF2 × 4), EnMAP, Lynk Tower 01, MP42 / Tiger-3, ÑuSat × 5, SpaceBEE × 12
* Gaofen 3-03
* Kosmos 2554 / Lotos-S1 №5
* Axiom Mission 1
* ChinaSat 6D
* USA-327 / NOSS-3 9A, NOSS-3 9B
* Starlink G4-14 (53 satellites)
* SpaceX Crew-4
* Kosmos 2555 / EO MKA №2
* Starlink G4-16 (53 satellites)
* Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D × 4, Jilin-1 Gaofen-04A

May|

* SpaceBEE × 16, SpaceBEE NZ × 8, Unicorn-2F
* Jilin-1 Kuanfu-01C, Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D × 7
* Starlink G4-17 (53 satellites)
* Tianzhou 4
* Jilin-1 Mofang-01A†
* Starlink G4-13 (53 satellites)
* Starlink G4-15 (53 satellites)
* Starlink G4-18 (53 satellites)
* Kosmos 2556 / Bars-M 3L
* Boe OFT-2
* ION-SCV 006 (SBUDNIC), SHERPA AC1, Vigoride-3, ICEYE × 5, ÑuSat × 4, Lemur-2 × 5, Platform 1, PTD-3

June|

* Progress MS-20
* Shenzhou 14
* TROPICS 02†, TROPICS 04†
* Starlink G4-19 (53 satellites)
* CMS-02 or GSAT-24
* Yaogan 35-02 (3 satellites)
* CAPSTONE

July|

* Kosmos 2557 / GLONASS-K 16L
* Starlink G4-21 (53 satellites)
* Starlink G3-1 (46 satellites)
* Tianlian II-03
* SpaceX CRS-25 (TUMnanoSAT)
* Starlink G4-22 (53 satellites)
* Starlink G3-2 (46 satellites)
* Wentian
* Starlink G4-25 (53 satellites)
* Yaogan 35-03 (3 satellites)

August|

* Kosmos 2558 / Nivelir №3
* USA-335 / RASR-4
* USA-336 / SBIRS GEO-6
* Chinese reusable experimental spacecraft
* Danuri
* EOS-02 / Microsat-2A†, AzaadiSAT†
* Starlink G4-26 (52 satellites)
* Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D × 10, Jilin-1 Hongwai-01A × 6
* Starlink G3-3 (46 satellites)
* Yaogan 35-04 (3 satellites)
* Starlink G4-27 (53 satellites)
* Starlink G4-23 (54 satellites)
* Starlink G3-4 (46 satellites)

September|

* Yaogan 33-02
* Starlink G4-20 (51 satellites)
* Yaogan 35-05 (3 satellites)
* Eutelsat Konnect VHTS
* Starlink G4-2 (34 satellites)
* ChinaSat 1E
* Starlink G4-34 (54 satellites)
* Soyuz MS-22
* KH-11 19/NROL-91
* Shiyan 14, Shiyan 15
* Starlink G4-35 (52 satellites)
* Yaogan 36-01 (3 satellites)
* Shiyan 16A, Shiyan 16B, Shiyan 17

October|

* TechEdSat-15
* SES-20, SES-21
* SpaceX Crew-5
* Starlink G4-29 (52 satellites)
* Galaxy 33, Galaxy 34
* GLONASS-K 17L
* RAISE-3†, KOSEN-2†, MAGNARO†, MITSUBA†, WASEDA-SAT-ZERO†
* Huanjing 2E
* Yaogan 36-02 (3 satellites)
* Hotbird 13F
* Starlink G4-36 (54 satellites)
* OneWeb L14 (36 satellites)
* Gonets-M × 3
* Progress MS-21
* Starlink G4-31 (53 satellites)
* Shiyan 20C
* Mengtian

November|

* LDPE-2, USA-339 / Shepherd Demonstration, USA-340, USA-341, USA-344 / USUVL
* Kosmos 2563 / EKS-6
* Hotbird 13G
* MATS
* ChinaSat 19
* Cygnus NG-18 (SpaceTuna1)
* NOAA-21, LOFTID
* Tianzhou 5
* Galaxy 31, Galaxy 32
* Yaogan 34-03
* Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D × 5
* Artemis 1 (ArgoMoon, BioSentinel, CuSP, EQUULEUS, LunaH-Map, Lunar IceCube, LunIR, Near-Earth Asteroid Scout, OMOTENASHI, Team Miles)
* Eutelsat 10B
* EOS-06 / Oceansat-3, Astrocast × 4
* SpaceX CRS-26
* Yaogan 36-03 (3 satellites)
* Kosmos 2564 / GLONASS-M 761
* Shenzhou 15
* Kosmos 2565 / Lotos-S1 №6 (Kosmos 2566)

December|

* Gaofen 5-01A
* OneWeb L15 (40 satellites)
* Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D × 7, Jilin-1 Pingtai-01A 01
* Hakuto-R Mission 1 (Rashid), Lunar Flashlight
* Shiyan 20A, Shiyan 20B
* Galaxy 35, Galaxy 36, MTG-I1
* Yaogan 36-04 (3 satellites)
* Shiyan 21
* SWOT
* O3b mPOWER 1, O3b mPOWER 2
* Starlink G4-37 (54 satellites)
* Pléiades Neo 5†, Pléiades Neo 6†
* Gaofen 11-04
* Starlink G5-1 (54 satellites)
* Shiyan 10-02
* EROS-C3

Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).

* v
* t
* e

Orbital launches in 2024

January|

* XPoSat
* Starlink G7-9 (21 satellites)
* Ovzon-3
* Starlink G6-35 (23 satellites)
* Tianmu-1 15-18
* Peregrine Mission One (Iris, Colmena × 5)
* Einstein Probe
* Tianxing-1-02
* Gravity-1 (Yunyao-1 18-20)
* IGS-Optical 8
* Starlink G7-10 (22 satellites)
* Starlink G6-37 (23 satellites)
* Tianzhou 7
* Axiom Mission 3
* Soraya
* Kinetica 1 (Taijing-1-03, Taijing-2-02, Taijing-2-04, Taijing-3-02, Taijing-4-03)
* Starlink G7-11 (22 satellites)
* Simorgh (Mahda, Keyhan-2, Hatef-1)
* Starlink G6-38 (23 satellites)
* Starlink G7-12 (22 satellites)
* Cygnus NG-20
* Lemur-2 / Skylark × 4

February|

* Geely Constellation Group 02 (11 satellites)
* Jielong 3 (DRO-L, NExSat 1, WeiHai-1-01/02, Xingshidai 18-20, Yantai-2, Zhixing 2A)
* PACE
* Kosmos 2575 / Razbeg №2
* Starlink G7-13 (22 satellites)
* SDA Tracking Layer Tranche 0 (4 satellites)
* Progress MS-26
* IM-1 (EagleCam)
* Starlink G7-14 (22 satellites)
* H3 (Vehicle Evaluation Payload-4, CE-SAT-1E, TIRSAT)
* INSAT-3DS
* ADRAS-J
* Merah Putih 2
* Starlink G7-15 (22 satellites)
* TJS-11
* Starlink G6-39 (24 satellites)
* Meteor-M No.2-4
* WHG-01
* Starlink G6-40 (23 satellites)

March|

* SpaceX Crew-8
* AEROS MH-1
* Starlink G6-41 (23 satellites)
* Starlink G6-43 (23 satellites)
* Starlink G7-17 (23 satellites)
* StriX-3
* KAIROS (CSICE Quick Response Satellite)†
* DRO-A, B
* Starship flight test 3
* Starlink G6-44 (23 satellites)
* Starlink G7-16 (20 satellites), USA-350 / Starshield, USA-351 / Starshield
* Queqiao-2, Tiandu-1, Tiandu-2
* Yunhai-2 02 (6 satellites)
* USA-352 / RASR-5
* SpaceX CRS-30
* Soyuz MS-25
* Starlink G6-42 (23 satellites)
* Starlink G6-46 (23 satellites)
* Yunhai-3 02
* Eutelsat 36D
* Starlink G6-45 (23 satellites)
* Resurs-P №4

April|

* Starlink G7-18 (22 satellites)
* Yaogan 42-01
* Starlink G6-47 (23 satellites)
* Starlink G8-1 (21 satellites)
* Acadia-4, Hawk × 6, TSAT-1A
* USA-353 / Orion 12
* Starlink G6-48 (23 satellites)
* Angara A5 (Orion)
* WSF-M 1
* Starlink G6-49 (23 satellites)
* Starlink G6-51 (23 satellites)
* Starlink G6-52 (23 satellites)
* Yaogan 42-02
* Starlink G6-53 (23 satellites)
* Shenzhou 18
* Galileo FOC FM25, Galileo FOC FM26
* Starlink G6-54 (23 satellites)

May|

* WorldView Legion 1, WorldView Legion 2
* Starlink G6-55 (23 satellites)
* Chang'e 6, ICUBE-Q
* Starlink G6-57 (23 satellites)
* Long March 6C (Haiwangxing-01, Zhixing-1C)
* Starlink G6-56 (23 satellites)
* Zhihui Tianwang 1-01A & 1-01B
* Starlink G8-2 (20 satellites)
* Shiyan 23
* Starlink G6-58 (23 satellites)
* Starlink G8-7 (20 satellites)
* Kosmos 2576 / Nivelir-L N°4
* Starlink G6-59 (23 satellites)
* Beijing-3C (4 satellites)
* Kuaizhou 11 (Chaodigui Jishu Shiyan, Lingque-3 01, Luojia 3-01, Tianyan 22)
* USA-354,...,USA-374 / Starshield × 21
* Starlink G6-62 (23 satellites)
* Starlink G6-63 (23 satellites)
* PREFIRE Mission 1
* Malligyong-1 #1†
* Starlink G6-60 (23 satellites)
* EarthCARE
* Ceres-1S (Tianqi 25-28)
* Progress MS-27
* Paksat-MM1R
* Ceres-1 (Jiguang 01 & 02, Yunyao-1 14, Yunyao-1 25-26)

June|

* Starlink G6-64 (23 satellites)
* Starlink G8-5 (20 satellites)
* PREFIRE Mission 2
* Boe-CFT
* Ceres-1 (Naxing-3A & 3B, TEE-01B)
* Starship flight test 4
* Starlink G10-1 (22 satellites)
* Starlink G8-8 (20 satellites)
* Starlink G9-1 (20 satellites)
* Kinéis 1 A-E
* ASTRA 1P / SES-24
* SVOM
* Starlink G10-2 (22 satellites)
* Starlink G9-2 (20 satellites)
* GOES-U
* Starlink G10-3 (23 satellites)
* USA-375,...,USA-395 / Starshield × 21
* ChinaSat 3A

July|

* ALOS-4
* Starlink G8-9 (20 satellites)
* Alpha (CatSat, KUbeSat-1, MESAT 1, R5-S2-2.0, R5-S4, Serenity, SOC-i, TechEdSat-11)
* Tianhui 5 Group 02 (2 satellites)
* Türksat 6A
* Ariane 6 (Nyx Bikini, ISTSat-1, YPSat-1)
* Ceres-1 (Yunyao-1 15-17)†
* Starlink G9-3 (23 satellites)†
* Gaofen 11-05
* Starlink G10-9 (23 satellites)
* Starlink G10-4 (23 satellites)
* Starlink G9-4 (21 satellites)
* USA-396, USA-397, USA-398

August|

* WHG-02
* Starlink G10-6 (23 satellites)
* StriX-4
* Starlink G11-1 (23 satellites)
* Cygnus NG-21 (Wisseed Sat)
* Qianfan Polar Group 01 (18 satellites)
* Starlink G8-3 (21 satellites)
* Acadia-3
* ASBM-1, ASBM-2
* Starlink G10-7 (23 satellites)
* Progress MS-28
* WorldView Legion 3, WorldView Legion 4
* EOS-08
* Yaogan 43-01 (9 satellites)
* ION SCV-012, Acadia-5, EagleEye, Hawk × 3, ICEYE × 4, ÑuSat × 3, Flock-4be × 36, HYPSO-2, Lemur-2 × 7, Lemu Nge, Nightjar, Phi-Sat-2, PTD-4, PTD-R, TORO
* Starlink G10-5 (22 satellites)
* ChinaSat 4A
* Starlink G8-6 (21 satellites)
* Ceres-1S (Jitianxing A-03, Suxing 1-01, Tianfu Gaofen 2, Yunyao-1 15-17)
* Starlink G8-10 (21 satellites)
* Starlink G9-5 (21 satellites)

September|

* Yaogan 43-02 (6 satellites)
* Sentinel-2C
* Starlink G8-11 (21 satellites)
* Geely Constellation Group 03 (10 satellites)
* USA-400,...,USA-420 / Starshield × 21
* Polaris Dawn
* Soyuz MS-26
* BlueBird Block 1 (5 satellites)
* Starlink G9-6 (21 satellites)
* Qaem 100 (Chamran-1)
* Kosmos 2577 / OO MKA №1, Kosmos 2578 / OO MKA №2
* Galileo FOC FM26, Galileo FOC FM32
* BeiDou-3 M27, BeiDou-3 M28
* Jilin-1 Kuanfu-02B (6 satellites)
* Kuaizhou-1A (Tianqi 29-32)
* Starlink G9-17 (20 satellites)
* Kinéis 3 A-E
* Tianyan-15
* Jilin-1 SAR-01A
* Starlink G9-8 (20 satellites)
* IGS-Radar 8
* Shijian 19
* SpaceX Crew-9

October|

* Vulcan Cert-2
* Hera, Juventas, Milani
* WHG-03
* Starship flight test 5
* Europa Clipper
* Starlink G10-10 (23 satellites)
* Starlink G9-7 (20 satellites)
* Qianfan Polar Group 02 (18 satellites)
* Gaofen 12-05
* Starlink G8-19 (20 satellites)
* OneWeb L20 (20 satellites)
* Tianping-3A01, Tianping-3B01, Tianping-3B02
* Yaogan 43-03 (3 satellites)
* Starlink G6-61 (23 satellites)
* USA-421,...,USA-437 / Starshield × 17
* Starlink G10-8 (22 satellites)
* Shenzhou 19
* Starlink G9-9 (20 satellites)
* Starlink G10-13 (23 satellites)
* Kosmos 2579 / Bars-M 6L

November|

* DSN-3
* Ionosfera-M n°1 & n°2
* SpaceX CRS-31 (LignoSat)
* Protosat-1
* Starlink G6-77 (23 satellites)
* PIESAT-2A 01, PIESAT-2B 01–03
* Starlink G9-10 (20 satellites)
* Shiyan 26A, Shiyan 26B, Shiyan 26C, Jilin-1 Gaofen-05B-01, Jilin-1 Pingtai-02A-03, Tianyan-24
* Koreasat 6A
* Starlink G6-69 (24 satellites)
* Haiyang-4A
* Starlink G9-11 (20 satellites)
* Starlink G6-68 (24 satellites)
* Tianzhou 8
* Optus-X
* Starlink G9-12 (20 satellites)
* GSAT-20
* Starship flight test 6
* Progress MS-29
* Starlink G6-66 (24 satellites)
* Starlink G9-13 (20 satellites)
* Siwei Gaojing 2-03, Siwei Gaojing 2-04
* Kinéis 5 A-E
* Starlink G12-1 (23 satellites)
* Guangchuan-01, Guangchuan-02
* Starlink G6-76 (24 satellites)
* Kondor-FKA №2
* Starlink G6-65 (24 satellites)
* Starlink GN-01 (20 satellites), USA-438 / Starshield, USA-439 / Starshield
* Long March 12 (JSW-03)

December|

* TJS-13
* Haishao-1
* Starlink G6-70 (24 satellites)
* Kosmos 2580 / Lotos-S1 n°09
* Starlink G9-14 (20 satellites)
* Qianfan Polar Group 03 (18 satellites)
* PROBA-3
* SXM-9
* Sentinel-1C
* Saman-1
* Starlink G12-5 (23 satellites)
* High Speed Laser Diamond Constellation Test System (5 satellites)
* Starlink G11-2 (22 satellites)
* SatNet LEO Group 01 (10 satellites)
* PIESAT-2 09-12
* USA-440
* USA-441,...,USA-462 Starshield × 22
* O3b mPOWER 7 & 8
* Kairos (ISHIKI, TATARA-1, SC-Sat1)†
* Ceres-1S (Tianqi 33-36)
* TJS-12
* LASARsat
* StriX-2
* Starlink G12-2 (21 satellites)
* Resurs-P n°05
* Kinetica 1 (DEAR-3)†
* Starlink G11-3 (22 satellites)
* Astranis Block 2 (4 satellites)
* SpaDeX
* Starlink G12-6 (21 satellites)

Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).

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Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathfinder Technology Demonstrator. Read more

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