Bedersi, Jedaiah Ben Abraham, Or Bedaresi Surnamed The Orator

Poet, physician, and philosopher; born at Béziers (whence his surname Bedersi) about 1270; died about 1340. His Provençal name was En Bonet, which probably corresponds to the Hebrew name Tobiah (compare "Oheb Nashim" in the "Zunz Jubelschrift," Hebrew part, p. 1); and, according to the practise of the Provençal Jews, he occasionally joined to his name that of his father, Abraham Profiat (Bedersi). In his poems he assumed the appellation "Penini" (Dispenser of Pearls), and because of this appellation the ethical work "Mibḥar ha-Peninim" of Solomon ben Gabirol has been erroneously ascribed to Bedersi.

Early Life.

Bedersi was a precocious child. He was scarcely fifteen years old when he published his work "Baḳḳashat ha-Memim" (The Mem Prayer), a hymn of 1,000 words, each of which begins with the letter "mem" (translated into Latin and German). Bedersi's father, very much pleased with those evidences of his child's precocity, expressed his approbation in a short poem which in many editions is given at the end of the hymn. The work contains only mere quibbles on Biblical passages, and is often very obscure; but, considering the age of the author, the facility with which he handles the Hebrew vocabulary is astonishing.

"Sefer ha-Pardes."

Bedersi's Talmudical knowledge must have been equally extensive; for, as may be seen in the introduction to his commentary on the Haggadah of the Talmud, he was but fifteen years old when he entered the Talmudical school of R. Meshullam. At the age of seventeen he produced his ethical work."Sefer ha-Pardes" (The Book of the Garden). This treatise, first published at Constantinople in 1515 (?) and reproduced by Joseph Luzzatto in "Ozar ha-Ṣifrut," iii., is divided into eight chapters: (1) on isolation from the world, and the inconstancy of the latter; (2) on divine worship and devotion; (3) on instruction, and the sciences that men should acquire after having familiarized themselves with their religious obligations; (4) on the laws and the conduct of the judge; (5) on grammar; (6) on sophism; (7) on astronomy; (8) on rhetoric and poetry.

"Oheb Nashim."

At eighteen he published a work in defense of woman, entitled "Ẓilẓal Kenafayim" (The Rustling of Wings) or "Oheb Nashim" (The Women-Lover). In the short introduction to this treatise, Bedersi says that he wrote it against Judah ben Shabbethai's "Sone ha-Nashim" (The Woman-Hater). The young poet dedicated this composition to his two friends, Meïr and Judah, sons of Don Solomon Dels-Enfanz of Arles. It was written in rimed prose, and has been edited by Neubauer in the "Zunz Jubelschrift," 1884.

"Iggeret Hitnaẓẓelut."

These poetical productions of Bedersi's youth were followed by a number of works of a more serious character, among which were: (1) A philosophical commentary on the Haggadah of diverse parts of the Midrashim, such as Midrash Rabbah, Midrash Tanḥuma, Sifre, Pirḳe de-Rabbi Eliezer, and Midrash Tehillim (copies of this commentary are still extant in manuscript in several European libraries). (2) "Iggeret Hitnaẓẓelut" (Apologetical Letter), addressed to Solomon ben Adret, who, at the instigation of Abba Mari, had pronounced an anathema against the works and partizans of Maimonides and against science in general. Bedersi, after having expressed his respect for the upright and learned rabbi of Barcelona, remarked that he and his friends were not indignant about the ban, because science was invulnerable. Their grievance was that Ben Adret should have branded the Jewish congregations of southern France as heretics. From time immemorial, science had been fostered by Jewish scholars on account of its importance for religion. This was true in greatest measure of Maimonides, who studied philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, and medicine by the aid of the Greek writers; in theology, however, he was guided by tradition, submitting even in this to the investigations of philosophy. He, Bedersi, therefore, entreats Solomon ben Adret to withdraw the excommunication for the sake of Maimonides—whose works would be studied in spite of all excommunication—for his own (Ben Adret's) sake, and for the good name of Provençal Jewish learning. The "Iggeret Hitnaẓẓelut" has been incorporated with Solomon ben Adret's Responsa, § 443. (3) A commentary on the "Sayings of the Fathers" (Pirḳe Abot) and on the Haggadah of the Talmudical section Neziḳin. This work, which is still extant in manuscript (Escurial MS. G. iv. 13), refers often to commentaries of Bedersi on treatises belonging to other sections. It is therefore probable that he wrote commentaries on all the Haggadot of the Talmud.

"Behinat ha-'Olam."

(4) "Beḥinat ha-'Olam" (The Examination of the World), called also by its first words, "Shamayim la-Rom" (Heaven's Height), a didactic poem written after the banishment of the Jews from France (1306), to which event reference is made in the eleventh chapter (compare Renan-Neubauer, "Les Ecrivains Juifs Français," p. 37). This poem is divided into 37 short chapters, and may be summarized as follows:

"The sage, though the highest type of humanity, is liable to the vicissitudes of fortune. He is not exempt from any of the evils which assail humanity; and the sword of death stabs alike the philosopher and the boor. But, if this view be dispiriting, there is another which is consoling. The soul which lives within him, when man is bereft of this world's goods, will accompany him beyond the grave. Still, to the shame of humanity, man does not care to improve this noblest part of himself. He is entrapped by the perfidious charms of the world; and his years roll away in search of illusions.

"And yet the world is nothing but a tempestuous sea; time is naught but a bridge thrown over the abyss connecting the negation that preceded existence with the eternity that is to follow it. The slightest inadvertence can precipitate him who crosses this bridge into the abyss. Are worldly pleasures, then, worth seeking? After their enjoyment follows despair, a vacuum never to be filled. Unfortunate are they who give way to their enticements. Can one be heedless when so many agents of destruction are suspended over his head; when the stars that roll above him and survey his fate bring about, in their rapid courses, unforeseen but inevitable events, that the decree of the Eternal has attached to their movement.

"But do not, child of man, accuse the Author of nature of the evils that overwhelm thy short and frail existence. The evils thou complainest of are of thine own making. As for the Eternal, His words are all wisdom and goodness. Man aspires in vain to understand them; they are beyond his intelligence. All that may be conceived of Him is that He is inconceivable. Celestial by origin, the human soul, so long as it is attached to the body, groans under a shameful slavery. The occupation worthy of its noble extraction is therefore to direct all its faculties toward the worship of its Creator, the happiness of its fellow-creatures, and the triumph of truth. This result can be attained only in keeping the commandments of God."

Bedersi concludes his poem by expressing his admiration for Maimonides:

"Finally, turn neither to the left nor to the right from all that the wise men believed, the chief of whom was the distinguished master Maimonides, of blessed memory, with whom no one can be compared from among the wise men who have lived since the close of the Talmud; then I shall be sure that thou, enriched with all the knowledge of religion and philosophy, wilt fear the Lord thy God."

This poem enjoyed the greatest success. Published first at Mantua by Estellina, wife of Abraham Conat, between 1476 and 1480, it was republished 67 times (compare "Bibliotheca Friedlandiana," ii. 139), with many commentaries, among which are those written by Moses ibn Ḥabib, Jacob Frances, and Yom-Ṭob Lipmann Heller. Four commentaries written by Isaac Monçon, Jacob (of Fano?), Leon of Mantua, and Immanuel of Lattes the Younger are still extant in manuscript (MSS. at St. Petersburg and at the Bodleian Library, Oxford, Nos. 502 and 1404). The poem was translated into Latin by Uchtman; into German by Isaac Auerbach, Hirsch ben Meïr, Joel ben Joseph Faust or Wust (), Simson Hamburger, Auerbach (who made use of a translation of parts iv. and v. by Mendelssohn), J. Levy, Joseph Hirschfeld, and (in verse) by Stern, preceded by an interesting Hebrew introduction by Weiss; into French by Philippe Aquinas and Michel Beer; into Italian in "Antologia Israelitica," 1880,pp. 334 et seq.; into English by Tobias Goodman; and into Polish by J. Tugendhold.

Minor Works.

According to Luzzatto ("Ḥotam Toknit," Appendix, p. 5), Bedersi was also the author of the poem "Baḳḳashat, ha-Lamedin" (The Lamed Prayer), or "Bet El" (The House of God), or "Batte Nefesh" (Tablets), a prayer composed of 412 words in which only the letters from "alef" to "lamed" occur. This composition is commonly attributed to his father, Abraham Bedersi. Another poem, entitled "Elef Alfin" (Thousand Alefs), composed of 1,000 words, each of which begins with the letter "alef," also attributed to Abraham Bedersi, seems to have been written by Jedaiah. In this poem the author bewails the sufferings and the exile of the Jews, which can only refer to the banishment of the Jews from France in 1306 (compare Luzzatto, l.c.; "Shem ha-Gedolim," ii. s.v.; Grätz, "Gesch. der Juden," vii. 206).

Philosophical Works.

Bedersi also wrote a large number of treatises on philosophy, several of which are quoted by Moses ibn Ḥabib in the introduction to his commentary on the "Beḥinat ha-'Olam." Seven of these works are still extant in manuscript: (1) "Annotations on the Physics of Averroes" (De Rossi MS. No. 1398); (2) "Annotations on the Canon of Avicenna" (MSS. Oxford, Nos. 2100, 2107, and 2121, 6); (3) "Ketab ha-Da'at" (Treatise on the Intellect), a modification of the Hebrew version (entitled "Sefer ha-Sekel we ha-Muskalat") of Alfarabi's Arabic work, "Kitab al-'Akl we al-Ma'akulat"; (4) "Ha-De'ot be-Sekel ha-Ḥomri" (The Theories Concerning the Material Intellect), in which Bedersi gives the diverse opinions on the Passive Intellect as expounded by Aristotle in "De Anima" (compare Alexander of Aphrodisias); (5) "Ha-Ma'amar be-Hafoke ha-Meḥallek" (Treatise on the Opposites in the Motions of the Spheres), explaining a passage in the commentary of Averroes on Aristotle's "De Cœlo," i. 4; (6) "Ketab ha-Hit'aẓmut" (Book of Consolidation), in which Bedersi answers the objections made by a friend of his to the theories expounded in the preceding work; (7) a dissertation, bearing no title, on the question whether individuals of the same species, diverse in their "accidents," differ also in their essential form; or whether form is inherent in the species and embraces it entirely, so that individuals differ solely by reason of their "accidents." In Bedersi's opinion there are two forms: a general one embracing the whole species; and a special individual form which is essential and can not be considered as an "accident." In this dissertation is quoted another work of Bedersi's, his "Midbar Ḳadmut" (The Desert of Antiquity), containing a commentary—no longer in existence—on the twenty-five premises given by Maimonides in his introduction to the second volume of the "Guide of the Perplexed." It is probable that Bedersi wrote a supercommentary on the commentary on Genesis by Ibn Ezra (compare Steinschneider, "Cat. Bodl." col. 1283), and that he was the author of the philosophical poem on the thirteen articles of belief of Maimonides (compare Luzzatto, "Ḥotam Toknit," p. 2).

Bibliography:

  * Wolf, Bibliothœa Hebrœa, i. 304, iii. 287;
  * Zunz, Literaturgesch. p. 498;
  * idem, Z. G. pp. 250, 383, 462, 467;
  * Dukes, in Literaturblatt des Orients, 1851, p. 369;
  * Carmoly, ibidem, 1850, p. 271;
  * Luzzatto, ibidem, 1850, p. 817;
  * Joseph Weiss, in Stern's edition of the Beḥinat ha-'Olam;
  * Munk, in Archives Israélites, Jan., 1847;
  * idem, Mélanges, pp. 495, 496;
  * Sylvestre de Sacy, in Magasin Encyclopédique, iii. 315-357;
  * Steinschneider, Cat. Bodl. cols. 1281-87;
  * idem, Hebr. Uebers. p. 110;
  * Neubauer, Yedaya de Béziers, in Revue Etudes Juives, xx. 244 et seq.;
  * idem, in Zunz Jubelschrift, pp. 138-140;
  * Grätz, Gesch. der Juden, vii. 269;
  * Ben Chananja, 1864, p. 636;
  * Renan-Neubauer, Les Ecrivains Juifs Français, pp. 2-57;
  * Gross, Gallia Judaica, pp.101-103;
  * Chotzner, Yedaya Bedaresi, in Jewish Quarterly Review, viii. 414 et seq.



G. I. Br.