First-order hold

Short description: Model in digital signal processing

First-order hold (FOH) is a mathematical model of the practical reconstruction of sampled signals that could be done by a conventional digital-to-analog converter (DAC) and an analog circuit called an integrator. For FOH, the signal is reconstructed as a piecewise linear approximation to the original signal that was sampled. A mathematical model such as FOH (or, more commonly, the zero-order hold) is necessary because, in the sampling and reconstruction theorem, a sequence of Dirac impulses, xs(t), representing the discrete samples, x(nT), is low-pass filtered to recover the original signal that was sampled, x(t). However, the Dirac impulse function is a mathematical abstraction that cannot be manifested in reality, and outputting a sequence of impulses that approximate Dirac impulses is impractical. Instead, devices can be implemented, using a conventional DAC and some linear analog circuitry, to reconstruct the piecewise linear output for either predictive or delayed FOH.

Even though this is not what is physically done, an identical output can be generated by applying the hypothetical sequence of Dirac impulses, xs(t), to a linear time-invariant system, otherwise known as a linear filter with such characteristics (which, for an LTI system, are fully described by the impulse response) so that each input impulse results in the correct piecewise linear function in the output.

## Contents

* 1 Basic first-order hold
* 2 Delayed first-order hold
* 3 Predictive first-order hold
* 4 See also
* 5 External links

## Basic first-order hold

Ideally sampled signal xs(t).

First-order hold is the hypothetical filter or LTI system that converts the ideally sampled signal

xs(t) | =x(t) T∑n=−∞∞δ(t−nT)

|

| =T∑n=−∞∞x(nT)δ(t−nT)

File:Firstorderhold.signal.svg

to the piecewise linear signal

xFOH(t)=∑n=−∞∞x(nT)tri(t−nTT)

File:Firstorderhold.impulseresponse.svg

resulting in an effective impulse response of

hFOH(t)=1Ttri(tT)={1T(1−|t|T)if |t|<T0otherwise

where tri(x) is the triangular function.

The effective frequency response is the continuous Fourier transform of the impulse response.

HFOH(f) | =ℱ{hFOH(t)}

|

| =(eiπfT−e−iπfTi2πfT)2
| =sinc2(fT)

where sinc(x)=sin⁡(πx)πx is the normalized sinc function.

The Laplace transform transfer function of FOH is found by substituting s = i⋅2πf:

HFOH(s) | =ℒ{hFOH(t)}

|

| =(esT/2−e−sT/2sT)2

This is an acausal system in that the linear interpolation function moves toward the value of the next sample before such sample is applied to the hypothetical FOH filter.

## Delayed first-order hold

File:Delayedfirstorderhold.signal.svg

Delayed first-order hold, sometimes called causal first-order hold, is identical to FOH above except that its output is delayed by one sample period resulting in a delayed piecewise linear output signal

xFOH(t)=∑n=−∞∞x(nT)tri(t−T−nTT)

File:Delayedfirstorderhold.impulseresponse.svg

resulting in an effective impulse response of

hFOH(t)=1Ttri(t−TT)={1T(1−|t−T|T)if |t−T|<T0otherwise

where tri(x) is the triangular function.

The effective frequency response is the continuous Fourier transform of the impulse response.

HFOH(f) | =ℱ{hFOH(t)}

|

| =(1−e−i2πfTi2πfT)2
| =e−i2πfTsinc2(fT)

where sinc(x) is the sinc function.

The Laplace transform transfer function of the delayed FOH is found by substituting s = i⋅2πf:

HFOH(s) | =ℒ{hFOH(t)}

|

| =(1−e−sTsT)2

The delayed output makes this a causal system. The impulse response of the delayed FOH does not respond before the input impulse.

This kind of delayed piecewise linear reconstruction is physically realizable by implementing a digital filter of gain H(z) = 1 − z−1, applying the output of that digital filter (which is simply x[n]−x[n−1]) to an ideal conventional digital-to-analog converter (that has an inherent zero-order hold as its model) and integrating (in continuous-time, H(s) = 1/(sT)) the DAC output.

## Predictive first-order hold

File:Predictivefirstorderhold.signal.svg

Lastly, the predictive first-order hold is quite different. This is a causal hypothetical LTI system or filter that converts the ideally sampled signal

xs(t) | =x(t) T∑n=−∞∞δ(t−nT)

|

| =T∑n=−∞∞x(nT)δ(t−nT)

into a piecewise linear output such that the current sample and immediately previous sample are used to linearly extrapolate up to the next sampling instance. The output of such a filter would be

xFOH(t) | =∑n=−∞∞(x(nT)+(x(nT)−x((n−1)T))t−nTT)rect(t−nTT−12)

|

| =∑n=−∞∞x(nT)(rect(t−nTT−12)−rect(t−nTT−32)+tri(t−nTT−1))

File:Predictivefirstorderhold.impulseresponse.svg

resulting in an effective impulse response of

hFOH(t) | =1T(rect(tT−12)−rect(tT−32)+tri(tT−1))

|

| ={1T(1+tT)if 0≤t<T1T(1−tT)if T≤t<2T0otherwise

where rect(x) is the rectangular function and tri(x) is the triangular function.

The effective frequency response is the continuous Fourier transform of the impulse response.

HFOH(f) | =ℱ{hFOH(t)}

|

| =(1+i2πfT)(1−e−i2πfTi2πfT)2
| =(1+i2πfT)e−i2πfTsinc2(fT))

where sinc(x) is the sinc function.

The Laplace transform transfer function of the predictive FOH is found by substituting s = i 2 π f:

HFOH(s) | =ℒ{hFOH(t)}

|

| =(1+sT)(1−e−sTsT)2

This a causal system. The impulse response of the predictive FOH does not respond before the input impulse.

This kind of piecewise linear reconstruction is physically realizable by implementing a digital filter of gain H(z) = 1 − z−1, applying the output of that digital filter (which is simply x[n]−x[n−1]) to an ideal conventional digital-to-analog converter (that has an inherent zero-order hold as its model) and applying that DAC output to an analog filter with transfer function H(s) = (1+sT)/(sT).

## See also

* Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem
* Zero-order hold
* Bilinear interpolation

## External links

* Sankar, Krishna (2007). "Zero order hold and first order hold based interpolation". dspLog Signal Processing for Communication. http://www.dsplog.com/2007/03/25/zero-order-hold-and-first-order-hold-based-interpolation/.

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-order hold. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=First-order_hold&oldid=4569473"