Satya

Short description: Sanskrit word and a virtue in Indian religions

Satya is an important concept and virtue in Indian religions. Rigveda, dated to be from the 2nd millennium BCE, offers the earliest discussion of Satya.[1][2] It appears in the fifth and sixth lines in this Rigveda manuscript image.

Satya (Sanskrit: सत्य; IAST: Satya) is a Sanskrit word, usually translated as "truth" or "essence.“[3] Across Indian religions, satya is a deeply valued virtue, signifying the alignment of one's thoughts, speech, and actions with reality.[4] In Yoga philosophy, particularly in Patañjali's Yoga Sutras, Satya is one of the five yamas—moral restraints designed to cultivate truthfulness and prevent the distortion of reality through one’s expressions and behavior.[5]

## Contents

* 1 Etymology and meaning
* 1.1 Sat
* 2 Hinduism
* 2.1 Vedic literature
* 2.2 Upanishads
* 2.3 Epics
* 2.4 Yoga Sutras
* 3 Jainism
* 4 Buddhism
* 5 Sikhism
* 6 Indian emblem motto
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 8.1 Citations
* 8.2 Sources

## Etymology and meaning

See also: Philosophy:Sattva and Sacca (Buddhism)

Satya has cognates in a number of diverse Indo-European languages, including the words "sooth" and "sin" in English, "suť" ("суть") in Russian, "sand" (truthful) in Danish, "sann" in Swedish, and "haithya" in Avestan, the liturgical language of Zoroastrianism.[6]

In the Vedas and later sutras, the meaning of the word satya evolved into an ethical concept about truthfulness.[4][7] It means being true and consistent with reality in one's thought, speech, and action.[4]

### Sat

Sat (Sanskrit: सत्) is the root of many Sanskrit words and concepts such as sattva ("pure, truthful") and satya ("truth"). The Sanskrit root sat has several meanings or translations:[8][9]

1. "Absolute reality"
2. "Fact"
3. "Brahman" (not to be confused with Brahmin)
4. "that which is unchangeable"
5. "that which has no distortion"
6. "that which is beyond distinctions of time, space, and person"
7. "that which pervades the universe in all its constancy"

Sat is a common prefix in ancient Indian literature. It implies variously that which is good, true, genuine, virtuous, being, happening, real, existing, enduring, lasting, or essential. For example, sat-sastra means true doctrine, sat-van means one devoted to the truth.[10]: 329–331 [8] In ancient texts, fusion words based on Sat refer to "Universal Spirit, Universal Principle, Being, Soul of the World, Brahman".[11][12]

The negation of sat is asat, meaning delusion, distorted, untrue, the fleeting impression that is incorrect, invalid, and false.[10]: 34 [8] The concepts of sat and asat are famously expressed in the Pavamana Mantra found in the Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad (1.3.28):

Asato mā sad gamaya
tamaso mā jyotir gamaya
mṛtyor mā amṛtam gamaya

Lead me from delusion to truth
from darkness to light
from mortality to immortality

|

Sat is one of the three characteristics of Brahman as described in sat-chit-ananda.[12] This association between sat, 'truth', and Brahman, ultimate reality, is also expressed in Hindu cosmology, wherein Satyaloka, the highest heaven of Hindu cosmology, is the abode of Brahman.

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Main article: Religion:Hinduism

### Vedic literature

Main article: Religion:Historical Vedic religion

Satya is a central theme in the Vedas. It is equated with and considered necessary to the concept of Ṛta (ऋतं, ṛtaṃ)—that which is properly joined, order, rule, nature, balance and harmony.[1][13] Ṛta results from satya in the Vedas, as it[ambiguous] regulates and enables the operation of the universe and everything within it.[14] Satya is considered essential, and without it, the universe and reality falls apart and cannot function.[14]

In the Rigveda, rita and satya are opposed to anrita and asatya (falsehood).[1] Truth and truthfulness is considered as a form of reverence for the divine, while falsehood a form of sin. Satya includes action and speech that is factual, real, true, and reverent to Ṛta in Books 1, 4, 6, 7, 9, and 10 of Rigveda.[2] In the Vedas, satya includes current, future, and past contexts.[clarification needed] De Nicolás[clarification needed] states, that in Rigveda, "Satya is the modality of acting in the world of Sat, as the truth to be built, formed or established".[2]

### Upanishads

Satya is widely discussed in various Upanishads, including the Brihadaranyaka Upanishad where satya is called the means to Brahman, as well as Brahman (Being, true self).[15][16] In hymn 1.4.14 of Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, Satya (truth) is equated to Dharma (morality, ethics, law of righteousness),[17] as

> Nothing is higher than the Law of Righteousness (Dharma). The weak overcomes the stronger by the Law of Righteousness. Truly that Law is the Truth (Satya); Therefore, when a man speaks the Truth, they say, "He speaks Righteousness"; and if he speaks Righteousness, they say, "He speaks the Truth!" For both are one.

> --Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, I.4.xiv[16][17]

Taittiriya Upanishad's hymn 11.11 states, "Speak the Satya (truth), conduct yourself according to the Dharma (morality, ethics, law)".[18][17]

The hymns of Upanishads portray truth as ultimately always prevailing. The Mundaka Upanishad, for example, states in Book 3, Chapter 1,[19]

> सत्यमेव जयते नानृतं[20]
>  Translation 1: Truth alone triumphs, not falsehood.[21]
>  Translation 2: Truth ultimately triumphs, not falsehood.[22]
>  Translation 3: The true prevails, not the untrue.[23]

> --Mundaka Upanishad, 3.1.6[19]

Sandilya Upanishad of Atharvaveda, in Chapter 1, includes ten forbearances[24] as virtues, in its exposition of Yoga. It defines satya as "the speaking of the truth that conduces to the well being of creatures, through the actions of one's mind, speech, or body."[25]

Deussen states that satya is described in the major Upanishads with two layers of meanings—one as empirical truth about reality and another as abstract truth about universal principle, being, and the unchanging. Both of these ideas are explained in early Upanishads, composed before 500 BCE, by variously breaking the word satya or satyam into two or three syllables. In later Upanishads, the ideas evolve and transcend into satya as truth (or truthfulness), and Brahman as the Being, Be-ness, real Self, the eternal.[26]

### Epics

The Shanti Parva of the Mahabharata states, "The righteous hold that forgiveness, truth, sincerity, and compassion are the foremost (of all virtues). Truth is the essence of the Vedas."[27]

The Epic repeatedly emphasizes that satya is a basic virtue, because everything and everyone depends on and relies on satya.[28]

सत्यस्य वचनं साधु न सत्याद विद्यते परम
सत्येन विधृतं सर्वं सर्वं सत्ये परतिष्ठितम
अपि पापकृतॊ रौद्राः सत्यं कृत्वा पृथक पृथक
अद्रॊहम अविसंवादं परवर्तन्ते तदाश्रयाः
ते चेन मिथॊ ऽधृतिं कुर्युर विनश्येयुर असंशयम

To speak the truth is meritorious. There is nothing higher than truth. Everything is upheld by truth, and everything rests upon truth. Even the sinful and ferocious, swear to keep the truth amongst themselves, dismiss all grounds of quarrel and uniting with one another set themselves to their (sinful) tasks, depending upon truth. If they behaved falsely towards one another, they would then be destroyed without doubt.

|

—The Mahabharata, Chapter CCLIX: Shanti Parva[28] |

### Yoga Sutras

In the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali, it is written, “When one is firmly established in speaking truth, the fruits of action become subservient to him."[29] In Yoga sutra, satya is one of the five yamas, or virtuous restraints, along with ahimsa (restraint from violence or injury to any living being); asteya (restraint from stealing); brahmacharya (celibacy or restraint from sexually cheating on one's partner); and aparigraha (restraint from covetousness and craving). Patanjali considers satya as a restraint from falsehood in one's action (body), words (speech, writing), or feelings / thoughts (mind).[5][30] In Patanjali's teachings, one may not always know the truth or the whole truth, but one knows if one is creating, sustaining, or expressing falsehood, exaggeration, distortion, fabrication, or deception.[29] Satya is, in Patanjali's Yoga, the virtue of restraint from such falsehood, either through silence or through stating the truth without any form of distortion.[31]

## Jainism

Main article: Philosophy:Jainism

Satya is one of the five vows prescribed in Jain Agamas. Satya was also preached by Mahavira.[32] According to Jainism, the underlying cause of falsehood is passion and therefore, it is said to cause hiṃsā (injury).[33]: 66

According to the Jain text Sarvārthasiddhi: "That which causes pain and suffering to the living is not commendable, whether it refers to actual facts or not".[34]

According to the Jain text Puruşārthasiddhyupāya:[33]: 33

> All these subdivisions (injury, falsehood, stealing, unchastity, and attachment) are hiṃsā as indulgence in these sullies the pure nature of the soul. Falsehood etc. have been mentioned separately only to make the disciple understand through illustrations.

> --Puruşārthasiddhyupāya (42)

## Buddhism

Main articles: Religion:Buddhism and Sacca (Religion:Buddhism)

The term satya (Pali: sacca) is translated into English as "reality" or "truth." In terms of the Four Noble Truths (ariyasacca), the Pali can be written as sacca, tatha, anannatatha, and dhamma.

'The Four Noble Truths' (ariya-sacca) are the briefest synthesis of the entire teaching of Buddhism,[35][36] since all those manifold doctrines of the threefold Pali canon are, without any exception, included therein. They are the truth of suffering (mundane mental and physical phenomenon), of the origin of suffering (tanha, craving), of the extinction of suffering (Nibbana or nirvana), and of the Noble Eightfold Path leading to the extinction of suffering (the eight supra-mundane mind factors).[37]

## Sikhism

Template:SikhBeliefs

Main articles: Religion:Sikhism and Satnam

> The Gurmukhs do not like falsehood; they are imbued with Truth; they love only Truth.

> --Gurubani, Hymn 3, [38]

Sat or truthfulness is one of the 5 virtues in Sikhism.

## Indian emblem motto

National Emblem of India

The motto of the republic of India's emblem is Satyameva Jayate which is literally translated as 'Truth alone triumphs'.

## See also

* Philosophy:Dharma
* Philosophy:Sacca - Buddhist term meaning "real" or "true"
* Religion:Satnam - 'Satnam' was concept of Guru Nanak ji
* Philosophy:Transcendentals - Truth, beauty, and goodness
* Truth

## References

### Citations

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Hindery, Roderick (1996). Comparative ethics in Hindu and Buddhist traditions. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 51–55. ISBN 978-81-208-0866-9.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 de Nicolás, Antonio T. (2003). Meditations Through the Rig Veda. iUniverse. pp. 162–164. ISBN 978-0595269259.
3. ↑
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Tiwari, Kedar Nath (1998). "Virtues and Duties in Indian Ethics". Classical Indian Ethical Thought. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 87. ISBN 978-8120816077. https://archive.org/details/nhAt_classical-indian-ethical-thought-kedar-nath-tiwari_202012.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Garg, Ganga Ram, ed (1992). Encyclopaedia of the Hindu World. 3. Concept Publishing Company. p. 733. ISBN 8170223733.
6. ↑

* Dept. of Classics and Ancient History, University of Auckland, ed (1979). Prudentia, Volumes 11–13. University of Auckland Bindery. p. 96. "The semantic connection may therefore be compared with the Sanskrit term for the 'moral law', dharma (cognate with Latin firmus) and 'truth' satya (cognate with English 'sooth' and Greek with its well known significance in Plato's thought...".

7. ↑ Dhand, A. (2002). "The dharma of ethics, the ethics of dharma: Quizzing the ideals of Hinduism". Journal of Religious Ethics 30 (3): 347–372. doi:10.1111/1467-9795.00113.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Monier-Williams, Monier (1872). A Sanskrit-English Dictionary: Etymologically and Philologically Arranged with Special Reference to Cognate Indo-European Languages. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 1052–1054. https://archive.org/details/1872sanskriten00moniuoft.
9. ↑ Ishwaran, Karigoudar (1999). Ascetic Culture: Renunciation and Worldly Engagement. Leiden: Brill. pp. 143–144. ISBN 978-90-04-11412-8.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (2004). A Practical Sanskrit Dictionary with Transliteration, Accentuation, and Etymological Analysis Throughout. Motilal Banarsidass Publ.. ISBN 978-81-208-2000-5.
11. ↑ Chaudhuri, H. (1954). "The Concept of Brahman in Hindu Philosophy". Philosophy East and West 4 (1): 47–66. doi:10.2307/1396951.
12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Aurobindo, Sri; Basu, Arabinda (2002). "The Sadhana of Plotinus". in Gregorios, Paulos. Neoplatonism and Indian Philosophy. Albany, N.Y.: SUNY Press. pp. 153–156. ISBN 978-0-7914-5274-5.
13. ↑ Sourcebook of the world's religions: an interfaith guide to religion and spirituality. Novato, Calif.: New World Library. 2000. pp. 52–55. ISBN 978-1-57731-121-8.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Holdrege, Barbara (2004). "Dharma". The Hindu world. New York: Routledge. p. 215. ISBN 0-415-21527-7.
15. ↑ Brihadaranyaka Upanishad (third ed.). Advaita Ashrama. 1950. Section V. https://archive.org/stream/Brihadaranyaka.Upanishad.Shankara.Bhashya.by.Swami.Madhavananda.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Johnston, Charles (23 October 2014). The Mukhya Upanishads: Books of Hidden Wisdom. Kshetra. p. 481. ISBN 978-1495946530. For discussion on Satya and Brahman pp. 491–505, 561–575.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Horsch, Paul (2004). "From Creation Myth to World Law: The early history of Dharma". Journal of Indian Philosophy 32 (5–6): 423–448. doi:10.1007/s10781-004-8628-3.
18. ↑ "taittirIya upanishad". https://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_upanishhat/taitaccent.html. "सत्यं वद । धर्मं चर, satyam vada dharmam cara"
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Easwaran, E. (2007). The Upanishads. Nilgiri Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-1586380212.
20. ↑ Mundaka Upanishad (Sanskrit) Wikisource
21. ↑ Ananthamurthy, U.R.; Mehta, Suketu; Ananthamurthy, Sharath (2008). "Compassionate Space". India International Centre Quarterly (India International Centre) 35 (2): 18–23. ISSN 0376-9771. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23006353. Retrieved 7 September 2023.
22. ↑ Lal, Brij (2011). A Vision for Change: Speeches and Writings of A.D. Patel 1929–1969. Australian National University Press. p. xxi. ISBN 978-1921862328.
23. ↑ Müller, F. Max, ed (1884). "The Mundaka Upanishad". The Upanishads, Part 2. The Sacred Books of the East. XV. Oxford: Clarendon Press. pp. 38–40. https://archive.org/stream/upanishads02ml.
24. ↑ Patanjali states five restraints, rather than ten. The complete list of ten forbearances in Sandilya Upanishad are, in the order they are listed in original Upanishad manuscript: ahimsa, satya, asteya, brahmacharya, daya, arjava, kshama, dhrti, mitahara, and saucha
25. ↑ Narayanaswami Aiyar, K. (1914). Thirty minor Upanishads. Madras: V̇asanṭā Press. pp. 173–174. OCLC 23013613.
26. ↑ Deussen, Paul (1908). The Philosophy of the Upanishads. Edinburgh: T&T Clark. pp. 128–133. https://archive.org/stream/philosophyupani00deusgoog.
27. ↑ Dutt, Manmatha Nath, ed (1903). "Mokshadharma parva". The Mahābhārata: Shanti parva. CCC.12.
28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "Mokshadharma Parva". The Mahabharata, Vanti Parva, Volume II. Calcutta: Pratapa Chandra Ray, Bharata Press. 1891. p. 344.
29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Patanjali (September 2012). "Sutra Number 2.36". Yoga Sutras. Sanskrit Works. pp. 140–150. ISBN 978-0988251502.
30. ↑ Palkhivala, Aadil (August 28, 2007). "Teaching the Yamas in Asana Class". Yoga Journal. https://www.yogajournal.com/article/teach/teaching-the-yamas-in-asana-class/.
31. ↑ Bryant, Edwin (19 April 2011). "Ahimsa in the Patanjali Yoga Tradition". in Rosen, Steven. Food for the Soul: Vegetarianism and Yoga Traditions. Praeger. pp. 33–48. ISBN 978-0313397035.
32. ↑
33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Jain, Vijay K. (2012). Acharya Amritchandra's Purushartha Siddhyupaya: Realization of the Pure Self, With Hindi and English Translation. Vikalp Printers. ISBN 978-8190363945. https://books.google.com/books?id=4iyUu4Fc2-YC. " This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain."
34. ↑ Jain, S.A. (1992), Reality (English Translation of Srimat Pujyapadacharya's Sarvarthasiddhi) (Second ed.), Jwalamalini Trust, p. 197, https://archive.org/details/Reality_JMT, " This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain."
35. ↑ www.wisdomlib.org (2008-09-27). "Sacca, Saccā: 11 definitions" (in en). https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/sacca#:~:text=Images (photo gallery)-,In Buddhism,and of the Eightfold Path leading to the extinction of suffering.,-The 1st truth.
36. ↑ "Bauddha Darsana Lecture 6 Four Noble Truths". Consortium for Educational Communication: 2. https://cec.nic.in/webpath/curriculum/Module/SANS/Paper07_Unit_II/6/content/downloads/script.pdf.
37. ↑ "four noble truths" (in en). https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095831186.
38. ↑ Template:SGGS page

### Sources

* Sangave, Vilas Adinath (1980), Jain Community: A Social Survey (2nd ed.), Bombay: Popular Prakashan, ISBN 978-0-317-12346-3, https://books.google.com/books?id=FWdWrRGV_t8C

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Major figures|

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Philosophy|

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Deities|

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* Humanistic

|

Christianity|

* Catholicism
* Latin
* Eastern
* Eastern Orthodoxy
* Oriental Orthodoxy
* Nestorianism
* Assyrian
* Ancient
* Proto-Protestantism
* Waldensians
* Czech Brethren/Moravians
* Protestantism
* Lutheranism
* Calvinism
* Reformed
* Presbyterianism
* Congregationalism
* Anabaptism
* Amish
* Brethren
* Hutterites
* Mennonites
* Schwenkfelders
* Anglicanism
* Methodism
* Holiness
* Baptists
* Quakerism
* Plymouth Brethren
* Restorationism
* Irvingism
* Adventism
* Pentecostalism/Charismatic
* Independent Catholicism
* Nontrinitarianism
* Unitarianism
* Swedenborgianism
* Mormonism
* Christadelphians
* Bible Students/Jehovah's Witnesses
* Anglo-Israelism
* Oneness Pentecostalism
* Spiritual
* Tolstoyan
* Judaizers
* Nondenominational
* Evangelicalism
* Esoteric

Islam|

* Sunni
* Ashʿari
* Maturidi
* Traditionalist theology
* Salafism
* Wahhabism
* Modernist Salafism
* Shia
* Twelver
* Zaidiyyah
* Isma'ilism
* Alawis
* Sufism
* Khawarij
* Ibadi
* Alevism
* Ahmadi
* Mahdavia
* Quranism
* Non-denominational

Others|

* Bábism
* Azali
* Bahá'í
* Druze
* Ali-Illahism
* Yarsanism
* Mandaeism
* Rastafarianism

Dharmic|

| Hinduism|

* Vaishnavism
* Sri Vaishnavism
* Brahma Sampradaya
* Nimbarka Sampradaya
* Pushtimarg
* Mahanubhava
* Ramanandi
* Varkari
* Shaivism
* Siddhantism
* Kashmir
* Kapalika
* Kaumaram
* Lingayatism
* Nath
* Balinese
* Shaktism
* Smartism
* Śrauta
* Sant Mat
* Ayyavazhi
* Neo-Hinduism

|

Buddhism|

* Theravada
* Mahayana
* Chan/Zen
* Amidism
* Nichiren
* Vajrayana
* Tibetan
* Neo-Buddhism

Others|

* Jainism
* Digambara
* Śvētāmbara
* Sikhism

Mazdan|

* Zoroastrianism

Indo-European|

* Armenian
* Baltic
* Celtic
* Druidry
* Germanic
* Hellenism
* Italo-Roman
* Romanian
* Slavic
* Yazidis
* Ossetian
* Kalash

Uralic|

* Estonian
* Finnish
* Hungarian
* Mari
* Mordvin
* Sámi
* Udmurt

Altaic|

* Turko-Mongolic
* Tengrism
* Burkhanism
* Vattisen Yaly
* Tungusic
* Manchu
* Evenki

Chinese|

* Confucianism
* Taoism
* Folk Taoism
* Yao Taoism
* Nuo
* Salvationist
* Xiantiandao
* Yiguandao
* Luoism

Tibeto-
Burmese|

* Bon
* Burmese
* Benzhuism
* Bimoism
* Bathouism
* Bongthingism
* Donyi-Polo
* Heraka
* Kiratism
* Qiang
* Sanamahism

Korean|

* Sindoism
* Cheondoism
* Jeungsanism

Japanese|

* Shinto
* Tenrikyo
* Ryukyuan

Tai and Miao|

* Ahom
* Hmongism
* Mo
* Satsana Phi

Austroasiatic|

* Vietnamese
* Caodaism
* Đạo Mẫu
* Hoahaoism
* Sarnaism

Austronesian|

* Batak Parmalim
* Dayak
* Kaharingan
* Momolianism
* Javanese Kejawèn
* Karo Pemena
* Malaysian
* Philippine Dayawism
* Tagalog
* Polynesian
* Hawaiian
* Māori
* Sumbese Marapu
* Sundanese Wiwitan

African|

| Traditional|

* Akan
* Akamba
* Baluba
* Bantu
* Kongo
* Zulu
* Berber
* Guanche church
* Bushongo
* Dinka
* Efik
* Fon and Ewe
* Igbo
* Ik
* Lotuko
* Lozi
* Lugbara
* Maasai
* Mbuti
* San
* Serer
* Tumbuka
* Urhobo
* Waaq
* Yoruba
* Ifá

|

Diasporic|

* Candomblé
* Bantu
* Jejé
* Ketu
* Comfa
* Convince
* Espiritismo
* Kumina
* Obeah
* Palo
* Quimbanda
* Santería
* Tambor de Mina
* Trinidad Orisha
* Umbanda
* Vodou
* Voodoo
* Winti

Native
American|

* Abenaki
* Anishinaabe
* Blackfoot
* Californian
* Miwok
* Ohlone
* Pomo
* Cherokee
* Chilote
* Choctaw
* Creek
* Guarani
* Haida
* Ho-Chunk
* Hopi
* Iroquois
* Seneca
* Wyandot
* Longhouse Religion
* Jivaroan
* Kwakwakaʼwakw
* Lakota
* Lenape
* Mapuche
* Mesoamerican
* Aztec
* Maya
* Purépecha
* Midewiwin
* Muisca
* Native American Church
* Navajo
* Nuu-chah-nulth
* Pawnee
* Tsimshian
* Ute
* Zuni

Other ethnic|

* Aboriginal Australian
* Circassian
* Dravidian
* Inuit
* Papuan
* Siberian

Recent|

* Adi Dharm/Brahmoism
* Anthroposophy
* Discordianism
* Eckankar
* Falun Gong
* Fourth Way
* Goddess
* Japanese
* Jediism
* Modekngei
* Neopaganism
* Reconstructionism
* Wicca
* Neoshamanism
* New Acropolis
* New Age
* New Thought
* Rajneesh
* Satanism
* Spiritualism
* Subud
* Tensegrity
* Thelema
* Theosophy
* Neo-Theosophy
* Agni Yoga
* Transcendental Meditation
* UFO religion
* Raëlism
* Scientology
* Unitarian Universalism
* White Brotherhood

Note: 1 The main source: Eliade, Mircea, ed (1987). The Encyclopedia of Religion. New York: MacMillan.

Historical religions

* Prehistoric
* Paleolithic
* Harappan
* Egyptian
* Atenism
* Mesopotamian
* Sumerian
* Babylonian
* Semitic
* Canaanite
* Yahwism
* Arabian
* Somali
* Hurrian
* Urartu
* Etruscan
* Basque
* Georgian
* Vainakh
* Proto-Indo-European
* Proto-Indo-Iranian
* Vedic
* Mazdaism
* Hittite
* Armenian
* Paleo-Balkan
* Albanian
* Illyrian
* Thracian
* Dacian
* Greek
* Mysteries
* Orphism
* Gnosticism
* Hermeticism
* Greco-Buddhism
* Roman
* Imperial cult
* Gallo-Roman
* Mithraism
* Manichaeism
* Mazdakism
* Scythian
* Germanic
* Anglo-Saxon
* Continental
* Frankish
* Norse
* Celtic
* Baltic
* Slavic
* Finnish
* Hungarian
* Ainu
* Melanesian
* Micronesian
* Nauruan
* Cook Islands
* Rapa Nui
* Tongan
* Inca
* Olmec
* Zapotec
* Fuegian
* Selk'nam
* Guanche
* Swahili
* Jamaican Maroon

Topics

| Aspects|

* Apostasy / Disaffiliation
* Behaviour
* Beliefs
* Clergy
* Conversion
* Deities
* Entheogens
* Ethnic religion
* Denomination
* Faith
* Fire
* Folk religion
* God
* Meditation
* Monasticism
* monk
* nun
* Mysticism
* Mythology
* Nature
* Ordination
* Orthodoxy
* Orthopraxy
* Prayer
* Prophecy
* Religious experience
* Ritual
* liturgy
* sacrifice
* Spirituality
* Supernatural
* Symbols
* Truth
* Water
* Worship

|

Theism|

* Animism
* Deism
* Dualism
* Henotheism
* Monotheism
* Nontheism
* Panentheism
* Pantheism
* Polytheism
* Transtheism

Religious
studies|

* Anthropology
* Cognitive science
* Comparative
* Development
* Evolutionary origin
* Evolutionary psychology
* History
* Philosophy
* Neurotheology
* Psychology
* Sociology
* Theology
* Theories
* Women

Religion and
society

* Agriculture
* Business
* Clergy
* monasticism
* ordination
* Conversion
* evangelism
* missionary
* proselytism
* Disability
* Education
* Fanaticism
* Freedom
* pluralism
* syncretism
* toleration
* universalism
* Fundamentalism
* Growth
* Happiness
* Homosexuality
* Minorities
* National church
* National religiosity levels
* Religiocentrism
* Political science
* Populations
* Schism
* Science
* State
* Theocracy
* Vegetarianism
* Video games
* Violence
* persecution
* terrorism
* war
* Wealth

Secularism and
irreligion

* Antireligion
* Deism
* Agnosticism
* Atheism
* Criticism
* LaVeyan Satanism
* Deconstruction
* Humanistic Judaism
* Irreligion by country
* Objectivism
* Secular humanism
* Secular theology
* Secularization
* Separation of church and state
* Unaffiliated

Overviews
and lists

* Index
* Outline
* Timeline
* Abrahamic prophets
* Deification
* Deities
* Founders
* Mass gatherings
* New religious movements
* Organizations
* Religions and spiritual traditions
* Scholars

* Category
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Virtues

About virtues|

* Endowment
* Moral character
* Nicomachean Ethics
* Positive psychology
* Trait theory
* Virtue ethics

Virtue families|

* Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā
* Brahmavihārās
* Bushidō
* Catalogue of Vices and Virtues
* Civic virtue
* Emi Omo Eso
* Epistemic virtues
* Five virtues
* Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues
* Intellectual virtues
* Moral virtues
* Nine Noble Virtues
* Omoluwabi
* Pāramīs
* Prussian virtues
* Scout Law
* Seven virtues
* Cardinal
* Theological
* Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers
* Three Treasures
* Values in Action Inventory of Strengths
* Yamas

Individual virtues|

* Accountability
* Alertness
* Altruism
* Authenticity
* Calmness
* Charisma
* Charity
* Chastity
* Chivalry
* Cleanliness
* Compassion
* Conscientiousness
* Courage
* Civil
* Moral
* Courtesy
* Diligence
* Discernment
* Discipline
* Duty
* Empathy
* Endurance
* Equanimity
* Etiquette
* Faith
* Faithfulness
* Fidelity
* Foresight
* Forgiveness
* Frugality
* Generosity
* Glory
* Good faith
* Gratitude
* Heroism
* Honesty
* Honour
* Hope
* Hospitality
* Humanity
* Humility
* Impartiality
* Innocence
* Insight
* Integrity
* Intelligence
* Emotional
* Social
* Judgement
* Justice
* Kindness
* Love
* Loyalty
* Magnanimity
* Magnificence
* Meekness
* Mercy
* Moderation
* Modesty
* Nonattachment
* Patience
* Patriotism
* Perspicacity
* Philanthropy
* Piety
* Filial
* Pity
* Politeness
* Prudence
* Punctuality
* Religion
* Renunciation
* Resilience
* Respect
* Reverence
* Righteous indignation
* Righteousness
* Self-control
* Self-cultivation
* Self-transcendence
* Simplicity
* Sincerity
* Solidarity
* Sportsmanship
* Sympathy
* Taste
* Temperance
* Tranquillity
* Trust
* Wisdom
* Wit
* Workmanship

| Chinese|

* De
* Jing
* Li
* Ren
* Yi

|

Greek|

* Agape
* Arete
* Ataraxia
* Eutrapelia
* Philotimo
* Phronesis
* Sophia
* Sophrosyne

Indian|

* Adhiṭṭhāna
* Ahimsa
* Akrodha
* Aparigraha
* Ārjava
* Asteya
* Brahmacharya
* Dāna
* Dhṛti
* Hrī
* Karuṇā
* Kshama
* Kshanti
* Mettā
* Muditā
* Nishkama Karma
* Prajñā
* Samatva
* Satya
* Shaucha
* Sevā
* Śraddhā/Saddhā
* Upekṣā
* Vīrya

Latin|

* Auctoritas
* Caritas
* Decorum
* Dignitas
* Fides
* Gravitas
* Humanitas
* Pietas
* Virtus

Other|

* Ganbaru
* Giri
* Sadaqah
* Seny
* Sisu
* Virtù

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