Small-lift launch vehicle

Short description: Rocket able to lift 2,000 kg to low Earth orbit

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Scout and Kosmos-3M, two of the most launched small-lift launch vehicles

Class overview
Name:|  Small-lift launch vehicle
Operators:|  Various space organizations
Preceded by:|  Sounding rocket
Succeeded by:|  Medium-lift launch vehicle
Built:|  1957–
Building:|  23
Active:|  27
Retired:|  54
General characteristics
Propulsion:|  Various liquid-fueled engines and solid motors
Capacity:|

* <2 metric tons (NASA)
* <5 metric tons (Russia)

A small-lift launch vehicle is a rocket orbital launch vehicle that is capable of lifting 2,000 kg (4,400 lb) or less (by NASA classification) or under 5,000 kilograms (11,000 lb) (by Roscosmos classification)[1] of payload into low Earth orbit (LEO). The next larger category consists of medium-lift launch vehicles.[2]

The first small-lift launch vehicle was the Sputnik rocket, launched by the Soviet Union, which was derived from the R-7 Semyorka ICBM. On 4 October 1957, the Sputnik rocket was used to perform the world's first satellite launch, placing the Sputnik 1 satellite into a low Earth orbit.[3][4][5] The US responded by attempting to launch the Vanguard rocket.[6][7] However, the Vanguard TV3 launch attempt failed, with the 31 January 1958 launch of the Explorer 1 satellite using the Juno I rocket being the first successful US orbital launch. The Vanguard I mission was the second successful US orbital launch. This was the start of the space race.[8][9]

Since the late 1950s, small-lift launch vehicles have continued launching payloads to space. Medium-lift launch vehicles, heavy-lift launch vehicles, and super heavy-lift launch vehicles have also been extensively developed but have not completely superseded small launch vehicles. Small launch vehicles can meet the requirements of some spacecraft, and can also be less expensive than a larger launch vehicle would be.[citation needed]

Template:ToC

## Contents

* 1 Rated launch vehicles
* 2 See also
* 3 References
* 4 Notes
* 5 Further reading
* 6 External links

## Rated launch vehicles

Vehicle  | Origin  | Manufacturer  | Mass to
LEO
(kg)  | Mass to
other orbits
(kg)  | Launches  | Status  | First flight  | Last flight  | Mission cost

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

SS-520  |  Japan  | IHI | 4 |  | 2 | Retired  | 2017  | 2018  | $4.5M[10]
Vanguard |  United States  | Martin  | 9[11] |  | 11(+1)  | Retired  | 1957  | 1959
Qased |  Iran  | IRGCASF | 10∼50  |  | 3 | Operational  | 2020  |
Juno I[12] |  United States  | Chrysler | 11 |  | 6 | Retired  | 1958  | 1959
Veloce 17  |  United States  | Eldorado Space[13] | 12 |  | 0 | Development  |  |
Lambda 4S |  Japan  | Nissan Motors[14] | 26[15] |  | 5 | Retired  | 1966  | 1977[16]
SLV |  India  | ISRO | 40[17] |  | 4 | Retired  | 1979  | 1983
Juno II[18] |  United States  | Chrysler | 41 |  | 10 | Retired  | 1958  | 1961
Boeing Small Launch Vehicle[19] |  United States  | Boeing | 45[20] |  | 0  | Development  |  |
Rocket 3  |  United States  | Astra Space, Inc. | 45[21] |  | 7(+2)  | Retired[22] | 2020  | 2022  | $2,5M (2020)[23]
Safir |  Iran  | Iranian Space Agency | 50[24] |  | 8 | Retired  | 2008  | 2019
Vector-R |  United States  | Vector Space Systems  | 60[25] |  | 0(+2)  | Defunct  |  |
Blue Whale 1  |  South Korea  | Perigee Aerospace | 63[26] | 50 to SSO  | 0  | Development  | (2022)  |
Black Arrow  |  United Kingdom | RAE  | 73[27] |  | 4 | Retired  | 1969[note 1] | 1971
Qaem 100 |  Iran  | IRGC  | 80[28] |  | 2(+1)  | Operational  | 2023  |
Naro-1  |  South Korea
Russia  | KARI/Khrunichev | 100[29] |  | 3 | Retired  | 2009  | 2013
Volna |  Russia  | Makeyev | 100[30] |  | 1(+5)[31] | Retired  | 1995[note 2] | 2005[31]
Kaituozhe-1  |  China  | CALT | 100[32] |  | 2 | Retired  | 2002  | 2003[33]
Agnibaan  |  India  | Agnikul Cosmos | 100 |  | 0  | Development  | (2022)  |
SK solid fueled TV2  |  South Korea  | MND  | > 100 |  | 1  | Operational  | 2023  |
Diamant |  France  | SEREB  | 107[34][35] |  | 12 | Retired  | 1965  | 1975
Vector-H |  United States  | Vector Space Systems  | 110[36] |  | 0 | Defunct  |  |
ZERO  |  Japan  | Interstellar Technologies |  | 100 to SSO[37] | 0 | Development  | (2023)  |
Capricornio[38] |  Spain  | Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial | 140 |  | 0 | Canceled  |  |
ASLV  |  India  | ISRO | 150 |  | 4 | Retired  | 1987  | 1994
Chetak  |  India  | Bellatrix Aerospace | 150 |  | 0  | Development  | (2023)  |
VLM[39] |  Brazil  | Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology  | 150 |  | 0 | Development  | (2023)  |
Shavit 2 |  Israel  | IAE  | 160[40] |  | 12 | Operational  | 1988  |
Scout |  United States  | US Air Force /NASA | 174[41] |  | 125 | Retired  | 1961  | 1994
Mu-4S |  Japan  | Nissan Motors[14] | 180[15] |  | 4 | Retired  | 1971  | 1972
Mu-3C |  Japan  | Nissan Motors[14] | 195[15] |  | 4 | Retired  | 1974  | 1979
Unha |  North Korea  | KCST | 200[42] |  | 4 | Operational  | 2009  |
Haribon SLS-1  |  Philippines  | OrbitX | 200[43] |  | 0 | Development  | (2023–2024)  |
DNLV  |  Malaysia  | Independence-X Aerospace[44] | 200 |  | 0 | Development  | (2023)  |
Volans  |  Singapore  | Equatorial Space Systems[45] | 220 | 150 to SSO  | 0 | Development  | (2023)  |
Zuljanah  |  Iran  | Iranian Space Agency | 220 |  | 0(+2)  | Development | (2021)  |
Shtil' |  Russia  | Makeyev | 280 – 420[46] |  | 2[31] | Retired  | 1998  | 2006
Mu-3H |  Japan  | Nissan Motors[14] | 300[15] |  | 3 | Retired  | 1977  | 1978
Mu-3S |  Japan  | Nissan Motors[14] | 300[15] |  | 4 | Retired  | 1980  | 1984
Long March 1 |  China  | CALT | 300[47] |  | 2[48] | Retired[49] | 1970[48] | 1971[48]
Zhuque-1  |  China  | LandSpace | 300[50] | 200 to SSO  | 1 | Retired[51] | 2018  | 2018
Electron |  New Zealand
United States  | Rocket Lab | 300[52] | 200 to SSO[52] | 42 | Operational  | 2017  |  | $7.5M (2019)[53]
Jielong 1  |  China  | CALT |  | 200 to SSO  | 1[54] | Operational  | 2019  |
Hyperbola-1  |  China  | i-Space | 300[55] |  | 6 | Operational  | 2020  |
Chollima-1 |  North Korea  | NADA | ≥300[56] |  | 3 | Operational  | 2023  |
Vikram 1  |  India  | Skyroot Aerospace | 315 | 255 to SSO[57] | 0 | Development  | (2023)  |
Skyrora XL  |  United Kingdom  | Skyrora | 315[58] |  | 0 | Development  | (2023)[59] |
Delta 1913 |  United States  | McDonnell Douglas | 328[60] |  | 1[61] | Retired  | 1973  | 1973
Delta 2310 |  United States  | McDonnell Douglas | 336[62] |  | 3[61] | Retired  | 1974  | 1981
Delta 1410 |  United States  | McDonnell Douglas | 340[63] |  | 1[61] | Retired  | 1975  | 1975
Simorgh |  Iran  | Iranian Space Agency | 350[64] |  | 6(+1)  | Operational  | 2016  |
Ceres-1  |  China  | Galactic Energy | 350[65] |  | 11 | Operational  | 2020  |
VLS-1 |  Brazil  | AEB, INPE | 380[66] |  | 2[note 3] | Retired  | 1997  | 2003
Delta 1604 |  United States  | McDonnell Douglas | 390[67] |  | 2[61] | Retired  | 1972  | 1973
Hapith V  |  Taiwan  | TiSPACE | 390[68] | 350 to SSO  | 0 | Development  |  |
Kuaizhou-1  |  China  | CASC | 400[69] | 250 to SSO  | 28[lower-alpha 1] | Operational  | 2013[69] |
Falcon 1 |  United States  | SpaceX | 420[70] |  | 5 | Retired[71] | 2006  | 2009
Pegasus |  United States  | Orbital | 443[72] |  | 45[73] | Retired  | 1990  | 2021  | $56M (2014) [74]
Conestoga |  United States  | Space Services Inc. | 500[75] |  | 3 | Retired  | 1982  | 1995
Sputnik 8K71PS  |  Soviet Union  | RSC Energia  | 500[76] |  | 2 | Retired  | 1957  | 1957
Launcher One  |  United States  | Virgin Orbit | 500[77] | 300 to SSO  | 6 | Retired  | 2020  |  | $12M (2020)[78]
SSLV |  India  | ISRO / NSIL | 500 | 300 to SSO  | 2 | Operational  | 2022  |  | $3.8 to $4.4M (2023) or ₹30 to ₹35 crore
Vikram II |  India  | Skyroot Aerospace | 520 | 410 to SSO[57] | 0 | Development  | TBD  |
Start-1 |  Russia  | MITT | 532[79] | 350 to SSO[80] | 5[81] | Operational  | 1993  |
Minotaur I |  United States  | Orbital | 580[82] |  | 12[83] | Operational  | 2000  |  | $28.8M (2013) [84]
Long March 6 |  China  | CALT |  | 500 to SSO  | 11 | Operational  | 2015  |
Rocket 4  |  United States  | Astra Space, Inc. | 600[85] |  | 0 | Development[86] | (2023)  |  |
Long March 11 |  China  | CALT | 700[87] |  | 17 | Operational  | 2015[88] |
Paektusan  |  North Korea  | KCST | 700[89] |  | 1 | Retired  | 1998  |
Vikram III |  India  | Skyroot Aerospace | 720 | 580 to SSO[57] | 0 | Development  | TBD  |
Long March 1D (CZ-1D)  |  China  | CALT | 740[90] |  | 0(+3)  | Retired  | 1995[note 4] | 2002
Tronador II  |  Argentina  | CONAE  | 750[91] |  | 0 | Development | 2029  |
Mu-3SII |  Japan  | Nissan Motors[14] | 770[15] |  | 8 | Retired  | 1985  | 1995
Athena I  |  United States  | Lockheed Martin | 795[92] | 515 to GTO  | 4[93] | Retired  | 1995  | 2001  | $17M (2000)[94]
Delta 3913 |  United States  | McDonnell Douglas | 816[95] |  | 1[61] | Retired  | 1981  | 1981
Miura 5 |  Spain  | PLD Space | 900 |  | 0 | Development  | (2024)[96] |
Alpha |  United States  | Firefly Aerospace | 1,000[97] | 600 to SSO  | 4 | Operational  | 2021  |  | $15M (2020) [98]
J-I  |  Japan  | IHI Corporation
Nissan Motors[14] | 1,000[99] |  | 0(+1)  | Retired  | 1996  | 1996
Spectrum  |  Germany  | Isar Aerospace | 1,000 | 700 to SSO  | 0 | Development  | (2023)  |
Delta 1910 |  United States  | McDonnell Douglas | 1,066[100] |  | 1[61] | Retired  | 1975  | 1975
N-I |  Japan
United States  | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries | 1,200[101] |  | 7 | Retired  | 1975
Epsilon |  Japan  | IHI Aerospace[102] | 1,200[15] |  | 5 | Operational[15] | 2013  |  | $38M[103]
Terran 1  |  United States  | Relativity Space | 1,250 |  | 1 | Retired  | 2023  | 2023  | $10M (2019)[104]
Delta 0900 |  United States  | McDonnell Douglas | 1,300[105] | 818 to SSO[61] | 2[61] | Retired  | 1972  | 1972
Sputnik 8A91  |  Soviet Union  | RSC Energia  | 1,327 |  | 2 | Retired  | 1958  | 1958
RS1 |  United States  | ABL Space Systems | 1,350[106] | 400 to GTO  | 1 | Operational  | 2023  |  | $12M (2021)[107]
Atlas LV-3B[108] |  United States  | Convair | 1,360 |  | 9 | Retired  | 1960  | 1963
Strela |  Russia  | Khrunichev | 1,400[109] |  | 3[110] | Operational[110] | 2003  |
H-I |  Japan
United States  | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries | 1,400[111] |  | 9 | Retired  | 1986  | 1992
Minotaur-C |  United States  | Orbital | 1,450[112] | 1,050[112] to SSO  | 10[113] | Operational[114] | 1994  |  | $45M[115]
Kosmos-3M |  Soviet Union
Russia  | NPO Polyot  | 1,500[116] |  | 442[117] | Retired  | 1967  | 2010
Kuaizhou-11  |  China  | CASC | 1,500 | 1,000 to SSO  | 2 | Operational  |  |
SK solid fueled LV  |  South Korea  | MND  | 1,500 |  | 0 | Development  | TBD |
Minotaur IV |  United States  | Orbital | 1,735[118] |  | 7[119] | Operational  | 2010[120] |  | $50M[121]
M-V |  Japan  | Nissan Motors[14] (−2000)
IHI AEROSPACE[102] (−2006)  | 1,800 – 1,850[15] |  | 7 | Retired  | 1997  | 2006
Athena II  |  United States  | Lockheed Martin | 1,800[122] |  | 3[123] | Retired[124] | 1998  | 1999  | $46M (2014)[125]
Delta 1900 |  United States  | McDonnell Douglas | 1,800[61] |  | 1[61] | Retired  | 1973  | 1973
Delta 2910 |  United States  | McDonnell Douglas | 1,887[61] |  | 6[61] | Retired  | 1975  | 1978
Hyperbola-2  |  China  | i-Space | 1,900[126] |  | 4 | Development  |  |
Rokot |  Soviet Union
Russia  | Khrunichev | 1,950[127] | 1,200 to SSO  | 34 | Retired  | 1990  | 2019  | $41M
Vega |  Italy  | Avio |  | 1,450 to SSO  | 21 | Operational  | 2012  |  | $37M[115]
Kinetica 1 |  China  | CAS Space | 2,000 | 1,500 to SSO  | 3 | Operational  | 2022  |
Tianlong-2 |  China  | Space Pioneer | 2,000[128] | 1,500 to SSO  | 1 | Operational  | 2023  |
Jielong 3  |  China  | CALT |  | 1,500 to SSO  | 2[129] | Operational  | 2022  |

1. ↑ Includes 2 Kuaizhou-1 launches and 26 Kuaizhou-1A launches.

## See also

* Sounding rocket, suborbital launch vehicle
* Medium-lift launch vehicle, capable of lifting between 2,000 and 20,000 kg to low Earth orbit
* Heavy lift launch vehicle, capable of lifting between 20,000 and 50,000 kg to low Earth orbit
* Super heavy-lift launch vehicles, capable of lifting more than 50,000 kg (110,000 lb) of payload into LEO
* Comparison of orbital launch systems
* List of orbital launch systems
* Comparison of orbital rocket engines
* Comparison of space station cargo vehicles
* Rocket
* Spacecraft propulsion

## References

1. ↑ Osipov, Yuri (2004–2017). Great Russian Encyclopedia. Moscow: Great Russian Encyclopedia. https://bigenc.ru/technology_and_technique/text/3492657. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
2. ↑ NASA Space Technology Roadmaps – Launch Propulsion Systems, p. 11: "Small: 0-2t payloads, Medium: 2-20t payloads, Heavy: 20-50t payloads, Super Heavy: >50t payloads"
3. ↑ "NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1957-001B.
4. ↑ "Sputnik launch vehicle 8K71PS (M1-1PS)". http://www.russianspaceweb.com/sputnik_lv.html.
5. ↑ "ЦЭНКИ – Центр эксплуатации объектов наземной космической инфраструктуры". http://www.russian.space/.
6. ↑ "Vanguard Project – U.S. Naval Research Laboratory". https://www.nrl.navy.mil/accomplishments/rockets/vanguard-project/.
7. ↑ "The Vanguard Satellite Launching Vehicle — An Engineering Summary". B. Klawans. April 1960, 212 pages. Martin Company Engineering Report No 11022, PDF of an optical copy.
8. ↑ Kennedy, John F. (20 April 1961). "Memorandum for Vice President". The White House. Boston, MA: John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. http://www.jfklibrary.org/Asset-Viewer/6XnAYXEkkkSMLfp7ic_o-Q.aspx.
9. ↑ Launius, Roger D. (July 1994). "President John F. Kennedy Memo for Vice President, 20 April 1961". Apollo: A Retrospective Analysis. Monographs in Aerospace History Number 3. Washington, D.C.: NASA. OCLC 31825096. http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Apollomon/apollo1.pdf. Retrieved 1 August 2013. Key Apollo Source Documents .
10. ↑ "ss-520-5". https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4120&context=smallsat.
11. ↑ "Vanguard". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/vanguard.htm.
12. ↑ "Jupiter C". http://www.astronautix.com/j/jupiterc.html.
13. ↑ "Not dead yet! What Bob Cringely has been up to... | I, Cringely". 23 January 2020. https://www.cringely.com/2020/01/23/not-dead-yet-what-bob-cringely-has-been-up-to/.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.5 14.6 14.7 "NISSAN HERITAGE COLLECTION online【その他】プリンス自動車工業小史". Nissan Motors. http://nissan-heritage-collection.com/NEWS/publicContents/index.php?procType=CATEGORY&catID=14.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 "Satellite Launch Vehicles". Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS). http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/e/enterp/rockets/vehicles/index.shtml.
16. ↑ "Lambda". http://www.astronautix.com/l/lambda.html.
17. ↑ "Launch Vehicles". Department of Space, Government of India. http://dos.gov.in/launchvehicles.aspx.
18. ↑ "Juno II". http://www.astronautix.com/j/junoii.html.
19. ↑ "Boeing Unveils Air-Launched Space-Access Concept". http://www.aviationweek.com/Article.aspx?id=/article-xml/AW_05_21_2012_p25-458597.xml&p=1.
20. ↑ "DARPA Awards 6 Small Airborne Launch Vehicle Contracts – Parabolic Arc" (in en-US). 2 July 2012. http://www.parabolicarc.com/2012/07/02/darpa-awards-6-small-airborne-launch-vehicle-contracts/.
21. ↑ "Launch Services | Astra". 25 April 2020. https://astra.com/launch-services/.
22. ↑ "Astra cancels Rocket 3". 4 August 2022. https://spacenews.com/astra-cancels-rocket-3-to-focus-on-larger-vehicle/.
23. ↑ Sheetz, Michael (16 June 2020). "Rocket startup Astra trying for an orbital launch again in July, renewing fundraising efforts" (in en). https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/16/san-francisco-startup-astra-is-going-for-its-first-orbital-rocket-launch-in-july.html.
24. ↑ جم, Jamejam, جام (3 February 2012). "ماهواره ملي"نويد علم و صنعت"به‌فضا پرتاب شد". http://jamejamonline.ir/online/671170836222780565/ماهواره ملي نويد علم و صنعت به‌فضا پرتاب شد.
25. ↑ "Vector-R — Vector Launch". 16 October 2016. http://vectorspacesystems.com/technology-4.
26. ↑ "Perigee Aerospace Inc.". https://perigee.kr/.
27. ↑ "Black Arrow". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/blaarrow.htm.
28. ↑ "Iran test launches new satellite-carrying rocket" (in en). https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/11/5/iran-test-launches-new-satellite-carrying-rocket.
29. ↑ "STSAT 2C". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/stsat-2c.htm.
30. ↑ "IRDT 1, 2, 2R". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/irdt-1.htm.
31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 "Vysota / Volna / Shtil". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/shtil_volna.htm.
32. ↑ "KT-1". 12 May 2008. http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/kt1.htm.
33. ↑ "Kaituozhe-1 (KT-1)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/kaituozhe-1.htm.
34. ↑ "Aura / Signe 3 (D 2B)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/aura.htm.
35. ↑ "Diamant". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/diamant.htm.
36. ↑ "Vector-H — Vector Launch". 16 October 2016. http://vectorspacesystems.com/vectorh.
37. ↑ "インターステラテクノロジズ株式会社 - Interstellar Technologies Inc.". http://www.istellartech.com/.
38. ↑ "Capricorno". http://www.astronautix.com/c/capricorno.html.
39. ↑ "Novos lançadores de satélites e nova empresa espacial para Alcântara". Tecnodefesa. http://tecnodefesa.com.br/novos-lancadores-de-satelites-e-nova-empresa-espacial-para-alcantara-aeb/. Retrieved 12 April 2022.
40. ↑ "Shavit Data Sheet". http://www.spacelaunchreport.com/shavit.html.
41. ↑ "NASA – Scout Launch Vehicle Program". https://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/factsheets/Scout.html.
42. ↑ "Status of North Korean Satellite unknown after prolonged Radio Silence, Reports of Tumbling – Spaceflight101" (in en-US). http://spaceflight101.com/status-of-north-korean-satellite-unknown-after-prolonged-radio-silence-reports-of-tumbling/.
43. ↑ Matias, Jairus (7 January 2019). "Local space venture gears up for first rocket launch". BusinessWorld. https://www.bworldonline.com/local-space-venture-gears-up-for-first-rocket-launch/.
44. ↑ "Dedicated Nano Launch Vehicle". http://www.independence-x.com/launch-services.html.
45. ↑ "Volans". https://www.equatorialspace.com/rockets-volans.
46. ↑ "Vysota / Volna / Shtil". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/shtil_volna.htm.
47. ↑ "CZ-1". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/cz1.htm.
48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 "CZ-1". Gunter's Space Page. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/cz-1.htm.
49. ↑ "CZ-1". http://astronautix.com/lvs/cz1.htm.
50. ↑ Jones, Andrew (2 August 2018). "Landspace of China to launch first rocket in Q4 2018". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/landspace-of-china-to-launch-first-rocket-in-q4-2018.
51. ↑ Jones, Andrew (12 July 2023). "China's Landspace reaches orbit with methane-powered Zhuque-2 rocket". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/chinas-landspace-reaches-orbit-with-methane-powered-zhuque-2-rocket/. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "Rocket Lab Increases Electron Payload Capacity, Enabling Interplanetary Missions and Reusability". https://www.rocketlabusa.com/news/updates/rocket-lab-increases-electron-payload-capacity-enabling-interplanetary-missions-and-reusability/.
53. ↑ "Rocket Lab adds new $7.5 million 'Mission Success' coin to its online store". 16 December 2019. https://social.techcrunch.com/2019/12/16/rocket-lab-adds-new-7-5-million-mission-success-coin-to-its-online-store/.
54. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Jielong-1 (Smart Dragon-1, SD 1)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/jielong-1.htm.
55. ↑ ""双曲线一号S火箭"首飞成功!星际荣耀近期型谱计划出炉!(The Hyperbola 1-S Rocket Made Its First Flight Successfully! Interstellar Glory releases its future plans)" (in zh-CN). http://www.spaceflightfans.cn/29636.html.
56. ↑ Jeongmin Kim (1 June 2023). "North Korea rushed satellite launch after seeing ROK rocket success, Seoul says". NK News. https://www.nknews.org/2023/06/north-korea-rushed-satellite-launch-after-seeing-rok-rocket-success-seoul-says/.
57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 "Launch Vehicle | Skyroot Aerospace". 10 January 2019. https://skyroot.in/launch-vehicle/.
58. ↑ Speed, Richard. "Brit rocketeer Skyrora reckons it'll be orbital in 3 years – that is, if UK government plays ball". https://www.theregister.com/2019/08/22/skyrora/.
59. ↑ Etherington, Darrell (3 February 2020). "Launch startup Skyrora successfully tests 3D-printed rocket engines powered by plastic waste". TechCrunch. https://techcrunch.com/2020/02/03/launch-startup-skyrora-successfully-tests-3d-printed-rocket-engines-powered-by-plastic-waste/.
60. ↑ "Explorer: RAE B". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/explorer_rae-b.htm.
61. ↑ 61.00 61.01 61.02 61.03 61.04 61.05 61.06 61.07 61.08 61.09 61.10 61.11 Gunter, Krebs. "Delta". Gunter's Space Page. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/delta.htm.
62. ↑ "NASA – NSSDCA – Spacecraft – Details". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1976-077A.
63. ↑ "GEOS 3". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/geos-3.htm.
64. ↑ "Photographic image of Simorga SIV" (JG). http://i004.radikal.ru/1508/a7/94ca7ddf9113.jpg.
65. ↑ Clark, Stephen (8 November 2020). "New Chinese rocket successful in debut launch". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/11/08/new-chinese-rocket-successful-in-debut-launch/.
66. ↑ "VLS". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/vls.htm.
67. ↑ "Aviation History, Explorer 47 on Delta 1604, Sept. 38, 1972". https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1972/1972 - 2616.html.
68. ↑ "Hapith V". http://www.tispace.com/launch.html.
69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 "Kuaizhou". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/kuaizhou-1.htm.
70. ↑ "Falcon-1". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/falcon-1.htm.
71. ↑ "Space Exploration Technologies Corporation – Falcon 1". http://www.spacex.com/falcon1.php.
72. ↑ "NASA Awards Launch for Orbital's Pegasus Rocket – Parabolic Arc". http://www.parabolicarc.com/2014/04/02/nasa-awards-launch-orbitals-pegasus-rocket/.
73. ↑ "Pegasus". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/pegasus.htm.
74. ↑ "Northrop Grumman seeking to cut costs on small launch vehicles". 24 September 2018. https://spacenews.com/northrop-grumman-seeking-to-cut-costs-on-small-launch-vehicles/.
75. ↑ Abell, John C. (9 September 2009). "Sept. 9, 1982: 3-2-1 ... Liftoff! The First Private Rocket Launch". Wired. https://www.wired.com/thisdayintech/2009/09/dayintech0909privaterocket/.
76. ↑ "Sputnik 2 (PS-2 #1)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/sputnik-2.htm.
77. ↑ "Launcher One Service Gide". Virgin Orbit. 2019. https://virginorbit.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/ServiceGuide_Sept2019.pdf. "Spacecraft mass-to-orbit of up to 500 kg to LEO (low inclination, 200 km, 28 deg site)"
78. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (25 May 2020). "Virgin Orbit Launch Attempt Ends Without Trip to Space". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/25/science/virgin-orbit-launch-time.html.
79. ↑ "fas.org Start1". http://fas.org/spp/guide/russia/launch/start1.htm.
80. ↑ "EROS B". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/eros-b.htm.
81. ↑ "Start-1". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/start-1.htm.
82. ↑ "Minotaur I Space Launch Vehicle—Fact Sheet". Orbital Sciences Corporation. 2012. http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/Publications/Minotaur_I_Fact.pdf. "Spacecraft mass-to-orbit of up to 580 kg to LEO (28.5 deg, 185 km)"
83. ↑ "Minotaur Rocket" (in en-US). https://www.northropgrumman.com/space/minotaur-rocket.
84. ↑ "Spaceflight Now | Minotaur Launch Report | Student-built satellites, military payloads put in orbit". https://spaceflightnow.com/minotaur/ors3/131119launch/.
85. ↑ "Launch Services | Astra". 25 April 2020. https://astra.com/launch-services/.
86. ↑ "Launch System 2 Update". 7 November 2022. https://astra.com/news/launch-system-2-update/.
87. ↑ "China reveals CZ-11 anti-ASAT rocket". 8 October 2015. https://chinadailymail.com/2015/10/08/chinas-reveals-cz-11-anti-asat-rocket/.
88. ↑ Barbosa, Rui (25 September 2015). "China debuts Long March 11 lofting Tianwang-1 trio". http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/09/china-debuts-long-march-11-lofting-tianwang-1-trio/.
89. ↑ Korea, Christoph Bluth, ISBN 9780745633572
90. ↑ "CZ-1D". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/cz1d.htm.
91. ↑ Mazzini Puga, Luciana (9 June 2023). "Hacia la soberanía espacial: el lanzador de satélites Tronador II estará listo en 2029" (in es). Agencia de Noticias Cientificas. https://agencia.unq.edu.ar/?p=12795.
92. ↑ "Athena-1 (LLV-1 / LMLV-1)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/athena-1.htm.
93. ↑ "Athena-1". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/athena1.htm.
94. ↑ "Athena-1". http://www.astronautix.com/a/athena-1.html.
95. ↑ "Explorer: DE 1, 2". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/explorer_de.htm.
96. ↑ "Spanish startup PLD Space gears up for 2022 suborbital launch" (in en-US). 24 November 2021. https://spacenews.com/spanish-startup-pld-space-gears-up-for-2022-suborbital-launch/.
97. ↑ "Firefly Alpha". Firefly Aerospace. http://www.fireflyspace.com/vehicles/firefly-a.
98. ↑ "Launch-alpha". https://firefly.com/launch-alpha/.
99. ↑ "JAXA – J-I Launch Vehicle". http://global.jaxa.jp/projects/rockets/j1/.
100. ↑ "OSO 8". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/oso-8.htm.
101. ↑ "Delta". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/delta.htm.
102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 "Projects&Products". IHI Aerospace. http://www.ihi.co.jp/ia/en/product/rocket.html.
103. ↑ "Spaceflight Now | Breaking News | Japan's 'affordable' Epsilon rocket triumphs on first flight". https://spaceflightnow.com/epsilon/sprinta/130914launch/#.UjSh0cbkt8E.
104. ↑ Knapp, Alex. "Relativity Space Just Raised $140 Million To Send Its 3D-Printed Rockets Into Orbit". https://www.forbes.com/sites/alexknapp/2019/10/01/relativity-space-just-raised-140-million-to-send-its-3d-printed-rockets-into-orbit/.
105. ↑ Wade, Mark. "Delta 0900". Encyclopedia Astronautica. http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/dela0900.htm. Retrieved 2 August 2011.
106. ↑ "Rocket" (in en-US). https://ablspacesystems.com/rocket/.
107. ↑ Sheetz, Michael (25 October 2021). "Rocket builder ABL raises $200 million, increasing valuation to $2.4 billion" (in en). https://www.cnbc.com/2021/10/25/rocket-builder-abl-space-raises-200-million-at-2point4-billion-valuation.html.
108. ↑ "Atlas LV-3B". http://www.astronautix.com/a/atlaslv-3b.html.
109. ↑ "Strela launcher". http://www.russianspaceweb.com/strela.html.
110. ↑ 110.0 110.1 "Strela". Gunter's Space Page. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/strela.htm.
111. ↑ "JERS (Fuyo)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/jers.htm.
112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 "Minotaur-C Factsheet". 2014. http://www.orbital.com/LaunchSystems/Publications/Minotaurc_factsheet.pdf.
113. ↑ "Taurus / Minotaur-C". May 2014. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/taurus.htm.
114. ↑ "Taurus". http://www.orbital.com/spacelaunch/taurus/.
115. ↑ 115.0 115.1 Office, U. S. Government Accountability (16 August 2017). ﻿Surplus Missile Motors: Sale Price Drives Potential Effects on DOD and Commercial Launch Providers﻿ (Report). https://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-17-609.
116. ↑ "Cosmos-1, 3, 3M and 3MU – SL-8 – C-1". http://www.russianspaceweb.com/cosmos3.html.
117. ↑ "Kosmos-3M (11K65M)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/kosmos-3m.htm.
118. ↑ "Minotaur IV Fact sheet". Orbital Sciences Corporation. 2010. http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/Publications/Minotaur_IV_Fact.pdf.
119. ↑ "Minotaur-3/-4/-5/-6 (OSP-2 Peacekeeper SLV)" (in en). https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/minotaur-4.htm.
120. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Minotaur-3/-4/-5 (OSP-2 Peacekeeper SLV)". Gunter's Space Page. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/minotaur-4.htm.
121. ↑ "Spaceflight Now | Minotaur Launch Report | Minotaur rocket poised to send research to new heights". https://spaceflightnow.com/minotaur/stps26/101118preview/.
122. ↑ "NASA, Athena Mission Planner's Guide 26 August 2012". https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/Athena_MPG_01-23-12.pdf.
123. ↑ "Athena-2". http://www.astronautix.com/lvs/athena2.htm.
124. ↑ "Athena-2 (LLV-2 / LMLV-2)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau_det/athena-2.htm.
125. ↑ "Lockheed Targets 2014 for Athena 2 Rideshare Debut". 7 May 2012. https://spacenews.com/lockheed-targets-2014-athena-2-rideshare-debut/.
126. ↑ "Hyperbola-2" (in en). http://www.i-space.com.cn/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=lists&catid=4.
127. ↑ "Russia's Rokot launches with three Rodnik satellites". 23 September 2015. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/09/russias-rokot-launches-three-rodnik/.
128. ↑ China 'N Asia Spaceflight [@CNSpaceflight] (16 October 2022). "Finally we have more data of the mysterious Tianlong-2: 32.8m tall 5.7m D3.35m fairing 190t liftoff thrust with 7 TH-11(?) 1 300KN closed-cycle kerolox TH-11 vacuum in 2nd stage TH-31 upper stage for payloads deployment 2t to LEO 1.5t to 500km SSO". https://twitter.com/CNSpaceflight/status/1581667259012947968.
129. ↑ Krebs, Gunter. "Jielong-3 (Smart Dragon-3, SD 3)". https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_lau/jielong-3.htm.

## Notes

1. ↑ Suborbital test in 1969, first orbital launch attempt in 1970
2. ↑ First orbital launch attempt in 2005
3. ↑ A third rocket exploded before launch
4. ↑ Suborbital test flights in 1995, 1997 and 2002, no orbital launches attempted

## Further reading

* Isakowitz, Hopkins, and Hopkins International Guide to Space Launch Systems, AIAA. ISBN 1-56347591-X.

## External links

* Small Satellite Launchers at NewSpace Index

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