Mormonism

Mormonism is the theology and religious tradition of the Latter Day Saint movement of Restorationist Christianity started by Joseph Smith in Western New York in the 1820s and 1830s. As a label, Mormonism has been applied to various aspects of the Latter Day Saint movement, although since 2018 there has been a push from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) to distance itself from this label.[1]

A prominent feature of Mormon theology is the Book of Mormon, a 19th-century text which describes itself as a chronicle of early Indigenous peoples of the Americas and their dealings with God.[2] Mormon theology combines mainstream Christian beliefs with modifications stemming from belief in revelations to Smith and other religious leaders. This includes the use of and belief in the Bible and other religious texts, including the Doctrine and Covenants and the Pearl of Great Price. Mormonism includes significant doctrines of eternal marriage, eternal progression, baptism for the dead, sexual purity, health, fasting, Sabbath observance, and formerly, plural marriage.

The theology itself is not uniform; as early as 1831, and most significantly after Smith's death, various groups split from the Church of Christ that Smith established.[3] One source estimated over 400 denominations have sprung from founder Joseph Smith's original movement.[4] Other than differences in leadership, these groups most significantly differ in their stances on polygamy, which the Utah-based LDS Church banned in 1890, and Trinitarianism, which the LDS Church does not affirm. The branch of theology which seeks to maintain the practice of polygamy is known as Mormon fundamentalism and includes several different churches.[5] Other groups affirm Trinitarianism, such as the Community of Christ (formerly the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints), and describe their doctrine as Trinitarian Christian restorationist.[6]

Cultural Mormonism is a term coined by cultural Mormons who identify with the culture, especially present in much of the American West,[7] but do not necessarily identify with the theology.[8]

## Contents

* 1 Historical overview
* 2 Theology
* 2.1 Nature of God
* 2.2 Restoration
* 2.3 Cosmology
* 2.4 America
* 2.5 Ordinances
* 2.6 Scripture
* 2.7 Revelation
* 3 Relationship with other faiths
* 3.1 Relationship with mainstream Christianity
* 3.2 Relationship with Judaism
* 3.3 Relationship with UFOlogy
* 4 Theological divisions
* 4.1 Mainstream Mormon theology
* 4.2 Mormon fundamentalism
* 4.3 Liberal reformist theology
* 5 Criticism
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 7.1 Citations
* 7.2 Cited and general sources
* 8 Further reading
* 9 External links
* 9.1 Links to official websites of specific Mormon denominations

## Historical overview

Joseph Smith, the founder of the Mormon movement.

The doctrines of Mormonism began with the farmboy Joseph Smith in the 1820s in Western New York during a period of religious excitement known as the Second Great Awakening.[9] Smith, at 14 years old, was determined to find out which church taught the "true" doctrine of God. He believed that God existed, but was confused by what he believed to be contradictions in the beliefs of churches available to him. In Joseph Smith-History, he wrote: "While I was laboring under the extreme difficulties caused by the contests of these parties of religionists, I was one day reading the Epistle of James, first chapter and fifth verse, which reads: 'If any of you lack wisdom, let him ask of God, that giveth to all men liberally, and upbraideth not; and it shall be given him.'" After praying about which denomination he should join, Smith said he received a vision in the spring of 1820.[10] Called the "First Vision", Smith said that God the Father and his son, Jesus Christ, appeared to him and instructed him to join none of the existing churches because they were all wrong.[11] During the 1820s, Smith chronicled several angelic visitations, and was eventually told (by the angels) that God would use him to re-establish the "true Christian church."[12]

In 1830 Smith published the Book of Mormon which he claimed to have translated from ancient writings found on golden plates. He said an angel first showed him the location of the plates in 1823, buried in a nearby hill. After obtaining the plates in 1827, Smith began dictating the text of the Book of Mormon in April 1828 with the assistance of Martin Harris and later Oliver Cowdery. After several interruptions, Smith completed the manuscript in June 1829.[13] Smith said the plates were returned to the angel after he finished the translation.

The Book of Mormon claims to be a chronicle of early Israelites who left the Near East and traveled to the Americas. The book begins c. 600 BC with the departure from Jerusalem of the family of a prophet named Lehi, and their sailing to the Americas. It tells of people in the Americas (presumably Native Americans) with a belief in Jesus hundreds of years before his birth; their witnessing Jesus's personal visitation to them after his resurrection; and of their eventually losing Christianity after generations of wars and apostasy. According to Smith, the Book of Mormon and other revelations would be the means of establishing correct doctrine for a restored church. Smith began baptizing new converts in 1829, and formally organized the Church of Christ in 1830.[14] Smith was seen by his followers as a modern-day prophet.[15]

The early church encountered criticism and persecution from residents of Palmyra, New York and surrounding several towns when they began to organize.[2] To avoid confrontation, Smith and the early church members, known as Mormons, moved West to Kirtland, Ohio, and Jackson County, Missouri where they hoped to establish a permanent New Jerusalem or City of Zion.[16] However, they were expelled from Jackson County in 1833 and fled to other parts of Missouri. In 1838, fighting between the Missourians and Mormons resulted in the governor of Missouri issuing an "extermination order" against the Mormons, forcing them to flee the state.[17] The displaced church relocated to Illinois where under Smith's direction, the church bought a small town, renamed it Nauvoo, and lived with a degree of peace and prosperity for a few years.[18] However, tensions between Mormons and their neighbors again escalated. In 1844 Smith was killed by a mob, precipitating a succession crisis.[19]

The largest group of Mormons, now called the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, followed Brigham Young as the new prophet and, under his direction, emigrated to what became the Utah Territory.[20] There, the church began the open practice of plural marriage, a form of religious polygamy which Smith had instituted in Nauvoo. Polygamy became the faith's most sensational characteristic during the 19th century, and vigorous opposition by the United States Congress threatened the church's existence as a legal institution. Further, polygamy was also a major cause for the opposition to Mormonism in the states of Idaho and Arizona.[21] In the 1890 Manifesto, church president Wilford Woodruff announced the official end of plural marriage.[22]

Due to this formal abolition of plural marriage, several small groups broke from the LDS Church forming many smaller Mormon fundamentalist denominations.[23] During the latter half of the 20th century the LDS Church grew rapidly, going from about 1.7 million members in 1960 to around 7.7 million members in 1990. Growth since then has slowed, and the church claimed a membership of 16 million in 2020.[24]

## Theology

### Nature of God

Main article: Religion:God in Mormonism

In orthodox Mormonism, the term God generally refers to the biblical God the Father, whom Latter Day Saints refer to as Elohim,[25][26][27] and the term Godhead refers to a council of three distinct divine persons consisting of God the Father, Jesus (his firstborn Son, whom Latter Day Saints refer to as Jehovah), and the Holy Ghost.[25][27] Latter Day Saints believe that the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost are three distinct beings, and that the Father and Jesus have perfected, glorified, physical bodies, while the Holy Ghost is a spirit without a physical body.[25][28][29] Latter Day Saints also believe that there are other gods and goddesses outside the Godhead, such as a Heavenly Mother—who is married to God the Father—and that faithful Latter-day Saints may attain godhood in the afterlife.[30] Joseph Smith taught that God was once a man on another planet before being exalted to Godhood.[31]

This conception differs from the traditional Christian Trinity in several ways, one of which is that Mormonism has not adopted or continued to hold the doctrine of the Nicene Creed, that the Father, Son, and Holy Ghost are of the same substance or being.[25] Also, Mormonism teaches that the intelligence dwelling in each human is coeternal with God.[32] Mormons use the term omnipotent to describe God, and regard him as the creator: they understand him as being almighty and eternal but subject to eternal natural law which governs intelligences, justice and the eternal nature of matter (i.e. God organized the world but did not create it from nothing).[33] The Mormon conception of God also differs substantially from the Jewish tradition of ethical monotheism in which elohim (אֱלֹהִים) is a completely different conception.

### Restoration

A depiction of Joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery receiving priesthood authority from John the Baptist

Mormonism describes itself as falling within world Christianity, but as a distinct restored dispensation; it characterizes itself as the only true form of the Christian religion since the time of a "Great Apostasy" that began not long after the ascension of Jesus Christ.[34] According to Mormons this apostasy involved the corruption of the pure, original Christian doctrine with Greek and other philosophies,[35] and followers dividing into different ideological groups.[36] Additionally, Mormons claim the martyrdom of the Apostles led to the loss of Priesthood authority to administer the Church and its ordinances.[37][38]

Mormons believe that God re-established the 1st-century early Christian church as found in the New Testament through the restoration of Joseph Smith.[39] In particular, Mormons believe that angels such as Peter, James, John, and John the Baptist appeared to Joseph Smith and others and bestowed various Priesthood authorities on them.[40] Mormons thus believe that their Church is the "only true and living church" because divine authority was restored to it through Smith. In addition, Mormons believe that Smith and his legitimate successors are modern prophets who receive revelation from God to guide the church. They maintain that other Christian religions have a portion of the truth and are guided by the light of Christ.[41][42]

### Cosmology

Smith's cosmology is laid out mostly in Smith's later revelations and sermons—particularly the Book of Abraham, the Book of Moses, and the King Follett discourse.[43] Mormon cosmology presents a unique view of God and the universe and places high importance on human agency. In Mormonism, life on earth is just a short part of an eternal existence. Mormons believe that in the beginning, all people existed as spirits or "intelligences" in the presence of God.[44] In this state, God proposed a plan of salvation whereby they could progress and "have a privilege to advance like himself."[45] The spirits were free to accept or reject this plan, and a "third" of them, led by Satan rejected it.[46] The rest accepted the plan, coming to earth and receiving bodies with an understanding that they would experience sin and suffering.

In Mormonism, the central part of God's plan is the atonement of Jesus Christ.[47] Mormons believe that one purpose of earthly life is to learn to choose good over evil. In this process, people inevitably make mistakes, becoming unworthy to return to the presence of God. Mormons believe that Jesus paid for the sins of the world and that all people can be saved through his atonement.[48] Mormons accept Christ's atonement through faith, repentance, formal covenants or ordinances such as baptism, and consistently trying to live a Christ-like life.

According to Mormon scripture, the Earth's creation was not ex nihilo, but organized from existing matter. The Earth is just one of many inhabited worlds, and there are many governing heavenly bodies, including the planet or star Kolob, which is said to be nearest the throne of God.[49]

### America

File:Constitution of the United States - DPLA - 9ca804144bd5965e992ae3528bc3c6a3 (page 1).jpgMormons believe that the U.S. Constitution is the result of divine inspiration. Fundamentalists believe in the related White Horse Prophecy.

Mormon theology teaches that the United States is a unique place and that Mormons are God's chosen people, selected for a singular destiny.[50] The Book of Mormon alludes to the United States as being the Biblical promised land, with the Constitution of the United States being divinely inspired, and argues that America is an exceptional nation.[50][51][52]

In Upstate New York in 1823, Joseph Smith claimed to have had a vision in which the Angel Moroni told him about engraved golden plates buried in a nearby hill.[53][54] According to Smith, he received subsequent instruction from Moroni and, four years later, excavated the plates and translated them from "reformed Egyptian" into English; the resultant Book of Mormon—so called after an ancient American prophet who, according to Smith, had compiled the text recorded on the golden plates—recounts the history of a tribe of Israelites, led by the prophet Lehi, who migrated from Jerusalem to the Americas in the 7th century BCE.[53][54] In Mormonism, these Israelite tribes who migrated to the Americas centuries before the birth of Jesus Christ are considered to be among the ancestors of pre-Columbian Native Americans.[50][53][54]

Joseph Smith argued that the millennial New Jerusalem was to be built in America (10th Article of Faith).[51] In the Doctrine and Covenants, Smith records God as saying "it is not right that any man should be in bondage one to another. And for this purpose have I established the Constitution of this land, by the hands of wise men whom I raised up unto this very purpose, and redeemed the land by the shedding of blood" (D&C 101:79–80). To Mormons, this places America as the originator of religious liberty and freedom, while noting a need to expand these American values worldwide.[55]

Although officially shunned by the LDS Church, fundamentalist Mormons believe in the White Horse Prophecy, which argues that Mormons will be called upon to preserve the Constitution as it hangs "by a thread".[56][57]

### Ordinances

In Mormonism, an ordinance is a religious ritual of special significance, often involving the formation of a covenant with God.[58] Ordinances are performed by the authority of the priesthood and in the name of Jesus Christ. The term has a meaning roughly similar to the term sacrament in other Christian denominations.

A young man baptizing a child into the LDS Church in Panama

Saving ordinances (or ordinances viewed as necessary for salvation) include: baptism by immersion after the age of accountability (normally age 8); confirmation and reception of the gift of the Holy Ghost, performed by laying hands on the head of a newly baptized member; ordination to the Aaronic and Melchizedek priesthoods for males; an endowment (including washing and anointing) received in temples; and marriage (or sealing) to a spouse.[59]

Mormons also perform other ordinances, which include the Lord's Supper (commonly called the sacrament), naming and blessing children, giving priesthood blessings and patriarchal blessings, anointing and blessing the sick, participating in prayer circles, and setting apart individuals who are called to church positions.

In Mormonism, the saving ordinances are seen as necessary for salvation, but they are insufficient in and of themselves. For example, baptism is required for exaltation, but having been baptized does not guarantee any eternal reward. The baptized person is expected to obey God's commandments, repent of any sinful conduct subsequent to baptism, and receive the other saving ordinances.

Because Mormons believe that everyone must receive specific ordinances to be saved, Mormons perform ordinances on behalf of deceased persons.[60] These ordinances are performed vicariously or by "proxy" on behalf of the dead. In accordance with their belief in each individual's "free agency", living or dead, Mormons believe that the deceased may accept or reject the offered ordinance in the spirit world, just as all spirits decided to accept or reject God's plan originally. In addition, these "conditional" ordinances on behalf of the dead are performed only when a deceased person's genealogical information has been submitted to a temple and correctly processed there before the ordinance ritual is performed. Only ordinances for salvation are performed on behalf of dead people.

### Scripture

The Book of Mormon: Another Testament of Jesus Christ

Mormons believe in the Old and New Testaments, and the LDS Church uses the Authorized King James Version as its official scriptural text of the Bible. While Mormons believe in the general accuracy of the modern-day text of the Bible, they also believe that it is incomplete and that errors have been introduced.[61][62][63] According to Mormon theology, many lost truths are restored in the Book of Mormon, which Mormons hold to be divine scripture and equal in authority to the Bible.[64]

### Revelation

In Mormonism, continuous revelation is the principle that God or his divine agents still communicate to humankind. This communication can be manifest in many ways: influences of the Holy Ghost (the principal form in which this principle is manifest), visions, visitations of divine beings, and others. Joseph Smith used the example of the Lord's revelations to Moses in Deuteronomy to explain the importance of continuous revelation:

> God said, "Thou shalt not kill"; at another time he said, "Thou shalt utterly destroy." This is the principle on which the government of heaven is conducted, by revelation adapted to the circumstances in which the children of the Kingdom are placed. Whatever God requires is right, no matter what it is, although we may not see the reason thereof till long after the events transpire.[65]

Mormons believe Smith and subsequent church leaders could speak scripture "when moved upon by the Holy Ghost."[66] In addition, many Mormons believe that ancient prophets in other regions of the world received revelations that resulted in additional scriptures that have been lost and may, one day, be forthcoming. In Mormonism, revelation is not limited to church members. For instance, Latter Day Saints believe the United States Constitution is a divinely inspired document.[67]

Mormons are encouraged to develop a personal relationship with the Holy Ghost and receive personal revelation for their own direction and that of their family.[66] The Latter-Day Saint concept of revelation includes the belief that revelation from God is available to all those who earnestly seek it with the intent of doing good. It also teaches that everyone is entitled to personal revelation concerning their stewardship (leadership responsibility). Thus, parents may receive inspiration from God in raising their families; individuals can receive divine inspiration to help them meet personal challenges, and church officers may receive revelation for those they serve.

The important consequence is that each person may receive confirmation that a prophet's doctrines are true and gain divine insight in using those truths for their own benefit and eternal progress. In the church, personal revelation is expected and encouraged, and many converts believe that personal revelation from God was instrumental in their conversion.[68]

## Relationship with other faiths

### Relationship with mainstream Christianity

Mormons see Jesus Christ as the premier figure of their religion.[69]

Mormonism categorizes itself within Christianity, and nearly all Mormons self-identify as Christian.[70][71][72] For some who define Christianity within the doctrines of Catholicism, Eastern and Oriental Orthodoxy, the Churches of the East, and Protestantism, Mormonism's differences place it outside the umbrella of Christianity.[73][74][75]

Since its beginnings, the faith has proclaimed itself to be Christ's Church restored with its original authority, structure and power; maintaining that existing denominations believed in incorrect doctrines and were not acknowledged by God as his church and kingdom.[76] Though the religion quickly gained a large following of Christian seekers, in the 1830s, many American Christians came to view the church's early doctrines and practices[77] as politically and culturally subversive, as well as doctrinally heretical, abominable, and condemnable. This discord led to a series of sometimes-deadly conflicts between Mormons and others who saw themselves as orthodox Christians.[78] Although such violence declined during the twentieth century, the religion's unique doctrinal views and practices still generate criticism, sometimes vehemently so. This gives rise to efforts by Mormons and opposing types of Christians to proselytize each other.[79]

Mormons believe in Jesus Christ as the literal Son of God and Messiah, his crucifixion as a conclusion of a sin offering, and subsequent resurrection.[80] However, Latter-day Saints (LDS) reject the ecumenical creeds and the definition of the Trinity.[81][82] (In contrast, the second-largest Latter Day Saint denomination, the Community of Christ, is Trinitarian and monotheistic.) Mormons hold the view that the New Testament prophesied both the apostasy from the teachings of Christ and his apostles as well as the restoration of all things prior to the second coming of Christ.[83]

Some notable differences with mainstream Christianity include a belief that Jesus began his atonement in the garden of Gethsemane and continued it to his crucifixion, rather than the orthodox belief that the crucifixion alone was the physical atonement;[84] and an afterlife with three degrees of glory, with hell (often called spirit prison) being a temporary repository for the wicked between death and the resurrection.[85] Additionally, Mormons do not believe in creation ex nihilo, believing that matter is eternal, and creation involved God organizing existing matter.[86]

Much of the Mormon belief system is geographically oriented around the North and South American continents. Mormons believe that the people of the Book of Mormon lived in the Western Hemisphere, that Christ appeared in the western hemisphere after his death and resurrection, that the true faith was restored in Upstate New York by Joseph Smith, that the Garden of Eden was located in North America, and that the New Jerusalem would be built in Missouri. For this and other reasons, including a belief by many Mormons in American exceptionalism, Molly Worthen speculates that this may be why Leo Tolstoy described Mormonism as the "quintessential 'American religion'".[87]

### Relationship with Judaism

Although Mormons do not claim to be part of Judaism, Mormon theology claims to situate Mormonism within the context of Judaism to an extent that goes beyond what most other Christian denominations claim. The faith incorporates many Old Testament ideas into its theology, and the beliefs of Mormons sometimes parallel those of Judaism and certain elements of Jewish culture. In the earliest days of Mormonism, Joseph Smith taught that the Indigenous peoples of the Americas were members of some of the Lost Tribes of Israel. Later, he taught that Mormons were Israelites, and that they may learn of their tribal affiliation within the twelve Israelite tribes. Members of the LDS Church receive Patriarchal blessings which declare the recipient's lineage within one of the tribes of Israel. The lineage is either through true blood-line or adoption. The LDS Church teaches that if one is not a direct descendant of one of the twelve tribes, upon baptism he or she is adopted into one of the tribes. Patriarchal blessings also include personal information which is revealed through a patriarch by the power of the priesthood.

Smith hired Joshua (James) Seixas, son of Gershom Mendes Seixas and Hebrew school teacher at Congregation Shearith Israel, to teach Mormon leaders Hebrew. Smith himself attended some of these classes and went on to use his basic Hebrew in teachings. For example, Smith named the largest Mormon settlement he founded Nauvoo, which means "beautiful" (pl.) in Biblical Hebrew. Brigham Young named a tributary of the Great Salt Lake the Jordan River. The LDS Church has a Jerusalem Center in Israel, where students focus their study on Near Eastern history, culture, language, and the Bible.[88]

There has been some controversy involving Jewish groups who see the actions of some elements of Mormonism as offensive. In the 1990s, Jewish groups vocally opposed the LDS practice of baptism for the dead on behalf of Jewish victims of the Holocaust and Jews in general. According to LDS Church general authority Monte J. Brough, "Mormons who baptized 380,000 Holocaust victims posthumously were motivated by love and compassion and did not understand their gesture might offend Jews ... they did not realize that what they intended as a 'Christian act of service' was 'misguided and insensitive'".[89] Mormons believe that when the dead are baptized through proxy, they have the option of accepting or rejecting the ordinance.

### Relationship with UFOlogy

Many Mormons are believers, experiencers, or promotors of UFOs as an interstellar or non-human phenomenon. Matthew Bowman, scholar of Mormon Studies, writes that while some people use this to try to make Mormonism look silly, "a good number of Latter-day Saints" have welcomed being associated with UFOs. "Latter-day Saints have pointed to the phenomenon as either entirely consistent with their faith or even proof of it. ... These folks are the heirs to a strain of theology going back to Brigham Young that peaked with the early 20th-century writings of church leaders like B.H. Roberts or John Widtsoe."[90]

## Theological divisions

Mormon theology includes three main movements.[91][92] By far the largest of these is "mainstream Mormonism", defined by the leadership of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church).[93] The two broad movements outside mainstream Mormonism are Mormon fundamentalism, and liberal reformist Mormonism.[94][95]

### Mainstream Mormon theology

Mainstream Mormonism is defined by the leadership of the LDS Church which identifies itself as Christian.[71] Members of the LDS Church consider their top leaders to be prophets and apostles, and are encouraged to accept their positions on matters of theology, while seeking confirmation of them through personal study of the Book of Mormon and the Bible. Personal prayer is encouraged as well. The LDS Church is by far the largest branch of Mormonism. It has continuously existed since the succession crisis of 1844 that split the Latter Day Saint movement after the death of founder Joseph Smith Jr.

The LDS Church seeks to distance itself from other branches of Mormonism, particularly those that practice polygamy.[96]

### Mormon fundamentalism

Main article: Mormon fundamentalism

One way Mormon fundamentalism distinguishes itself from mainstream Mormonism is through the practice of plural marriage.[97] Fundamentalists initially broke from the LDS Church after that doctrine was discontinued around the beginning of the 20th century. Mormon fundamentalism teaches that plural marriage is a requirement for exaltation (the highest degree of salvation), which will allow them to live as gods and goddesses in the afterlife. Mainstream Mormons, by contrast, believe that a single Celestial marriage is necessary for exaltation.[98]

In distinction with the LDS Church, Mormon fundamentalists also often believe in a number of other doctrines taught and practiced by Brigham Young in the 19th century, which the LDS Church has either abandoned, repudiated, or put in abeyance. These include:[99]

* the law of consecration also known as the United Order (put in abeyance by the LDS Church in the 19th century);
* the Adam–God teachings taught by Brigham Young and other early leaders of the LDS Church (repudiated by the LDS Church in the mid-20th century);
* the principle of blood atonement (repudiated by the LDS Church in the mid-19th century); and
* the exclusion of black men from the priesthood (abandoned by the LDS Church in 1978).

Mormon fundamentalists believe that these principles were wrongly abandoned or changed by the LDS Church,[99] largely due to the desire of its leadership and members to assimilate into mainstream American society and avoid the persecutions and conflict that had characterized the church throughout its early years.[100]

### Liberal reformist theology

Some LDS Church members have worked towards a more liberal reform of the church. Others have left the LDS Church and still consider themselves to be cultural Mormons.{{citation needed|date=December 2024} ny of them now defunct). For instance the Godbeites broke away from the LDS Church in the late 19th century, on the basis of both political and religious liberalism, and in 1985 the Restoration Church of Jesus Christ broke away from the LDS Church as an LGBT-friendly denomination, which was formally dissolved in 2010.[citation needed]

## Criticism

As the largest denomination within Mormonism, the LDS Church has been the subject of criticism since it was founded by Joseph Smith in 1830.

Perhaps the most controversial, and a key contributing factor for Smith's murder, is the claim that plural marriage (as defenders call it) or polygamy (as critics call it) is biblically authorized. Under heavy pressure—Utah would not be accepted as a state if polygamy was practiced—the church formally and publicly renounced the practice in 1890. Utah's statehood soon followed. However, plural marriage remains a controversial and divisive issue, as despite the official renunciation of 1890, it still has sympathizers, defenders, and semi-secret practitioners within Mormonism, though not within the LDS Church.

More recent criticism has concerned questions of historical revisionism, homophobia, racism,[101] sexist policies, inadequate financial disclosure, and the historical authenticity of the Book of Mormon.

## See also

* Anti-Mormonism
* Black people and Mormonism
* Black people and early Mormonism
* Black people and Mormon priesthood
* Encyclopedia of Mormonism
* List of articles about Mormonism
* List of denominations in the Latter Day Saint movement
* Mormonism and Pacific Islanders
* Native American people and Mormonism
* Outline of Joseph Smith
* Outline of the Book of Mormon
* New religious movement
* The Joseph Smith Papers

## References

### Citations

1. ↑ "'Mormon' Is Out: Church Releases Statement on How to Refer to the Organization". The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. August 16, 2018. https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/church/news/mormon-is-out-church-releases-statement-on-how-to-refer-to-the-organization?lang=eng.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Introduction". https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/introduction.1?lang=eng.
3. ↑ "Schisms and Sects". https://www.patheos.com/library/mormonism/historical-development/schisms-sects.
4. ↑ Park, Benjamin (2024). American Zion: A New History of Mormonism. Liveright Publishing. p. 17. ISBN 9781631498664. https://books.google.com/books?id=sQjHEAAAQBAJ.
5. ↑ "LDS splinter groups growing" (in en-US). https://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=&itype=ngpsid.
6. ↑ "Basic Beliefs" (in en). https://www.cofchrist.org/basic-beliefs.
7. ↑ Meinig, D. W. (1965). "The Mormon Culture Region: Strategies and Patterns in the Geography of the American West, 1847-1964". Annals of the Association of American Geographers 55 (2): 191–220. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1965.tb00515.x. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2561754. Retrieved June 7, 2024.
8. ↑ "'Cultural Mormons' Adjust The Lifestyle But Keep The Label" (in en). https://www.npr.org/2016/08/28/490116191/cultural-mormons-adjust-the-lifestyle-but-keep-the-label.
9. ↑ (Bushman 2008); (Shipps 1985); (Remini 2002).
10. ↑ (Bushman 2008)
11. ↑ Smith's 1838 written account of this vision was later canonized in a book called The Pearl of Great Price. (See: Joseph Smith–History 1:19)
12. ↑ "The Restoration of the Fulness of the Gospel of Jesus Christ: A Bicentennial Proclamation to the World". April 5, 2020. https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/the-restoration-of-the-fulness-of-the-gospel-of-jesus-christ/a-bicentennial-proclamation-to-the-world?lang=eng.
13. ↑ (Bushman 2008)
14. ↑ (Remini 2002)
15. ↑ (Bushman 2008)
16. ↑ (Bushman 2008)
17. ↑ (Remini 2002)
18. ↑ (Bushman 2008)
19. ↑ (Bushman 2008)
20. ↑ (Bushman 2008)
21. ↑ Groberg, Joseph (Spring 1976). "The Mormon Disfranchisements of 1882 to 1892". Brigham Young University Studies 16 (3): 400.
22. ↑ (Bushman 2008); "Official Declaration 1". churchofjesuschrist.org. https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/dc-testament/od/1?lang=eng.
23. ↑ (Bushman 2008)
24. ↑ "LDS Statistics and Church Facts | Total Church Membership". https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Davies, Douglas J. (2003). "Divine–human transformations". An Introduction to Mormonism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 65–90. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511610028.004. ISBN 978-0-511-61002-8. OCLC 438764483. https://books.google.com/books?id=fw8DIziwEDsC&pg=PA65.
26. ↑ First Presidency; Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (April 2002). "Gospel Classics: The Father and the Son". Improvement Era (Intellectual Reserve, Inc.). https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/2002/04/the-father-and-the-son?lang=eng. Retrieved February 10, 2019.
27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Ludlow, Daniel H., ed. (1992), "God the Father", Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 548–552, ISBN 0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140, https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/God_the_Father, retrieved May 7, 2021
28. ↑ "Mormonism". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2015. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.75. ISBN 978-0-19-934037-8. https://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-75. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
29. ↑ Dahl, Paul E. (1992), "Godhead", in Ludlow, Daniel H., Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 552–553, ISBN 0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140, https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Godhead, retrieved May 7, 2021
30. ↑ Carter, K. Codell (1992), "Godhood", in Ludlow, Daniel H., Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 553–555, ISBN 0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140, https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Godhood, retrieved May 7, 2021
31. ↑ "Gospel Principles Chapter 47: Exaltation". https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/gospel-principles/chapter-47-exaltation?lang=eng.
32. ↑ Brown, Gayle O. (1992), "Premortal Life", in Ludlow, Daniel H., Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, pp. 1123–1125, ISBN 0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140, https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Premortal_Life, retrieved May 7, 2021
33. ↑ Paulsen, David L. (1992), "Omnipotent God; Omnipresence of God; Omniscience of God", in Ludlow, Daniel H., Encyclopedia of Mormonism, New York: Macmillan Publishing, p. 1030, ISBN 0-02-879602-0, OCLC 24502140, https://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Omnipotent_God;_Omnipresence_of_God;_Omniscience_of_God, retrieved May 7, 2021
34. ↑ Missionary Department of the LDS Church (2004), Preach My Gospel, LDS Church, Inc, p. 35, ISBN 0-402-36617-4, http://www.lds.org/languages/additionalmanuals/preachgospel/PreachMyGospel___06_03-1_TheRestoration__36617_eng_006.pdf Mormons believe the Great Apostasy had been foretold by the Apostle Paul, who knew that the Lord would not come again "except there come a falling away first" (see 2 Thessalonians 2:3)
35. ↑ Talmage, James E. (1909), The Great Apostasy, The Deseret News, pp. 64–65, ISBN 0-87579-843-8, https://archive.org/stream/greatapostasycon00atalm#page/68/mode/2up
36. ↑ Richards, LeGrand (1976), A Marvelous Work and a Wonder, Deseret Book Company, p. 24, ISBN 0-87747-161-4
37. ↑ Talmage, James E. (1909), The Great Apostasy, The Deseret News, p. 68, ISBN 0-87579-843-8, https://archive.org/stream/greatapostasycon00atalm#page/68/mode/2up
38. ↑ Eyring, Henry B. (May 2008), "The True and Living Church", Ensign (LDS Church): 20–24, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/2008/05/the-true-and-living-church?lang=eng, retrieved July 17, 2019
39. ↑ Smith's restoration differed significantly from other restorationist movements of the era (for instance, that of Alexander Campbell). Instead of using Bible analysis, Smith claimed to write and interpret scripture as the biblical prophets did. (Bushman 2008)
40. ↑ See JSH 1:69,72 and Doctrine and Covenants 84:19–21
41. ↑ Smith, Joseph Fielding; Galbraith, Richard C., eds (1993). Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith. Deseret Book Company. p. 316. ISBN 0-87579-647-8. ("Have the Presbyterians any truth? Yes. Have the Baptists, Methodists, etc., any truth? Yes. They all have a little truth mixed with error. We should gather all the good and true principles in the world and treasure them up, or we shall not come out true 'Mormons'.")
42. ↑ Palmer; Keller; Choi; Toronto (1997). Religions of the World: A Latter-day Saint View. Brigham Young University. (Mormons take an inclusivist position that their religion is correct and true but that other religions have genuine value).
43. ↑ (Bushman 2008)
44. ↑ Mormons differ among themselves about the form of man in the beginning ... but Smith's intention was to assert that some essence of human personality has always existed. (Bushman 2008)
45. ↑ See King Follett discourse and (Bushman 2008)
46. ↑ According to the Book of Moses, Lucifer offered an alternate plan that would guarantee the salvation of all spirits, however, at the cost of their agency, essentially forcing them to be saved. God's plan allowed spirits the freedom of choice but left room for some to fall out of his presence into darkness. (Bushman 2008)
47. ↑ (Bushman 2008)
48. ↑ Nineteenth-century Mormonism defined itself against Calvinistic religions that asserted humans' incapacity and utter dependence on the grace of God. Early Mormon preachers emphasized good works and moral obligation; however, in the late twentieth century, Mormons pulled back from an "entrenched aversion" to the doctrines of grace, and today, they have an attitude of trusting in the grace of Christ while trying their best to do good works. (Bushman 2008)
49. ↑ "A Critical Examination of the Book of Mormon". Nicene Journal for Christian Theology. January 19, 2025. https://nicenefoundation.org/a-critical-examination-of-the-book-of-mormon-a-christian-scholarly-review/#how-does-the-book-of-mormons-doctrine-of-god-and-christ-deviate-from-historic-christian-orthodoxy.
50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Trompf, G. W., ed (2012). "The Americanization of Adam". Cargo Cults and Millenarian Movements: Transoceanic Comparisons of New Religious Movements. Religion and Society. 29. Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. pp. 97–142. doi:10.1515/9783110874419.97. ISBN 978-3-11-087441-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=3CCYaHRKG-oC&pg=PA97.
51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 Barlow, Philip L. (June 2012). "Chosen Land, Chosen People: Religious and American Exceptionalism Among the Mormons". The Review of Faith & International Affairs 10 (2): 51–58. doi:10.1080/15570274.2012.682511. ISSN 1557-0274.
52. ↑ Lippy, Charles H., ed (2006). "The Shifting Role of the Latter-day Saints as the Quintessential American Religion". Faith in America: Changes, Challenges, New Directions. Volume 1: Organized Religion Today. Praeger Perspectives. London and Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Publishers. pp. 141–163. ISBN 978-0-313-04961-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=wwim_0xE1c4C&pg=PA141.
53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Givens, Terryl L. (2003). ""A Seer Shall the Lord My God Raise Up": The Prophet and the Plates". By the Hand of Mormon: The American Scripture that Launched a New World Religion. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 8–42. doi:10.1093/019513818X.003.0002. ISBN 978-0-19-513818-4. OCLC 1028168787. https://books.google.com/books?id=nd8-DgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8.
54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 Neilson, Reid L., ed (2005). "The Basis of Mormon Success". The Rise of Mormonism. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 114–116. doi:10.7312/star13634-006. ISBN 978-0-231-13634-1. OCLC 800910267. https://books.google.com/books?id=wO6Ui_48mRcC&pg=PA114.
55. ↑ Edwards, Jason A.; Weiss, David (2014) (in en). The Rhetoric of American Exceptionalism: Critical Essays. McFarland. p. 107. ISBN 978-0-7864-8681-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=N9HOOPK96jwC&pg=PA105. Retrieved January 5, 2021.
56. ↑ Quammen, Betsy Gaines (May 10, 2020). "COVID-19 and the White Horse Prophecy: The Theology of Ammon Bundy". History News Network. Columbian College of Arts and Sciences: The George Washington University. https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/175390.
57. ↑ Duncan, Charles (February 6, 2020). "Did Mitt Romney fulfill a Mormon prophecy with vote to convict Trump?". Miami Herald. https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/national/article240035018.html.
58. ↑ An ordinance is generally a physical act signifying a spiritual commitment or a covenant. Failure to honor that commitment results in the ordinance having no effect. However, sincere repentance can restore the blessings associated with the ordinance.
59. ↑ ""Ordinances ," True to the Faith, (LDS Church, 2004) p. 109.
60. ↑ (Bushman 2008)
61. ↑ Encyclopedia of Mormonism, Macmillan 1992, pp. 106–107
62. ↑ Matthews, Robert J., A Bible! A Bible, Bookcraft, 1990, p. 13
63. ↑ Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, Deseret Book, 1976, pp. 9–10, 327
64. ↑ Encyclopedia of Mormonism, Macmillan 1992, pp. 111
65. ↑ "History, 1838–1856, volume D-1 [1 August 1842–1 July 1843 [addenda], p.3 [addenda]"]. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. 27 August 1842. https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/history-1838-1856-volume-d-1-1-august-1842-1-july-1843/284.
66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 (Bushman 2008) See also: Doctrine and Covenants 68:4
67. ↑ Oaks, Dallin H. (February 1992), "The Divinely Inspired Constitution", Ensign, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1992/02/the-divinely-inspired-constitution?lang=eng, retrieved July 17, 2019 ; cf. Template:Cite D&C
68. ↑ "Continuing Revelation". Mormon.org. http://www.mormon.org/learn/0,8672,1084-1,00.html.
69. ↑ (Bushman 2008) ("As the name of the church ... suggests, Jesus Christ is the premier figure. Smith does not even play the role of the last and culminating prophet, as Muhammad does in Islam"); "What Mormons Believe About Jesus Christ". LDS Newsroom. https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/what-mormons-believe-about-jesus-christ. ; In a 2011 Pew Survey a thousand Mormons were asked to volunteer the one word that best describes Mormons. The most common response from those surveyed was "Christian" or "Christ-centered".
70. ↑ "Mormonism in America". January 2012. http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Mormon/mormons-in-america-executive-summary.aspx. "Mormons are nearly unanimous in describing Mormonism as a Christian religion, with 97% expressing this point of view."
71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Robinson, Stephanie (May 1998), "Are Mormons Christians?", New Era (LDS Church), https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/new-era/1998/05/are-mormons-christians?lang=eng, retrieved July 17, 2019
72. ↑ According to Bruce R. McConkie, a general authority of the LDS Church, "Mormonism is indistinguishable from Christianity." Bruce R. McConkie, Mormon Doctrine, p. 513
73. ↑ For example, a 2007 poll conducted by the Pew Research Center found that one in three Americans surveyed do not consider Mormons to be Christian. See for example ReligionNewsblog.com
74. ↑ "It is sometimes said that Mormonism is to Christianity as Christianity is to Judaism. Both Mormonism and Christianity established themselves by reinterpreting a preceding faith. Christianity built on Judaism but emphasized the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ; Mormonism began with Christianity but accepted new revelation through a modern prophet." (Bushman 2008)
75. ↑ Examples of organizations that do not recognize Mormonism as Christian include:
• Luther Seminary (Granquist, Mark A. (March 7, 2011), The New (and Old) Religions Around Us, http://www.luthersem.edu/lifelong_learning/layschool/handouts/New and Old Religions Slides Session 4.pdf );
• Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary ( Is Mormonism Christian?, October 20, 2011, http://www.mbts.edu/2011/10/is-mormonism-christian, retrieved May 11, 2013 );
• Southern Baptist Theological Seminary (Mohler, Albert (n.d.), "Is Mormonism Christian?", christianity.com (Salem Web Network), http://www.christianity.com/christian-life/political-and-social-issues/mormonism-is-not-christianity-11628184.html, retrieved May 11, 2013 .
See also: Christian countercult movement
76. ↑ Teaching that existing denominations "were believing in incorrect doctrines, and that none of them was acknowledged by God as his church and kingdom" Smith 1842a, p. 707 and "all their creeds were an abomination in his sight." Smith 1842c, p. 748
77. ↑ , the most publicized of which included abolitionism, plural marriage and the church's theocratic aspirations (both now discontinued by the mainstream faith),
78. ↑ For more information on historical conflicts, see History of the Latter Day Saint movement.
79. ↑ Augustine-Adams, Kif (1998). "The Web of Membership: The Consonance and Conflict of Being American and Latter-Day Saint". Journal of Law and Religion 13 (2): 567–602. doi:10.2307/1051487. ISSN 0748-0814. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1051487.
80. ↑ "What Mormons Believe About Jesus Christ". Newsroom.lds.org. https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/what-mormons-believe-about-jesus-christ.
81. ↑ "Joseph Smith History 1:18–19". Scriptures.lds.org. https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/pgp/js-h/1.18-19?lang=eng.
82. ↑ Smith, Joseph Fielding, ed. (1976), Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, p. 370
83. ↑ See, for instance, Thessalonians 2:2–3 and Acts 3:19–21
84. ↑ McConkie, Bruce R. (May 1985), "The Purifying Power of Gethsemane", Ensign: 9, https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/ensign/1985/05/the-purifying-power-of-gethsemane?lang=eng, retrieved July 17, 2019
85. ↑ Mormon scriptures speak of hell in two ways. The first is another name for spirit prison, a place for the spirits of people who have "died in their sins." The second is a more permanent place called Outer Darkness, reserved for the Devil, his angels, and those who have committed the unpardonable sin. True to the Faith: A Gospel Reference, 2004, LDS Church. "Hell ," p. 81; See also: Christian views on Hell (Latter-day Saints)
86. ↑ (Bushman 2008)
87. ↑ Worthen, Molly, "The Missionary Position ", Foreign Policy, June 13, 2011.
88. ↑ "BYU Jerusalem Center for Near Eastern Studies". Ce.byu.edu. http://ce.byu.edu/jc/.
89. ↑ Pyle, Richard. "Mormons, Jews sign agreement on baptizing Holocaust victims.". http://www.jewishgen.org/InfoFiles/ldsagree.html. AP Newswire, May 5, 1995.
90. ↑ "Matthew Bowman: Why some Latter-day Saints believe in UFOs and why these alien travelers fit with their religion" (in en-US). https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2023/09/05/matthew-bowman-why-some-latter-day/.
91. ↑ Bushman, Richard Lyman (2008-03-01). Mormonism. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-531030-6. https://doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780195310306.001.0001.
92. ↑ White, O. K. (1987-01-01). "Mormonism: The Story of a New Religious Tradition. By Jan Shipps. Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1985. 211 pp. $14.50". Journal of Church and State 29 (1): 148–148. doi:10.1093/jcs/29.1.148. ISSN 0021-969X. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcs/29.1.148.
93. ↑ Urban, Hugh B (2015). Mormonism and Plural Marriage: The LDS and the FLDS. University of California Press.
94. ↑ Givens, Terryl L.; Lofton, Kathryn; Maffly-Kipp, Laurie; Mason, Patrick Q. (2013). "Forum: Contemporary Mormonism: America's Most Successful “New Religion”" (in en). Religion and American Culture 23 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1525/rac.2013.23.1.1. ISSN 1052-1151. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/religion-and-american-culture/article/abs/forum-contemporary-mormonism-americas-most-successful-new-religion/9FD0C234E595D9617C5AE02A7A38DC4E.
95. ↑ Worthen, Molly (2017-01-01). "The Peculiar Mormon Paradox". Mormon Studies Review 4: 41–55. doi:10.18809/msr.2017.0103. http://publications.mi.byu.edu/fullscreen/?pub=3772&index=3. Retrieved May 5, 2026.
96. ↑ The LDS Church encourages journalists not to use the word Mormon in reference to organizations or people that practice polygamy "Style Guide – LDS Newsroom". April 9, 2010. https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/style-guide. ; The church repudiates polygamist groups and excommunicates their members if discovered (Bushman 2008); "Mormons seek distance from polygamous sects". NBC News. 2008. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna25396937.
97. ↑ Hardy, B. Carmon (December 1, 2011). "The Persistence of Mormon Plural Marriage". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 44 (4): 43–106. doi:10.5406/dialjmormthou.44.4.0043. ISSN 0012-2157. https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/uip/dial/article/44/4/43/248891/The-Persistence-of-Mormon-Plural-Marriage. Retrieved September 15, 2022.
98. ↑ Givens, Terryl L.; Lofton, Kathryn; Maffly-Kipp, Laurie; Mason, Patrick Q. (2013). "Forum: Contemporary Mormonism: America's Most Successful “New Religion”" (in en). Religion and American Culture 23 (1): 1–29. doi:10.1525/rac.2013.23.1.1. ISSN 1052-1151. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/religion-and-american-culture/article/abs/forum-contemporary-mormonism-americas-most-successful-new-religion/9FD0C234E595D9617C5AE02A7A38DC4E.
99. ↑ 99.0 99.1 Bennion, Janet Benson (2020). "The History and Culture of Mormon Fundamentalism in the United States". The Palgrave Handbook of Global Mormonism (Palgrave Macmillan): 683–687. ISBN 978-3-030-52616-0. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-52616-0_26. Retrieved 20 May 2026.
100. ↑ Richards, D. A. J. (2010). "Mormon Fundamentalism". Fundamentalism in American Religion and Law: Obama’s Challenge to Patriarchy’s Threat to Democracy. Cambridge University Press. pp. 193–210. https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/fundamentalism-in-american-religion-and-law/mormon-fundamentalism/1F6F55779159F7C83AB8DCB3E5166251. Retrieved 20 May 2026.
101. ↑ "Skin Color in Mormon Scripture and Theology". http://irr.org/mit/pdfs/Skin-Color-&-LDS-Church.pdf.

### Cited and general sources

* Bloom, Harold (1992). The American Religion: The Emergence of the Post-Christian Nation (1st ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-671-67997-2. https://archive.org/details/americanreligio000bloo.
* Brooke, John L. (1994). The Refiner's Fire: The Making of Mormon Cosmology, 1644–1844. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
* Bushman, Richard Lyman (2008). Mormonism: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-531030-6.
* Eliason, Eric Alden (2001). Mormons and Mormonism: an introduction to an American world religion. University of Illinois Press.
* Mauss, Armand (1994). The Angel and the Beehive: The Mormon Struggle with Assimilation. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02071-5.
* McMurrin, Sterling M. (1965). The Theological Foundations of the Mormon Religion. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. ISBN 1-56085-135-X.
* Ostling, Richard; Ostling, Joan K. (2007). Mormon America: The Power and the Promise. New York: HarperOne. ISBN 978-0-06-143295-8.
* Remini, Robert V. (2002). Joseph Smith: A Penguin Life. New York: Penguin Group. ISBN 0-670-03083-X. https://archive.org/details/josephsmith00remi.
* Shipps, Jan (1985). Mormonism: The Story of a New Religious Tradition. Chicago: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-01417-0. .
* Smith, Joseph Jr. (1 March 1842a). "Church History [Wentworth Letter"]. Times and Seasons 3 (9): 706–10 [707]. http://www.centerplace.org/history/ts/v3n09.htm#706. Retrieved May 22, 2017. .
* Smith, Joseph (1 April 1842c). "History of Joseph Smith". Times and Seasons 3 (11): 748–49. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/u?/NCMP1820-1846,9825. Retrieved May 22, 2017.
* Stark, Rodney; Neilson, Reid Larkin (2005). The rise of Mormonism. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13634-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=IN4QeS38Qk0C.
* Toscano, Margaret; Toscano, Paul (1990). Strangers in Paradox: Explorations in Mormon Theology. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. http://signaturebookslibrary.org/?p=3813. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
* White, O. Kendall Jr. (1970). "The Transformation of Mormon Theology". Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought 5 (2): 9–24. doi:10.2307/45224197. https://dialoguejournal.com/wp-content/uploads/sbi/articles/Dialogue_V05N02_11.pdf. Retrieved April 22, 2011.
* White, O. Kendall Jr. (1987). Mormon Neo-Orthodoxy: A Crisis Theology. Salt Lake City: Signature Books. ISBN 0941214-524. http://www.signaturebookslibrary.org/theology/preface.htm#preface. Retrieved December 28, 2010.
* Widmer, Kurt (2000). Mormonism and the Nature of God: A Theological Evolution, 1830–1915. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland.

## Further reading

* Barnes, Jane (2012). "Post-Modern Joseph Smith: Faith and Irony". The Hopkins Review 5 (4): 490–507. doi:10.1353/thr.2012.0074. ISSN 1939-9774. https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/487673.
* Beam, Alex (2014) (in en). American Crucifixion: The Murder of Joseph Smith and the Fate of the Mormon Church. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1-61039-313-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=5c8iBQAAQBAJ.
* The New Mormon Challenge: Responding to the Latest Defenses of a Fast-Growing Movement. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. 2002. ISBN 0-310-23194-9.
* Brown, Samuel Morris (2012) (in en). In Heaven as It Is on Earth: Joseph Smith and the Early Mormon Conquest of Death. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199793570.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-993251-1. https://academic.oup.com/book/8938. Retrieved March 17, 2024.
* Cornwall, Marie; Heaton, Tim B.; Young, Lawrence A., eds (2001). Contemporary Mormonism: Social Science Perspectives. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-06959-5. OCLC 28721262.
* Duffy, John-Charles (2006). "Just How "Scandalous" is the Golden Plates Story? Academic Discourse on the Origin of the Book of Mormon". The John Whitmer Historical Association Journal 26: 142–165. ISSN 0739-7852. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43200239. Retrieved March 17, 2024.
* Forsberg Jr., Clyde R. (2004) (in en). Equal Rites: The Book of Mormon, Masonry, Gender, and American Culture. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-50746-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=GAHQxbjPsDgC. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
* Palmer, Grant H (2002). An Insider's View of Mormon Origins. Signature Books. ISBN 1-56085-157-0.
* Shields, Steven L. (1990). Divergent Paths of the Restoration: a History of the Latter Day Saint Movement (Fourth revised and enlarged ed.). Los Angeles: Restoration Research. ISBN 0-942284-00-3.
* Taves, Ann (2014). "History and the Claims of Revelation: Joseph Smith and the Materialization of the Golden Plates". Numen: International Review for the History of Religions 61 (2–3): 182–207. doi:10.1163/15685276-12341315. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5s4591r8. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
* Tobolowsky, Andrew (2022). "Becoming Israel in America: The Mormons and the New Jerusalem" (in en). The Myth of the Twelve Tribes of Israel: New Identities Across Time and Space. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-08913-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=-K5hEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA148.
* Vogel, Dan (2004). Joseph Smith: The Making of a Prophet. Signature Books. ISBN 1560851791.

## External links

* PBS: Frontline \+ American Experience: Mormons - PBS special on Mormon belief
* "Religions: Mormonism" - BBC Religion

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* Wahhabism
* Modernist Salafism
* Shia
* Twelver
* Zaidiyyah
* Isma'ilism
* Alawis
* Sufism
* Khawarij
* Ibadi
* Alevism
* Ahmadi
* Mahdavia
* Quranism
* Non-denominational

Others|

* Bábism
* Azali
* Bahá'í
* Druze
* Ali-Illahism
* Yarsanism
* Mandaeism
* Rastafarianism

Dharmic|

| Hinduism|

* Vaishnavism
* Sri Vaishnavism
* Brahma Sampradaya
* Nimbarka Sampradaya
* Pushtimarg
* Mahanubhava
* Ramanandi
* Varkari
* Shaivism
* Siddhantism
* Kashmir
* Kapalika
* Kaumaram
* Lingayatism
* Nath
* Balinese
* Shaktism
* Smartism
* Śrauta
* Sant Mat
* Ayyavazhi
* Neo-Hinduism

|

Buddhism|

* Theravada
* Mahayana
* Chan/Zen
* Amidism
* Nichiren
* Vajrayana
* Tibetan
* Neo-Buddhism

Others|

* Jainism
* Digambara
* Śvētāmbara
* Sikhism

Mazdan|

* Zoroastrianism

Indo-European|

* Armenian
* Baltic
* Celtic
* Druidry
* Germanic
* Hellenism
* Italo-Roman
* Romanian
* Slavic
* Yazidis
* Ossetian
* Kalash

Uralic|

* Estonian
* Finnish
* Hungarian
* Mari
* Mordvin
* Sámi
* Udmurt

Altaic|

* Turko-Mongolic
* Tengrism
* Burkhanism
* Vattisen Yaly
* Tungusic
* Manchu
* Evenki

Chinese|

* Confucianism
* Taoism
* Folk Taoism
* Yao Taoism
* Nuo
* Salvationist
* Xiantiandao
* Yiguandao
* Luoism

Tibeto-
Burmese|

* Bon
* Burmese
* Benzhuism
* Bimoism
* Bathouism
* Bongthingism
* Donyi-Polo
* Heraka
* Kiratism
* Qiang
* Sanamahism

Korean|

* Sindoism
* Cheondoism
* Jeungsanism

Japanese|

* Shinto
* Tenrikyo
* Ryukyuan

Tai and Miao|

* Ahom
* Hmongism
* Mo
* Satsana Phi

Austroasiatic|

* Vietnamese
* Caodaism
* Đạo Mẫu
* Hoahaoism
* Sarnaism

Austronesian|

* Batak Parmalim
* Dayak
* Kaharingan
* Momolianism
* Javanese Kejawèn
* Karo Pemena
* Malaysian
* Philippine Dayawism
* Tagalog
* Polynesian
* Hawaiian
* Māori
* Sumbese Marapu
* Sundanese Wiwitan

African|

| Traditional|

* Akan
* Akamba
* Baluba
* Bantu
* Kongo
* Zulu
* Berber
* Guanche church
* Bushongo
* Dinka
* Efik
* Fon and Ewe
* Igbo
* Ik
* Lotuko
* Lozi
* Lugbara
* Maasai
* Mbuti
* San
* Serer
* Tumbuka
* Urhobo
* Waaq
* Yoruba
* Ifá

|

Diasporic|

* Candomblé
* Bantu
* Jejé
* Ketu
* Comfa
* Convince
* Espiritismo
* Kumina
* Obeah
* Palo
* Quimbanda
* Santería
* Tambor de Mina
* Trinidad Orisha
* Umbanda
* Vodou
* Voodoo
* Winti

Native
American|

* Abenaki
* Anishinaabe
* Blackfoot
* Californian
* Miwok
* Ohlone
* Pomo
* Cherokee
* Chilote
* Choctaw
* Creek
* Guarani
* Haida
* Ho-Chunk
* Hopi
* Iroquois
* Seneca
* Wyandot
* Longhouse Religion
* Jivaroan
* Kwakwakaʼwakw
* Lakota
* Lenape
* Mapuche
* Mesoamerican
* Aztec
* Maya
* Purépecha
* Midewiwin
* Muisca
* Native American Church
* Navajo
* Nuu-chah-nulth
* Pawnee
* Tsimshian
* Ute
* Zuni

Other ethnic|

* Aboriginal Australian
* Circassian
* Dravidian
* Inuit
* Papuan
* Siberian

Recent|

* Adi Dharm/Brahmoism
* Anthroposophy
* Discordianism
* Eckankar
* Falun Gong
* Fourth Way
* Goddess
* Japanese
* Jediism
* Modekngei
* Neopaganism
* Reconstructionism
* Wicca
* Neoshamanism
* New Acropolis
* New Age
* New Thought
* Rajneesh
* Satanism
* Spiritualism
* Subud
* Tensegrity
* Thelema
* Theosophy
* Neo-Theosophy
* Agni Yoga
* Transcendental Meditation
* UFO religion
* Raëlism
* Scientology
* Unitarian Universalism
* White Brotherhood

Note: 1 The main source: Eliade, Mircea, ed (1987). The Encyclopedia of Religion. New York: MacMillan.

Historical religions

* Prehistoric
* Paleolithic
* Harappan
* Egyptian
* Atenism
* Mesopotamian
* Sumerian
* Babylonian
* Semitic
* Canaanite
* Yahwism
* Arabian
* Somali
* Hurrian
* Urartu
* Etruscan
* Basque
* Georgian
* Vainakh
* Proto-Indo-European
* Proto-Indo-Iranian
* Vedic
* Mazdaism
* Hittite
* Armenian
* Paleo-Balkan
* Albanian
* Illyrian
* Thracian
* Dacian
* Greek
* Mysteries
* Orphism
* Gnosticism
* Hermeticism
* Greco-Buddhism
* Roman
* Imperial cult
* Gallo-Roman
* Mithraism
* Manichaeism
* Mazdakism
* Scythian
* Germanic
* Anglo-Saxon
* Continental
* Frankish
* Norse
* Celtic
* Baltic
* Slavic
* Finnish
* Hungarian
* Ainu
* Melanesian
* Micronesian
* Nauruan
* Cook Islands
* Rapa Nui
* Tongan
* Inca
* Olmec
* Zapotec
* Fuegian
* Selk'nam
* Guanche
* Swahili
* Jamaican Maroon

Topics

| Aspects|

* Apostasy / Disaffiliation
* Behaviour
* Beliefs
* Clergy
* Conversion
* Deities
* Entheogens
* Ethnic religion
* Denomination
* Faith
* Fire
* Folk religion
* God
* Meditation
* Monasticism
* monk
* nun
* Mysticism
* Mythology
* Nature
* Ordination
* Orthodoxy
* Orthopraxy
* Prayer
* Prophecy
* Religious experience
* Ritual
* liturgy
* sacrifice
* Spirituality
* Supernatural
* Symbols
* Truth
* Water
* Worship

|

Theism|

* Animism
* Deism
* Dualism
* Henotheism
* Monotheism
* Nontheism
* Panentheism
* Pantheism
* Polytheism
* Transtheism

Religious
studies|

* Anthropology
* Cognitive science
* Comparative
* Development
* Evolutionary origin
* Evolutionary psychology
* History
* Philosophy
* Neurotheology
* Psychology
* Sociology
* Theology
* Theories
* Women

Religion and
society

* Agriculture
* Business
* Clergy
* monasticism
* ordination
* Conversion
* evangelism
* missionary
* proselytism
* Disability
* Education
* Fanaticism
* Freedom
* pluralism
* syncretism
* toleration
* universalism
* Fundamentalism
* Growth
* Happiness
* Homosexuality
* Minorities
* National church
* National religiosity levels
* Religiocentrism
* Political science
* Populations
* Schism
* Science
* State
* Theocracy
* Vegetarianism
* Video games
* Violence
* persecution
* terrorism
* war
* Wealth

Secularism and
irreligion

* Antireligion
* Deism
* Agnosticism
* Atheism
* Criticism
* LaVeyan Satanism
* Deconstruction
* Humanistic Judaism
* Irreligion by country
* Objectivism
* Secular humanism
* Secular theology
* Secularization
* Separation of church and state
* Unaffiliated

Overviews
and lists

* Index
* Outline
* Timeline
* Abrahamic prophets
* Deification
* Deities
* Founders
* Mass gatherings
* New religious movements
* Organizations
* Religions and spiritual traditions
* Scholars

* Category
* Portal

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