Plumbane

Lead, Pb

Hydrogen, H

Names
IUPAC name

Plumbane

Other names

lead tetrahydride, tetrahydridolead, lead(IV) hydride, hydrogen plumbide

Identifiers

CAS Number

* 15875-18-0 N

3D model (JSmol)

* Interactive image

ChEBI |

* CHEBI:30181 Y

ChemSpider |

* 109888 Y

PubChem CID

* 123278

InChI

* InChI=1S/Pb.4H Y

Key: XRCKXJLUPOKIPF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y

* InChI=1/Pb.4H/rH4Pb/h1H4

Key: XRCKXJLUPOKIPF-BJORFFIVAF

SMILES

* [Pb]

Properties

Chemical formula

| PbH4
Molar mass | 211.23 g/mol
Appearance  | Colorless gas
Boiling point |  −13 °C (9 °F; 260 K)
Structure

Molecular shape

| Tetrahedral at the Pb atom
Related compounds

Related tetrahydride compounds

* Methane
* Silane
* Germane
* Stannane

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

Tracking categories (test):

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Plumbane is an inorganic chemical compound with the chemical formula PbH4. It is a colorless gas. It is a metal hydride and group 14 hydride composed of lead and hydrogen.[1] Plumbane is not well characterized or well known, and it is thermodynamically unstable with respect to the loss of a hydrogen atom.[2] Derivatives of plumbane include lead tetrafluoride, PbF4, and tetraethyllead, (CH3CH2)4Pb.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Properties
* 3 Preparation
* 4 Congeners
* 5 References

## History

Until recently, it was uncertain whether plumbane had ever actually been synthesized,[3] although the first reports date back to the 1920s[4] and in 1963, Saalfeld and Svec reported the observation of PbH+4 by mass spectrometry.[5] Plumbane has repeatedly been the subject of Dirac–Hartree–Fock relativistic calculation studies, which investigate the stabilities, geometries, and relative energies of hydrides of the formula MH4 or MH2.[2][6][7]

## Properties

Plumbane is an unstable colorless gas and is the heaviest group IV hydride.[8] Furthermore, plumbane has a tetrahedral (Td) structure with an equilibrium distance between lead and hydrogen of 1.73 Å.[9] By weight percent, the composition of plumbane is 1.91% hydrogen and 98.09% lead. In plumbane, the formal oxidation states of hydrogen and lead are +1 and -4, respectively, because the electronegativity of lead(IV) is higher than that of hydrogen. The stability of metal hydrides with the formula MH4 (M = C–Pb) decreases as the atomic number of M increases.

## Preparation

Early studies of PbH4 revealed that the molecule is unstable as compared to its lighter congeners (silane, germane, and stannane).[10] It cannot be made by methods used to synthesize GeH4 or SnH4.

In 1999, plumbane was synthesized from lead(II) nitrate, Pb(NO3)2, and sodium borohydride, NaBH4.[11] A non-nascent mechanism for plumbane synthesis was reported in 2005.[12]

In 2003, Wang and Andrews carefully studied the preparation of PbH4 by laser ablation and additionally identified the infrared (IR) bands.[13]

## Congeners

Congeners of plumbane include:

* Methane, CH4
* Silane, SiH4
* Germane, GeH4
* Stannane, SnH4

## References

1. ↑ Porritt, C. J. (1975). Chem. Ind-London 9: 398.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hein, Thomas A.; Thiel, Walter; Lee, Timothy J. (1993). "Ab initio study of the stability and vibrational spectra of plumbane, methylplumbane, and homologous compounds". The Journal of Physical Chemistry 97 (17): 4381–4385. doi:10.1021/j100119a021.
3. ↑ Cotton, F. A.; Wilkinson, G.; Murillo, C. A.; Bochman, M. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. Wiley: New York, 1999
4. ↑ Paneth, Fritz; Nörring, Otto (1920). "Über Bleiwasserstoff". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft (A and B Series) 53 (9): 1693–1710. doi:10.1002/cber.19200530915. https://zenodo.org/record/1426681.
5. ↑ Saalfeld, Fred E.; Svec, Harry J. (1963). "The Mass Spectra of Volatile Hydrides. I. The Monoelemental Hydrides of the Group IVB and VB Elements". Inorganic Chemistry 2: 46–50. doi:10.1021/ic50005a014.
6. ↑ Desclaux, J. P.; Pyykko, P. (1974). "Relativistic and non-relativistic Hartree-Fock one-centre expansion calculations for the series CH4 to PbH4 within the spherical approximation". Chemical Physics Letters 29 (4): 534–539. doi:10.1016/0009-2614(74)85085-2. Bibcode: 1974CPL....29..534D.
7. ↑ Pyykkö, P.; Desclaux, J. P. (1977). "Dirac–Fock one-centre calculations show (114)H4 to resemble PbH4". Nature 266 (5600): 336–337. doi:10.1038/266336a0. Bibcode: 1977Natur.266..336P.
8. ↑ CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics Online Edition.
9. ↑ Visser, O.; Visscher, L.; Aerts, P. J. C.; Nieuwpoort, W. C. (1992). "Relativistic all-electron molecular Hartree-Fock-Dirac-(Breit) calculations on CH4, SiH4, GeH4, SnH4, PbH4". Theoretica Chimica Acta 81 (6): 405–416. doi:10.1007/BF01134864.
10. ↑ Malli, Gulzari L.; Siegert, Martin; Turner, David P. (2004). "Relativistic and electron correlation effects for molecules of heavy elements: Ab initio fully relativistic coupled-cluster calculations for PbH4". International Journal of Quantum Chemistry 99 (6): 940–949. doi:10.1002/qua.20142.
11. ↑ Krivtsun, V. M.; Kuritsyn, Y. A.; Snegirev, E. P. (1999). "Observation of IR absorption spectra of the unstable PbH4 molecule". Opt. Spectrosc 86 (5): 686–691. Bibcode: 1999OptSp..86..686K. http://www.isan.troitsk.ru/dms/tdl/publ/1999os_en.pdf. Retrieved 2012-12-31.
12. ↑ Zou, Y; Jin, FX; Chen, ZJ; Qiu, DR; Yang, PY (2005). "Non-nascent hydrogen mechanism of plumbane generation". Guang Pu Xue Yu Guang Pu Fen Xi = Guang Pu 25 (10): 1720–3. PMID 16395924.
13. ↑ Wang, Xuefeng; Andrews, Lester (2003). "Infrared Spectra of Group 14 Hydrides in Solid Hydrogen: Experimental Observation of PbH4, Pb2H2, and Pb2H4". Journal of the American Chemical Society 125 (21): 6581–6587. doi:10.1021/ja029862l. PMID 12785799.

* v
* t
* e

Lead compounds

Pb(II)|

* PbBr2
* Pb(C5H5)2
* Pb(C2H3O2)2
* PbCl2
* PbCO3
* PbCrO4
* PbF2
* PbHAsO4
* PbI2
* Pb(NO3)2
* Pb(N3)2
* PbO
* Pb(OH)2
* Pb3(PO4)2
* PbS
* Pb(SCN)2
* PbSe
* PbSO4
* PbTe
* PbTiO3
* plumbite
* PbC2 (hypothetical)

Pb(II,IV)|

* Pb3O4

Pb(IV)|

* Pb(C2H3O2)4
* PbCl4
* PbF4
* PbH4
* PbO2
* PbS2
* plumbate
* Pb(OH)4 (hypothetical)

* v
* t
* e

Binary compounds of hydrogen

Alkali metal (Group 1) hydrides|

* LiH
* NaH
* KH
* RbH
* CsH

Lithium hydride, LiH
ionic metal hydride

Beryllium hydride
Left (gas phase): BeH2
covalent metal hydride
Right: (BeH2)n (solid phase)
polymeric metal hydride

Borane and diborane
Left: BH3 (special conditions), covalent metalloid hydride
Right: B2H6 (standard conditions), dimeric metalloid hydride

Methane, CH4
covalent nonmetal hydride

Ammonia, NH3
covalent nonmetal hydride

Water, H2O
covalent nonmetal hydride

Hydrogen fluoride, HF
covalent nonmetal hydride

Alkaline (Group 2) earth hydrides|

| Monohydrides|

* BeH
* MgH
* CaH
* SrH
* BaH

|

Dihydrides|

* BeH2
* MgH2
* CaH2
* SrH2
* BaH2

|

Group 13 hydrides|

| Boranes|

* BH3
* B2H6
* B2H2
* B2H4
* B4H10
* B5H9
* B5H11
* B6H10
* B6H12
* B10H14
* B18H22

|

Alanes|

* AlH3
* Al2H6

|

Gallanes|

* GaH3
* Ga2H6

|

Indiganes|

* InH3
* In2H6

|

Thallanes|

* TlH3
* Tl2H6

|

Group 14 hydrides|

| Linear alkanes|

* CH4
* C2H6
* C3H8
* C4H10
* C5H12
* C6H14
* C7H16
* C8H18
* C9H20
* C10H22
* more...

|

Linear alkenes|

* C2H4
* C3H6
* C4H8
* C5H10
* C6H12
* C7H14
* C8H16
* C9H18
* C10H20
* more...

|

Linear alkynes|

* C2H2
* C3H4
* C4H6
* C5H8
* C6H10
* C7H12
* C8H14
* C9H16
* C10H18
* more...

|

Silanes|

* SiH4
* Si2H6
* Si3H8
* Si4H10
* Si5H12
* Si6H14
* Si7H16
* Si8H18
* Si9H20
* Si10H22
* more...

|

Silenes|

* Si2H4

|

Silynes|

* Si2H2
* SiH

|

Germanes|

* GeH4
* Ge2H6
* Ge3H8
* Ge4H10
* Ge5H12

|

Stannanes|

* SnH4
* Sn2H6

|

Plumbanes|

* PbH4

|

* CH
* CH2
* CH3
* C2H
* Cycloalkanes
* Cycloalkenes
* Annulenes
* Many more

Pnictogen (Group 15) hydrides|

| Azanes|

* NH3
* N2H4
* N3H5
* N4H6
* N5H7
* N6H8
* N7H9
* N8H10
* N9H11
* N10H12
* more...

|

Azenes|

* N2H2
* N3H3
* N4H4

|

Phosphanes|

* PH3
* P2H4
* P3H5
* P4H6
* P5H7
* P6H8
* P7H9
* P8H10
* P9H11
* P10H12
* more...

|

Phosphenes|

* P2H2
* P3H3
* P4H4

|

Arsanes|

* AsH3
* As2H4

|

Stibanes|

* SbH3

|

Bismuthanes|

* BiH3

|

* HN3
* NH
* radical

Hydrogen chalcogenides (Group 16 hydrides)|

| Polyoxidanes|

* H2O
* H2O2
* H2O3
* H2O4
* H2O5
* H2O6
* H2O7
* H2O8
* H2O9
* H2O10
* more...

|

Polysulfanes|

* H2S
* H2S2
* H2S3
* H2S4
* H2S5
* H2S6
* H2S7
* H2S8
* H2S9
* H2S10
* more...

|

Selanes|

* H2Se
* H2Se2

|

Tellanes|

* H2Te
* H2Te2

|

Polanes|

* PoH2

|

* HO
* HO2
* HO3
* H2O+–O–
* H2S=S
* (HS)2S+–S–
* HS
* HDO
* D2O
* T2O

Hydrogen halides (Group 17 hydrides)|

* HF
* HCl
* HBr
* HI
* HAt

Transition metal hydrides|

* ScH2
* YH2
* YH3
* TiH2
* ZrH2
* HfH2
* VH
* VH2
* NbH
* NbH2
* TaH
* CrH
* CrH2
* CrHx
* NiH
* PdHx (x < 1)
* FeH
* FeH2
* FeH5
* CuH
* ZnH2
* CdH2
* HgH2

Lanthanide hydrides|

* LaH2
* LaH3
* LaH10
* CeH2
* CeH3
* PrH2
* PrH3
* NdH2
* NdH3
* SmH2
* SmH3
* EuH2
* GdH2
* GdH3
* TbH2
* TbH3
* DyH2
* DyH3
* HoH2
* HoH3
* ErH2
* ErH3
* TmH2
* TmH3
* YbH2
* YbH2.5
* LuH2
* LuH3

Actinide hydrides|

* AcH2
* ThH2
* Th4H15
* PaH3
* UH3
* NpH2
* NpH3
* PuH2
* PuH3
* AmH2
* AmH3
* CmH2

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