List of Solar System probes

Short description: none

This is a list of space probes that have left Earth orbit (or were launched with that intention but failed), organized by their planned destination. It includes planetary probes, solar probes, and probes to asteroids and comets, but excludes lunar missions, which are listed separately at List of lunar probes and List of Apollo missions. Flybys (such as gravity assists) that were incidental to the main purpose of the mission are also included. Flybys of Earth are listed separately at List of Earth flybys. Confirmed future probes are included, but missions that are still at the concept stage, or which never progressed beyond the concept stage, are not.

## Contents

* 1 Key
* 2 Solar probes
* 2.1 1960–1969
* 2.2 1974–1997
* 2.3 2000–present
* 3 Mercury probes
* 4 Venus probes
* 4.1 1961–1969
* 4.2 1970–1978
* 4.3 1982–1999
* 4.4 2006–present
* 4.5 Proposed
* 5 Earth flybys
* 6 Lunar probes
* 7 Mars probes
* 7.1 1960–1969
* 7.2 1971–1976
* 7.3 1988–1999
* 7.4 2001–2009
* 7.5 2011–2018
* 7.6 2020–Present
* 7.7 Proposed
* 7.8 Phobos probes
* 8 Ceres probes
* 9 Asteroid probes
* 10 Jupiter probes
* 10.1 Ganymede probes
* 11 Saturn probes
* 11.1 Titan probes
* 12 Uranus probes
* 13 Neptune probes
* 14 Pluto probes
* 15 Comet probes
* 16 Kuiper Belt probes
* 17 Probes leaving the Solar System
* 18 Other probes to leave Earth orbit
* 19 Cancelled probes and missions
* 20 See also
* 21 References
* 22 External links

## Key

Colour key:

– Mission or flyby completed successfully (or partially successfully)  |  |  – Failed or cancelled mission

|
|

– Mission en route or in progress (including mission extensions)  |  |  – Planned mission  |

* † means "tentatively identified", as classified by NASA.[1] These are Cold War-era Soviet missions, mostly failures, about which few or no details have been officially released. The information given may be speculative.
* Date is the date of:

* closest encounter (flybys)
* impact (impactors)
* orbital insertion to end of mission, whether planned or premature (orbiters)
* landing to end of mission, whether planned or premature (landers)
* launch (missions that never got underway due to failure at or soon after launch)

In cases which do not fit any of the above, the event to which the date refers is stated. As a result of this scheme missions are not always listed in order of launch.

* Some of the terms used under Type:

* Flyby: The probe flies by an astronomical body, but does not orbit it
* Orbiter: Part of a probe that orbits an astronomical body
* Lander: Part of a probe that descend to the surface of an astronomical body
* Rover: Part of a probe that acts as a vehicle to move on the solid-surface of an astronomical body
* Penetrator: Part of a probe that impacts an astronomical body
* Atmospheric probe or balloon: Part of a probe that descend through or floats in the atmosphere of an astronomical body; not restricted to weather balloons and other atmospheric sounders, as it can also be used for surface and subsurface imaging and remote sensing.
* Sample return: Parts of the probe return to Earth with physical samples

* Under Status, in the case of flybys (such as gravity assists) that are incidental to the main mission, "success" indicates the successful completion of the flyby, not necessarily that of the main mission.

## Solar probes

While the Sun is not physically explorable with current technology, the following solar observation probes have been designed and launched to operate in heliocentric orbit or at one of the Earth–Sun Lagrangian points – additional solar observatories were placed in Earth orbit and are not included in this list:

### 1960–1969

Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

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|
|
|
|
|
|

Pioneer 5 |  NASA/
DOD  | March–April 1960  | orbiter  | success  | measured magnetic field phenomena, solar flare particles, and ionization in the interplanetary region  |  | 1960-001A
Pioneer 6(A) |  NASA | December 1965 – still contactable in 2000  | orbiter  | success  | network of solar-orbiting "space weather" monitors, observing solar wind, cosmic rays, and magnetic fields  |  | 1965-105A
Pioneer 7(B) |  NASA | August 1966 – still contactable in 1995  | orbiter  | success  | 1966-075A
Pioneer 8(C) |  NASA | December 1967 – still contactable in 2001  | orbiter  | success  | 1967-123A
Pioneer 9(D) |  NASA | November 1968 – May 1983  | orbiter  | success  | 1968-100A
Pioneer-E |  NASA | 27 August 1969  | orbiter  | failure  | intended as part of the Pioneer 6–9 network; failed to reach orbit  |  | PIONE

### 1974–1997

Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

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Helios A |  DFVLR/
NASA | November 1974 – 1982  | orbiter  | success  | observations of solar wind, magnetic and electric fields, cosmic rays and cosmic dust between Earth and Sun  |  | 1974-097A
Helios B |  DFVLR/
NASA | January 1976 – 1985?  | orbiter  | success  | 1976-003A
ISEE-3 |  NASA | 1978–1982  | orbiter  | success  | observed solar phenomena in conjunction with earth-orbiting ISEE-1 and ISEE-2; later renamed International Cometary Explorer (ICE) and directed to Comet Giacobini-Zinner  |  | 1976-003A
Ulysses
(first pass)  |  ESA/
NASA | 1994  | orbiter  | success  | south polar observations  |  | 1990-090B
1995  | north polar observations
WIND |  NASA | November 1994 – still active as of February 2020[2] | orbiter  | success  | solar wind measurements  |  | 1994-071A
SOHO |  ESA/
NASA | May 1996 – extended to December 2025[3] | orbiter  | success  | investigation of Sun's core, corona, and solar wind; comet discoveries  |  | 1995-065A
ACE |  NASA | August 1997 – projected until 2024[4] | orbiter  | success  | solar wind observations  |  | 1997-045A

### 2000–present

Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
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Ulysses
(second pass)  |  ESA/
NASA | 2000  | orbiter  | success  | south polar observations  |  | 1990-090B
2001  | north polar observations
Genesis |  NASA | 2001–2004  | orbiter/
sample return  | success  | solar wind sample return; crash landed on return to Earth, much data salvaged  |  | 2001-034A
STEREO A |  NASA | December 2006 –
still active as of September 2021[5][6][7] | orbiter  | success  | stereoscopic imaging of coronal mass ejections and other solar phenomena  |  | 2006-047A
STEREO B |  NASA | December 2006 – October 2014.
August 2016 – October 2018
(communication lost between 1 October 2014 and 21 August 2016)
NASA directed that periodic recovery operations of Stereo-B cease with last support on October 17, 2018.[7][8] | orbiter  | success  | stereoscopic imaging of coronal mass ejections and other solar phenomena  |  | 2006-047B
Ulysses
(third pass)  |  ESA/
NASA | 2007  | orbiter  | success  | south polar observations  |  | 1990-090B
2008  | partial success  | north polar observations; some data returned despite failing power and reduced transmission capacity
DSCOVR |  NOAA  | February 2015 –  | orbiter  | success  | solar wind and coronal mass ejection monitoring, as well as Earth climate monitoring  |  | 2015-007A [9]
Parker Solar Probe |  NASA | November 2018 – December 2025  | orbiter/flyby
(approach 26 times)  | en route | close-range solar coronal study  |  | 2018-065A [10]
Solar Orbiter |  ESA  | 10 February 2020 (launch)  | orbiter  | en route | solar and heliospheric physics  |  | 2020-010A [11]
CuSP |  NASA | 16 November 2022  | orbiter  | success  | study particles and magnetic fields.  |  | CUSP
Aditya-L1 |  ISRO | 2 September 2023 (launch)  | orbiter  | success  | Solar corona observation  |  | 2023-132A [12][13]

## Mercury probes

Main article: Astronomy:Exploration of Mercury

Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Mariner 10 |  NASA | 29 March 1974  | flyby  | success  | minimum distance 704 km  |  | 1973-085A
21 September 1974 | 48,069 km
16 March 1975  | 327 km
MESSENGER |  NASA | 14 January 2008  | flyby  | success  | minimum distance 200 km  |  | 2004-030A
6 October 2008  | minimum distance 200 km
29 September 2009  | minimum distance 228 km
18 March 2011 –
30 April 2015  | orbiter  | success  | first spacecraft to orbit Mercury; unavoidable impact on the surface at end of mission
BepiColombo
(Mercury Cruise System)  |  ESA/
JAXA  | 1 October 2021  | flyby  | success  |  |  | 2018-080A
23 June 2022  |
19 June 2023  |
September 2024  | flyby  | en route |
December 2024  |
January 2025  |
| Mercury
Planetary Orbiter |  ESA | 5 December 2025 (orbital insertion)
14 March 2026 (final MPO orbit)  | orbiter  | en route (attached to Mercury Cruise System)  |
Mio
(Mercury
Magnetospheric Orbiter) |  JAXA  | 5 December 2025 (orbital insertion)  | orbiter  | en route (attached to Mercury Cruise System)  |

## Venus probes

Early programs encompassing multiple spacecraft include:

* Venera program — USSR Venus orbiter and lander (1961–1984)
* Pioneer Venus project — US Venus orbiter and entry probes (1978)
* Vega program — USSR mission to Venus and Comet Halley (1984)

### 1961–1969

Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Tyazhely Sputnik |  (USSR)  | 4 February 1961  | lander  | failure  | failed to escape from Earth orbit  |  | 1961-002A
Venera 1 |  (USSR)  | 19 May 1961 –
20 May 1961  | flyby  | failure  | contact lost 7 days after launch; first spacecraft to fly by another planet  |  | 1961-003A
Mariner 1 |  NASA | 22 July 1962  | flyby  | failure  | guidance failure shortly after launch  |  | MARIN1
Sputnik 19 |  (USSR)  | 25 August 1962  | lander  | failure  | failed to escape Earth orbit  |  | 1962-040A
Sputnik 20 |  (USSR)  | 1 September 1962  | lander  | failure  | failed to escape Earth orbit  |  | 1962-043A
Sputnik 21 |  (USSR)  | 12 September 1962  | flyby  | failure  | third stage exploded  |  | 1962-045A
Mariner 2 |  NASA | 14 December 1962  | flyby  | success  | first successful Venus flyby; minimum distance 34,773 km  |  | 1962-041A
Cosmos 21† |  (USSR)  | 11 November 1963  | flyby  | failure  | failed to escape Earth orbit  |  | 1963-044A
Venera 1964A† |  (USSR)  | 19 February 1964  | flyby  | failure  | failed to reach Earth orbit  |  | [1]
Venera 1964B† |  (USSR)  | 1 March 1964  | flyby  | failure  | failed to reach Earth orbit  |  | [1]
Cosmos 27 |  (USSR)  | 27 March 1964  | flyby  | failure  | failed to escape Earth orbit  |  | 1964-014A
Zond 1 |  (USSR)  | 1964  | flyby and possible lander  | failure  | contact lost en route  |  | 1964-016D
Cosmos 96 |  (USSR)  | 23 November 1965  | lander  | failure  | did not depart low Earth orbit due to a launch failure  |  | 1965-094A
Venera 1965A† |  (USSR)  | 26 November 1965  | flyby  | failure  | launch vehicle failure?  |  | [1]
Venera 2 |  (USSR)  | 27 February 1966  | flyby  | failure  | ceased to operate en route  |  | 1965-091A
Venera 3 |  (USSR)  | 1 March 1966  | lander  | failure  | contact lost before arrival; first spacecraft to impact on the surface of another planet  |  | 1965-092A
Kosmos 167 |  (USSR)  | 17 June 1967  | lander  | failure  | failed to escape Earth orbit  |  | 1967-063A
Venera 4 |  (USSR)  | 18 October 1967  | atmospheric probe  | success  | continued to transmit to an altitude of 25 km  |  | 1967-058A
Mariner 5 |  NASA | 19 October 1967  | flyby  | success  | minimum distance 5,000 km  |  | 1967-060A
Venera 5 |  (USSR)  | 16 May 1969  | atmospheric probe  | success  | transmitted atmospheric data for 53 minutes, to an altitude of about 26 km  |  | 1969-001A
Venera 6 |  (USSR)  | 17 May 1969  | atmospheric probe  | success  | transmitted atmospheric data for 51 minutes, to an altitude of perhaps 10–12 km  |  | 1969-002A

### 1970–1978

Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Cosmos 359 |  (USSR)  | 22 August 1970  | lander  | failure  | failed to escape Earth orbit  |  | 1970-065A
Venera 7 |  (USSR)  | 15 December 1970  | lander  | success  | first successful landing on another planet; signals returned from surface for 23 minutes  |  | 1970-060A
Cosmos 482 |  (USSR)  | 31 March 1972  | lander  | failure  | failed to escape Earth orbit  |  | 1972-023A
Venera 8 |  (USSR)  | 22 July 1972  | lander  | success  | signals returned from surface for 50 minutes  |  | 1972-021A
Mariner 10 |  NASA | 5 February 1974  | flyby  | success  | minimum distance 5768 km, en route to Mercury; first use of gravity assist by an interplanetary spacecraft  |  | 1973-085A
Venera 9 |  (USSR)  | 1975  | orbiter  | success  | first spacecraft to orbit Venus; communications relay for lander; atmospheric and magnetic studies  |  | 1975-050A
22 October 1975  | lander  | success  | first images from the surface; operated on surface for 53 minutes  |  | 1975-050D
Venera 10 |  (USSR)  | 1975  | orbiter  | success  | communications relay for lander; atmospheric and magnetic studies  |  | 1975-054A
23 October 1975  | lander  | success  | transmitted from surface for 65 minutes  |  | 1975-054D
Pioneer Venus Orbiter |  NASA | 4 December 1978 –
1992  | orbiter  | success  | atmospheric and magnetic studies  |  | 1978-051A
Pioneer Venus Multiprobe |  NASA | 9 December 1978  |  |  |  |  |
| bus  |  |  | probe transporter  | success  | deployed four atmospheric probes, then burnt up in Venusian atmosphere, continuing to transmit to 110 km altitude  |  | 1978-078A
large probe  |  |  | atmospheric probe  | success  |  |  | 1978-078D
north probe  |  |  | atmospheric probe  | success  |  |  | 1978-078E
day probe  |  |  | atmospheric probe  | success  | survived impact and continued to transmit from surface for over an hour  | 1978-078G
night probe  |  |  | atmospheric probe  | success  |  | 1978-078F
Venera 12 |  SAS  |  |  |  |  |  |
| flight platform  |  | 21 December 1978  | flyby  | success  | minimum distance 34,000 km; deployed lander and then acted as communications relay  |  | 1978-086A
descent craft  | 21 December 1978  | lander  | partial success  | soft landing; transmissions returned for 110 minutes; failure of some instruments  |  | 1978-086C
Venera 11 |  SAS  |  |  |  | identical to Venera 12  |  |
| flight platform  |  | 25 December 1978 | flyby  | success  | minimum distance 34,000 km; deployed lander and then acted as communications relay  |  | 1978-084A
descent craft  | 25 December 1978  | lander  | partial success  | soft landing; transmissions returned for 95 minutes; failure of some instruments  |  | 1978-084D

### 1982–1999

Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Venera 13 |  SAS  |  |  |  |  |  |
| bus  |  | 1 March 1982  | flyby  | success  | deployed lander and then acted as communications relay  |  | 1981-106A
descent craft  |  | 1 March 1982  | lander  | success  | survived on surface for 127 minutes  | 1981-106D
Venera 14 |  SAS  |  |  |  | identical to Venera 13  |  |
| bus  |  | 5 March 1982  | flyby  | success  | deployed lander and then acted as communications relay  |  | 1981-110A
descent craft  |  | 5 March 1982  | lander  | success  | survived on surface for 57 minutes  | 1981-110D
Venera 15 |  SAS  | 1983–1984  | orbiter  | success  | radar mapping  |  | 1983-053A
Venera 16 |  SAS  | 1983–1984  | orbiter  | success  | radar mapping; identical to Venera 15  |  | 1983-054A
Vega 1 |  SAS  | 11 June 1985  | flyby  | success  | went on to fly by Halley's comet  |  | 1984-125A
lander  | failure  | instruments deployed prematurely  | 1984-125E
atmospheric balloon  | success  | floated at an altitude of about 54 km and transmitted for around 46 hours  |  | 1984-125F
Vega 2 |  SAS  | 15 June 1985  | flyby  | success  | went on to fly by Halley's comet  |  | 1984-128A
lander  | success  | transmitted from surface for 56 minutes  | 1984-128E
atmospheric balloon  | success  | floated at an altitude of about 54 km and transmitted for around 46 hours  |  | 1984-128F
Galileo |  NASA | 10 February 1990  | flyby  | success  | gravity assist en route to Jupiter; minimum distance 16,000 km  |
Magellan |  NASA | 10 August 1990 –
12 October 1994  | orbiter  | success  | global radar mapping  |
Cassini |  NASA/
ESA/
ASI | 26 April 1998  | flyby  | success  | gravity assist en route to Saturn  |  | 1997-061A [14]
24 June 1999

### 2006–present

Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Venus Express |  ESA | 11 April 2006 – 18 January 2015  | orbiter  | success  | atmospheric studies; planetary imaging; magnetic observations  |  | 2005-045A
MESSENGER |  NASA | 24 October 2006  | flyby  | success  | gravity assist only; minimum distance 2990 km  |  | 2004-030A
6 June 2007  | success  | minimum distance 300 km; en route to Mercury
Akatsuki
(PLANET-C) |  JAXA  | 6 December 2010 (Venus flyby)  | orbiter  | failure  | failed orbital insertion in 2010; success in 2015
science mission ongoing since May 2016  |  | 2010-020D
7 December 2015 (orbital insertion) –  | orbiter  | success
IKAROS |  JAXA  | 8 December 2010  | flyby[15] | success  | solar sail technology development / interplanetary space exploration  |  | 2010-020E [16]
Shin'en
(UNITEC-1) |  UNISEC  | December 2010?  | flyby[17] | failure  | contact lost shortly after launch  |  | 2010-020F [18][19]
Parker Solar Probe |  NASA | October 2018 – November 2024  | flyby (approach 7 times)  | en route | gravity assist en route to solar corona  |  | 2018-065A [10]
BepiColombo
(first pass)  |  ESA/
JAXA  | 15 October 2020  | flyby  | success  | gravity assist en route to Mercury; minimum approach distance was about 10,720 km[20] |  | 2018-080A
Solar Orbiter |  ESA | 27 December 2020  | flyby  | success  | gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit for solar polar observations  |  | 2020-010A [11]
9 August 2021
BepiColombo
(second pass)  |  ESA/
JAXA  | 10 August 2021  | flyby  | success  | gravity assist en route to Mercury, during which it may study Venus' atmosphere and solar environment  |  | 2018-080A
Solar Orbiter |  ESA | September 2022  | flyby  | en route | gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit  |  | 2020-010A [11]
February 2025
JUICE |  ESA | August 2025  | flyby  | Enroute  | gravity assist en route to Jupiter  |  | [21]
Solar Orbiter |  ESA | December 2026  | flyby  | en route | gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit  |  | 2020-010A [11]

### Proposed

Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

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Rocket Lab's Venus probe  |  MIT/Rocket Lab | 30 December 2024  | atmospheric probe  | under development  | To search for organic molecules in the Venusian cloud particles and constrain the particle composition.  |  | [22]
Venus Orbiter Mission |  ISRO | December 2024  | orbiter, atmospheric probe  | under development  | To study the Venusian atmosphere and conduct geological mapping.  |  | [23][24][25][26][27]
Venera-D |  RKA  | 2029  | orbiter, lander  | proposed  |  |  | [28]
Dragonfly |  NASA | 2027  | flyby  | planned  | gravity assist en route to Titan |  | [29]
Solar Orbiter |  ESA | March 2028  | flyby  | proposed  | mission extension  |  | 2020-010A [11]
June 2029  | proposed
September 2030  | proposed
DAVINCI+ |  NASA | 2028-2030  | atmospheric probe  | planned  |  |  | [30]
Tianwen-4 |  CNSA  | April 2030  | flyby  | proposed  | gravity assist en route to Jupiter |  | [31]
VERITAS |  NASA | NET 2031  | orbiter  | planned  |  |  | [30]
EnVision |  ESA | 2034  | orbiter  | planned  |  |  | [32]
Venus In Situ Explorer |  NASA | TBD  | lander or airplane  | proposed  |  |  | [33]

## Earth flybys

See List of Earth flybys

In addition, several planetary probes have sent back observations of the Earth-Moon system shortly after launch, most notably Mariner 10, Pioneers 10 and 11 and both Voyager probes (Voyager 1 and Voyager 2).

## Lunar probes

See List of lunar probes

## Mars probes

Main articles: Astronomy:Exploration of Mars and Astronomy:List of missions to Mars

Major early programs encompassing multiple probes include:

* Zond program — failed USSR flyby probe
* Mars probe program — USSR orbiters and landers
* Viking program — two NASA orbiters and landers (1974)
* Phobos program — failed USSR orbiters and Phobos landers

### 1960–1969

Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Mars 1M No.1 |  USSR  | 10 October 1960  | flyby  | failure  | failed to reach Earth orbit  |  | MARSNK1
Mars 1M No.2 |  USSR  | 14 October 1960  | flyby  | failure  | failed to reach Earth orbit  |  | MARSNK2
Mars 1962A |  USSR  | 24 October 1962  | flyby  | failure  | exploded in or en route to Earth orbit  |  | 1962-057A
Mars 1962B |  USSR  | 11 November 1962 (launch)  | lander  | failure  | broke up during transfer to Mars trajectory  |  | 1962-062A
Mars 1 |  USSR  | 19 June 1963  | flyby  | failure  | contact lost en route; flew within approximately 193,000 km of Mars  |  | 1962-061A
Mariner 3 |  NASA | 5 November 1964  | flyby  | failure  | protective shield failed to eject, preventing craft from attaining correct trajectory  |  | 1964-073A
Mariner 4 |  NASA | 15 July 1965  | flyby  | success  | first close-up images of Mars  |  | 1964-077A
Zond 2 |  USSR  | 6 August 1965  | flyby  | failure  | contact lost en route; flew within 1,500 km of Mars  |  | 1964-078C
Mariner 6 |  NASA | 31 July 1969  | flyby  | success  |  |  | 1969-014A
Mariner 7 |  NASA | 5 August 1969  | flyby  | success  |  |  | 1969-030A
Mars 1969A |  USSR  | 27 March 1969 (launch)  | orbiter  | failure  | launch failure  |  | MARS69A
Mars 1969B |  USSR  | 2 April 1969 (launch)  | orbiter  | failure  | launch failure  |  | MARS69B

### 1971–1976

Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Mariner 8 |  NASA | 9 May 1971 (launch)  | orbiter  | failure  | launch vehicle failure  |  | MARINH
Kosmos 419 |  USSR  | 10 May 1971 (launch)  | orbiter  | failure  | failed to escape Earth orbit  |  | 1971-042A
Mariner 9 |  NASA | 14 November 1971 –
27 October 1972  | orbiter  | success  | first spacecraft to orbit another planet  |  | 1971-051A
Mars 2 |  USSR  | 27 November 1971 –
22 August 1972  | orbiter  | success  | first Soviet spacecraft to orbit another planet  |  | 1971-045A
| Mars 2 Lander |  USSR  | 27 November 1971  | lander and short range rover  | failure  | crashed; first manmade object to reach surface of Mars  |  | 1971-045D
Mars 3 |  USSR  | 2 December 1971 –
22 August 1972  | orbiter  | partial success  | attained a different orbit than intended due to insufficient fuel  |  | 1971-049A
| Mars 3 Lander |  USSR  | 2 December 1971  | lander and short range rover  | partial success  | first soft landing on Mars; contact lost 110 sec after soft landing, first picture from surface  |  | 1971-049F
Mars 4 |  USSR  | 10 February 1974  | orbiter  | failure  | orbit insertion failed, became flyby  |  | 1973-047A
Mars 5 |  USSR  | 12 February 1974 –
28 February 1974  | orbiter  | success  |  |  | 1973-049A
Mars 6 |  USSR  | 12 March 1974  | flyby  | success  |  |  | 1973-052A
| Mars 6 Lander |  USSR  | 12 March 1974  | lander  | failure  | contact lost 148 sec after parachute deployment (returned 224 seconds of atmospheric data)  |
Mars 7 |  USSR  | 9 March 1974  | flyby  | success  |  |  | 1973-053A
| Mars 7 Lander |  USSR  | 9 March 1974  | lander  | failure  | missed Mars  |
Viking 1 Orbiter |  NASA | 19 June 1976 –
17 August 1980  | orbiter  | success  |  |  | 1975-075A
| Viking 1 Lander |  NASA | 20 July 1976 –
13 November 1982  | lander  | success  |  |  | 1975-075C
Viking 2 Orbiter |  NASA | 7 August 1976 –
25 July 1978  | orbiter  | success  |  |  | 1975-083A
| Viking 2 Lander |  NASA | 3 September 1976 –
11 April 1980  | lander  | success  |  |  | 1975-083C

### 1988–1999

Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Phobos 1 |  USSR  | 7 July 1988 (launch)  | orbiter  | failure  | contact lost en route to Mars  |  | 1988-058A
Phobos 2 |  USSR  | 29 January 1989 –
27 March 1989  | orbiter  | partial success  | Mars orbit acquired, but contact lost shortly before Phobos approach phase and deployment of Phobos landers  |  | 1988-059A
Mars Observer |  NASA | 25 September 1992 (launch)  | orbiter  | failure  | contact lost shortly before Mars orbit insertion  |  | 1992-063A
Mars 96 |  RKA  | 16 November 1996 (launch)  | orbiter  | failure  | failed to escape Earth orbit  |  | 1996-064A
lander  |  | MARS96B
lander  | MARS96C
penetrator  |  | MARS96D
penetrator  | MARS96E
Mars Pathfinder |  NASA | 4 July 1997 –
27 September 1997  | lander  | success  |  |  | 1996-068A
| Sojourner |  NASA | 6 July 1997 –
27 September 1997  | rover  | success  | first Mars rover  |  | MESURPR
Mars Global Surveyor |  NASA | 12 September 1997 –
2 November 2006  | orbiter  | success  |  |  | 1996-062A
Mars Climate Orbiter |  NASA | 23 September 1999  | orbiter  | failure  | Mars orbit insertion failed due to navigation error. Part of Mars Surveyor '98.  |  | 1998-073A
Mars Polar Lander |  NASA | 3 December 1999  | lander  | failure  | Contact lost just prior to entering Martian atmosphere. Part of Mars Surveyor '98.  |  | 1999-001A
| Deep Space 2 "Amundsen"  |  NASA | 3 December 1999  | penetrator  |  | DEEPSP2
| Deep Space 2 "Scott"  |  NASA | 3 December 1999  | penetrator

### 2001–2009

Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

2001 Mars Odyssey |  NASA | 24 October 2001 –  | orbiter  | success  | studying climate and geology; communications relay for Spirit and Opportunity rovers
longest surviving spacecraft in orbit around a planet other than Earth  |  | 2001-014A
Nozomi |  ISAS | 14 December 2003  | orbiter  | failure  | failed to attain Mars orbit, became flyby  |  | 1998-041A
Mars Express |  ESA | 25 December 2003 –  | orbiter  | success  | surface imaging and mapping; first European probe in Martian orbit  |  | 2003-022A
| Beagle 2 |  UK | 25 December 2003  | lander  | failure  | Deployed by the Mars Express; lost for 11 years and imaged by NASA's MRO in 2015[34] |  | 2003-022C
Mars Exploration Rover-A "Spirit"  |  NASA | 4 January 2004 – 22 March 2010  | rover  | success  | became stuck in May 2009; then operating as a static science station until contact lost in March 2010  |  | 2003-027A
Mars Exploration Rover-B "Opportunity"  |  NASA | 25 January 2004 – 10 June 2018  | rover  | success  | lost contact 10 June 2018 due to 2018 global dust storm. NASA concluded mission on 13 February 2019 after failed communication attempts since August 2018.  |  | 2003-032A
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter |  NASA | 10 March 2006 –  | orbiter  | success  | surface imaging and surveying  |  | 2005-029A
Rosetta |  ESA | 25 February 2007  | flyby  | success  | gravity assist en route to asteroid and comet encounters  |  | 2004-006A
Phoenix |  NASA | 25 May 2008 –
10 November 2008  | lander  | success  | collection of soil samples near the northern pole to search for water and investigate Mars' geological history and biological potential  |  | 2007-034A [35]
Dawn |  NASA | 17 February 2009  | flyby  | success  | gravity assist en route to Vesta and Ceres  |  | 2007-043A

### 2011–2018

Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Fobos-Grunt |  RKA  | 8 November 2011 (launch)  | orbiter and Phobos sample return  | failure  | failed to escape Earth orbit  |  | 2011-065A
| Yinghuo-1 |  CNSA | orbiter  |  | YINGHUO-1
Mars Science Laboratory Curiosity |  NASA | 6 August 2012 –  | rover  | success  | investigation of past and present habitability, climate and geology  |
Mangalyaan / Mars Orbiter Mission |  ISRO | 24 September 2014 – 27 September 2022  | orbiter  | success  | first Indian spacecraft to orbit another planet, studying Martian atmosphere; mineralogical mapping.  |  | 2013-060A [36][37]
MAVEN |  NASA | 25 September 2014 –  | orbiter  | success  | studying Martian atmosphere  |
ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (ExoMars 2016)  |  ESA/
RKA  | 19 October 2016 –  | orbiter  | success  | atmospheric gas analysis; communication relay for surface probes  |  | 2016-017A [38]
| Schiaparelli EDM lander |  ESA | 19 October 2016  | lander  | crashed upon landing[39] | landing test, meteorological observation  |
InSight |  NASA | 26 November 2018 – 21 December 2022  | lander  | studied the deep interior of Mars, with a seismometer and a heat-flow probe.  |
| MarCO A "WALL-E"  |  NASA | 26 November 2018  | flyby  | success  | relaying data from InSight during its entry, descent, and landing  |  | 2018-042B
| MarCO B "EVE"  |  NASA | 26 November 2018  | flyby  | success  | 2018-042C

### 2020–Present

Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Emirates Mars Mission |  MBRSC  | 9 February 2021 –  | orbiter  | in orbit  | conduct studies of Martian atmosphere  |  | 2020-047A [40]
Tianwen-1 orbiter |  CNSA  | 10 February 2021 -  | orbiter  | in orbit  | orbital studies of Martian surface morphology, soil, and atmosphere  |  | 2020-049A [41][42][43][44][45]
| Tianwen-1 Deployable Camera 1 |  CNSA  | ~10 February 2021  | flyby (post mission)  | success  | imaged Tianwen-1 in deep space
| Tianwen-1 Deployable Camera 2 |  CNSA  | 10 February 2021 (released on 31 December 2021)  | orbiter  | success  | imaged Tianwen-1 orbiter and Northern Mars Ice Caps from Mars orbit.
| Tianwen-1 lander |  CNSA  | 14 May 2021  | lander  | success  | Reaches end of designed lifespan after successful soft landing.
| Zhurong |  CNSA  | 22 May 2021 - 5 May 2022  | rover  | success  | in-situ studies of Martian surface morphology, soil, and atmosphere
| Tianwen-1 Remote Camera |  CNSA  | 1 June 2021  | lander  | success  | imaged Tianwen-1 lander and Zhurong rover on Mars
Mars 2020 Perseverance |  NASA | 18 February 2021 -  | rover  | landed  | investigate past and present habitability, climate, and geology; produce O2 from CO2; collect samples for Mars Sample Return Mission  |  | 2020-052A [46]
| Mars Helicopter Ingenuity |  NASA | 3 April 2021 - 25 January 2024  | autonomous UAV helicopter | success  | experimental scout for the Perseverance rover. Took 1st flight successfully from takeoff to landing.  |
Psyche |  NASA | 13 October 2023 (launch)
May 2026 (flyby)  | flyby  | enroute  | gravity assist en route to Psyche  |  | [47]

### Proposed

Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Martian Moons Exploration (MMX)  |  JAXA | 2026 (launch)
Mid-2027 (arrival)  | orbiter  | planned  | monitoring Martian climate  |  | [48][49]
Tianwen-2 (ZhengHe)  |  CNSA  | May 2025 (launch)
2028 (flyby)  | flyby  | planned  | gravity assist en route to 311P/PANSTARRS  |  | [50][51]
ExoMars Kazachok (ExoMars)  |  RKA /
ESA | NET 2026[52] | lander  | suspended  | This mission is currently suspended due to sanctions against Russia during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.  |  | [53][54][55][52]
| Rosalind Franklin |  ESA /
RKA  | NET 2026[52] | rover  | suspended  |
Mars Orbiter Mission 2 |  ISRO | NET 2024  | orbiter  | planned  | Orbital studies of Mars including Mars' ionosphere  |  | [56][57]
Mars 2026  |  NASA | July 2026 (launch)  | rover  | under study  |  |  |
Tianwen-3 |  CNSA  | 2028 (orbiter/return module)
2028 (lander/ascent module)
2031 (samples to earth)  | orbiter/return module,
lander/ascent module  | planned  | Two spacecraft: one consists of orbiter and return module, the other of lander, ascent module and a mobile sampling robot.  |  | [58][59][60]
NASA-ESA Mars Sample Return |  NASA /
ESA | 2027 (orbiter)
2028 (lander)
2033 (samples to earth)  | orbiter,
lander,
ascent vehicle,
2 autonomous UAV helicopters | planned  | lander carries ascent vehicle; and 2 Ingenuity class helicopters, that fetch Perseverance samples  |
Next Mars Orbiter (NeMO)  |  NASA | Late 2020s[61] | orbiter  | under study  | Laser communications relay, high-resolution mapping  |  | [62]

### Phobos probes

Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Phobos 1 |  USSR  | 7 July 1988 (launch)  | flyby  | failure  | contact lost en route to Mars  |  | 1988-058A
| DAS |  USSR  | 2 September 1988  | fixed lander  | failure  | never deployed  |  |
Phobos 2 |  USSR  | 27 March 1989 (contact lost)  | flyby  | failure  | attained Mars orbit; contact lost prior to deployment of lander  |  | 1988-059A
| DAS |  USSR  | 27 March 1989  | fixed lander  | failure  | never deployed  |  |
| "Frog"  |  USSR  | 27 March 1989  | mobile lander  | failure  | never deployed  |  |
Fobos-Grunt |  RKA  | 8 November 2011 (launch)  | sample return  | failure  | failed to escape Earth orbit; launched with Yinghuo-1 Mars orbiter  |  | 2011-065A
MMX |  JAXA | 2026 (launch)
2027 (arrival)  | sample return  | planned  | return sample in 2031  |  | [63][64][49]
| MMX rover  |  CNES/
DLR | 2027  | rover  | planned  |  |

## Ceres probes

Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Dawn |  NASA | 6 March 2015 – 1 November 2018  | orbiter  | success  | first spacecraft to orbit two different celestial bodies; previously visited Vesta |  | 2007-043A

## Asteroid probes

Target  | Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

951 Gaspra | Galileo |  NASA | 29 October 1991  | flyby  | success  | en route to Jupiter; minimum distance 1900 km  |  | 1989-084B[65]
243 Ida | Galileo |  NASA | 28 August 1993  | flyby  | success  | en route to Jupiter; minimum distance 2400 km; discovery of the first asteroid satellite Dactyl |  | 1989-084B[65]
1620 Geographos | Clementine |  BMDO/
NASA | 1994  | flyby  | failure  | flyby cancelled due to equipment malfunction  |  | 1994-004A
253 Mathilde | NEAR
Shoemaker |  NASA | 27 June 1997  | flyby  | success  | flew within 1200 km of 253 Mathilde en route to 433 Eros |  | 1996-008A
433 Eros | NEAR
Shoemaker |  NASA | January 1999  | orbiter  | failure  | became flyby due to software and communications problems (later attempt at orbit insertion succeeded; see below)  |  | 1996-008A
9969 Braille | Deep Space 1 |  NASA | 29 July 1999  | flyby  | partial success  | no close-up images due to camera pointing error; went on to visit comet 19P/Borrelly  |  | 1998-061A
2685 Masursky | Cassini |  NASA/
ESA/
ASI | 23 January 2000  | distant flyby  | success  | en route to Saturn  |  | 1997-061A
433 Eros | NEAR
Shoemaker |  NASA | February 2000 –
February 2001  | orbiter, became lander  | success  | improvised landing by orbiter at end of mission  |  | 1996-008A
5535 Annefrank | Stardust |  NASA | 2 November 2002  | distant flyby  | success  | went on to visit comet 81P/Wild  |  | 1999-003A
25143 Itokawa | Hayabusa |  ISAS | 2005–07  | sample return  | success  | 2005: landed and collected dust grains.
2010: sample returned.  |  | 2003-019A
| MINERVA |  ISAS | 12 November 2005 | hopper  | failure  | missed target  |
132524 APL | New Horizons |  NASA | June 2006  | distant flyby  | success  | flew past Pluto successfully  |  | 2006-001A
2867 Šteins | Rosetta |  ESA | 5 September 2008  | flyby  | success  | en route to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko  |  | 2004-006A
21 Lutetia | Rosetta |  ESA | 11 July 2010  | flyby  | success  | en route to comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko  |  | 2004-006A
4 Vesta | Dawn |  NASA | 16 July 2011 – 5 September 2012  | orbiter  | success  | first spacecraft to orbit two different celestial bodies; now orbiting Ceres |  | 2007-043A
4179 Toutatis | Chang'e 2 |  CNSA  | 13 December 2012  | flyby  | success  | came within 3.2 km (2.0 mi) to Toutatis |  | 2010-050A
2000 DP107 | PROCYON |  University of Tokyo / JAXA  | 12 May 2016[66] | flyby  | failure  | launched with Hayabusa2 in 2014; mission abandoned after ion thruster failure[67] |  | 2014-076D
162173 Ryugu | Hayabusa2 |  JAXA  | 27 June 2018 – 13 November 2019  | sample return  | success  | asteroid rendezvous in June 2018, sample capture in 2019; returned sample to Earth on 5 December 2020  |  | 2014-076A
| Minerva II-1A |  JAXA  | 21 September 2018  | hopper  | success  |  |
| Minerva II-1B |  JAXA  | 21 September 2018  | hopper  | success  |  |
| MASCOT |  DLR/
CNES | 3 October 2018  | mobile lander  | success  |  |
| SCI |  JAXA  | 5 April 2019  | impactor  | success  |  |
| DCAM-3 |  JAXA  | 5 April 2019  | orbiter  | success  | observing SCI's impact, and the ejecta created by the impact  |
| Minerva II-2 |  JAXA  | 2 October 2019  | hopper  | failure  | Rover failed before deployment, it was deployed in orbit around the asteroid to perform gravitational measurements before it impacted on 8 October 2019.  |
101955 Bennu | OSIRIS-REx |  NASA | August 2018  | sample return  | orbiter/sample return/ flyby  | orbital insertion in 2018, sample capture in 2020, a flyby in 2021, return to Earth in 2023  |  | 2016-055A
2002 GT | Deep Impact |  NASA | January 2020[68] | flyby  | failure  | contact lost; previously visited comet 103P/Hartley  |  | 2005-001A
65803 Didymos | DART |  NASA | 26 September 2022  | flyby/impactor  | success  | kinetic impactor of Dimorphos to test planetary defense  |  | 2021-110A[69]
| LICIACube |  ASI | 26 September 2022  | flyby  | success  | observe DART's impact  |
2020 GE (tentative)  | Near-Earth Asteroid Scout |  NASA | 16 November 2022 (launch)  | flyby  | failure  | Small spacecraft asteroid flyby technology demonstration. Communication failure  |  | NEA-SCOUT[70]
152830 Dinkinesh | Lucy |  NASA | 1 November 2023  | flyby  | success  | main-belt asteroid flyby en route to Jupiter Trojans; minimum distance 425 km; discovered a natural satellite of the asteroid  |  | 2021-093A[47]
52246 Donaldjohanson | Lucy |  NASA | April 2025  | flyby  | enroute  | main-belt asteroid flyby en route to Jupiter Trojans  |  | 2021-093A[47]
16 Psyche | Psyche |  NASA | 13 October 2023 (launch)
April 2029 (arrival)  | orbiter  | enroute  | Selected for mission #14 of NASA's Discovery Program to explore a metallic asteroid.  |  | [47]
469219 Kamoʻoalewa  | Tianwen-2 (ZhengHe)  |  CNSA  | May 2025 (launch)
2026 (orbit)  | sample return  | planned  | orbit then return sample from an Apollo NEA  |  | [50][44][51]
2019 VL5 | China Asteroid deflection probe  |  CNSA  | 2025 (launch)  | flyby/impactor  | planned  | probes to observe/impact an Aten NEA  |  | [71]
2001 CC21 | Hayabusa2 |  JAXA | 2026  | flyby  | en route  |  |  | 2014-076A[72]
3548 Eurybates | Lucy |  NASA | August 2027  | flyby  | enroute  | First flyby of a Jupiter trojan |  | 2021-093A
15094 Polymele | Lucy |  NASA | September 2027  | flyby  | enroute  |  |  | 2021-093A
65803 Didymos | Hera |  ESA  | 2027  | orbiter  | planned  | studying effects of DART's impact on the asteroid  |  | [73][74]
| APEX |  ESA  | 2027  | orbiter  | planned  | to be deployed from Hera  |
| Juventas |  ESA  | 2027  | orbiter  | planned  | to be deployed from Hera  |
(65803) Dimorphos | APEX |  ESA  |  | lander  | planned  |  |  | [74]
Juventas |  ESA  |  | lander  | planned  |  |
11351 Leucus | Lucy |  NASA | April 2028  | flyby  | enroute  |  |  | 2021-093A
21900 Orus | Lucy |  NASA | November 2028  | flyby  | enroute  |  |  | 2021-093A
3200 Phaethon | DESTINY+ |  JAXA | 2024 (launch)
2028 (flyby)  | flyby  | planned  | First flyby of a rock comet |  | [75]
223 Rosa | JUICE |  ESA | 14 April 2023 (launch)
2028 (flyby)  | Flyby  | enroute  | en route to Jupiter and it's moons  |  | [76]
99942 Apophis | OSIRIS-APEX (formerly OSIRIS-REx) |  NASA | 2029  | orbiter  | planned after Bennu sample return  | study of a C-type asteroid in 2029  |  | 2016-055A[77]
1998 KY26 | Hayabusa2 |  JAXA | 2030  | flyby  | en route  | flyby of a fast rotator asteroid  |  | 2014-076A[72]
P/2013 P5  | Tianwen-2 (ZhengHe)  |  CNSA  | May 2025 (launch)
2034 (orbit)  | orbiter, lander  | planned  | study of an asteroid/main-belt comet  |  | [50][44][51]
Patroclus and Menoetius | Lucy |  NASA | March 2033  | flyby  | enroute  | First flyby of a Trojan Camp Jupiter Trojan  |  | 2021-093A

## Jupiter probes

Main article: Astronomy:Exploration of Jupiter

Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pioneer 10 |  NASA | 3 December 1973  | flyby  | success  | first probe to cross the asteroid belt; first Jupiter probe; first man-made object on an interstellar trajectory; now in the outer regions of the Solar System but no longer contactable  |  | 1972-012A
Pioneer 11 |  NASA | 4 December 1974  | flyby  | success  | went on to visit Saturn  |  | 1973-019A
Voyager 1 |  NASA | 5 March 1979  | flyby  | success  | went on to visit Saturn  |  | 1977-084A
Voyager 2 |  NASA | 9 July 1979  | flyby  | success  | went on to visit Saturn, Uranus and Neptune  |  | 1977-076A
Ulysses
(first pass)  |  ESA/
NASA | February 1992  | flyby  | success  | gravity assist en route to inclined heliocentric orbit for solar polar observations  |  | 1990-090B
Galileo Orbiter |  NASA/
West Germany  | 7 December 1995 –
21 September 2003  | orbiter  | success  | also flew by various of Jupiter's moons; intentionally flown into Jupiter at end of mission; first spacecraft to orbit Jupiter; first spacecraft to flyby an asteroid  |  | 1989-084B
| Galileo Probe |  NASA | 7 December 1995  | atmospheric probe  | success  | first probe to enter Jupiter's atmosphere  |  | 1989-084E
Cassini |  NASA/
ESA/
ASI | December 2000  | flyby  | success  | gravity assist en route to Saturn  |  | 1997-061A
Ulysses
(second pass)  |  ESA/
NASA | 2003–04  | distant flyby  | success  |  |  | 1990-090B
New Horizons |  NASA | 28 February 2007  | flyby  | success  | gravity assist en route to Pluto  |  | 2006-001A
Juno |  NASA | 5 July 2016 – July 2018, extended to July 2021 and then September 2025[78][79][80] | orbiter  | success  | First solar-powered Jupiter orbiter, first mission to achieve a polar orbit of Jupiter.  |  | 2011-040A
JUICE |  ESA | 14 April 2023 (launch)  | orbiter  | enroute  | mission to study Jupiter's three icy moons Callisto, Europa and Ganymede, eventually orbiting Ganymede as the first spacecraft to orbit a satellite of another planet.  |  | [76]
Europa Clipper |  NASA | 2024  | orbiter  | planned  | planned to orbit Jupiter and fly by Europa multiple times  |  | [81]
IHP-1 |  CNSA  | 2024 (launch), 2029 (Jupiter closest approach)  | flyby  | under study  | Proposed Interstellar Heliosphere Probe with Jovian gravity assist  |  | [82]
IHP-2 |  CNSA  | 2025 (launch), 2033 (Jupiter closest approach)  | flyby  | under study  | Proposed Interstellar Heliosphere Probe with Jovian gravity assist (and later Neptune and KBO flybys)  |  | [82]
Tianwen-4 |  CNSA  | September 2029  | orbiter  | planned  | Planned Jupiter orbiter with attached Uranus probe  |  | [83][84]

### Ganymede probes

Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

JUICE |  ESA | 14 April 2023 (launch)  | orbiter  | enroute  | mission to study Jupiter's three icy moons Callisto, Europa and Ganymede, eventually orbiting Ganymede as the first spacecraft to orbit a satellite of another planet.  |  | [76]

## Saturn probes

Main article: Astronomy:Exploration of Saturn

Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Pioneer 11 |  NASA | 1 September 1979  | flyby  | success  | previously visited Jupiter  |  | 1973-019A
Voyager 1 |  NASA | 12 November 1980  | flyby  | success  | previously visited Jupiter  |  | 1977-084A
Voyager 2 |  NASA | 5 August 1981  | flyby  | success  | previously visited Jupiter, went on to visit Uranus and Neptune  |  | 1977-076A
Cassini |  NASA/
ESA/
ASI | 1 July 2004 – 15 September 2017  | orbiter  | success  | also performed flybys of a number of Saturn's moons, and deployed the Huygens Titan lander; first spacecraft to orbit Saturn  |  | 1997-061A

### Titan probes

Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Huygens |  ESA | 14 January 2005  | atmospheric probe, lander  | success  | deployed by Cassini; first probe to land on a satellite of another planet  |  | 1997-061C[85]
Dragonfly |  NASA | July 2028  | rotorcraft lander  | planned  | planned lander and aircraft, study prebiotic chemistry and extraterrestrial habitability.  |  | [86][87][88]

## Uranus probes

Main article: Astronomy:Exploration of Uranus

Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Voyager 2 |  NASA | 24 January 1986  | flyby  | success  | previously visited Jupiter and Saturn; went on to visit Neptune  |  | 1977-076A
Tianwen-4 |  CNSA  | 2029 or early 2030s  | flyby  | planned  | Planned Jupiter orbiter with attached Uranus probe  |  | [83][84]
Uranus Orbiter and Probe |  NASA | 2031  | Orbiter and Probe  | under study  | highest priority Flagship-class mission by the 2023–2032 Planetary Science Decadal Survey  |  | [89]

## Neptune probes

Main article: Astronomy:Exploration of Neptune

Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Voyager 2 |  NASA | 25 August 1989  | flyby  | success  | previously visited Jupiter, Saturn and Uranus  |  | 1977-076A
IHP-2 |  CNSA  | 2024 (launch), 2038 (Neptune closest approach)  | flyby  | under study  | Proposed heliosphere probe with Neptunian flyby and possible atmospheric probe  |  | [82]

## Pluto probes

Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

New Horizons |  NASA | 14 July 2015  | flyby  | success  | later flew by Kuiper belt object 486958 Arrokoth when it was 43.4 AU from the Sun.  |  | 2006-001A

## Comet probes

Target  | Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

21P/Giacobini-Zinner  | ICE (formerly ISEE3) |  NASA | 11 September 1985  | flyby  | success  | previously solar monitor ISEE3; went on to observe Halley's Comet  |  | 1978-079A
1P/Halley  | Vega 1 |  SAS  | 6 March 1986  | flyby  | success  | minimum distance 8,890 km; previously visited Venus  |  | 1984-125A
1P/Halley  | Suisei |  ISAS | 8 March 1986  | flyby  | success  | 151,000 km  |  | 1985-073A
1P/Halley  | Vega 2 |  SAS  | 9 March 1986  | flyby  | success  | minimum distance 8,890 km; previously visited Venus  |  | 1984-128A
1P/Halley  | Sakigake |  ISAS | March 1986  | distant flyby  | partial success  | minimum distance 6.99 million km  |  | 1985-001A
1P/Halley  | Giotto |  ESA | 14 March 1986  | flyby  | success  | minimum distance 596 km; went on to visit comet 26P/Grigg–Skjellerup  |  | 1985-056A
1P/Halley  | ICE (formerly ISEE3) |  NASA | 28 March 1986  | distant obser-
vations  | success  | minimum distance 32 million km; previously visited comet 21P/Giacobini–Zinner  |  | 1978-079A
26P/Grigg–Skjellerup  | Giotto |  ESA | 10 July 1992  | flyby  | success  | previously visited Halley's Comet  |  | 1985-056A
45P/
Honda–Mrkos–Pajdusakova  | Sakigake |  ISAS | 1996  | flyby  | failure  | contact lost; previously visited Halley's Comet  |  | 1985-001A
21P/Giacobini-Zinner  | Sakigake |  ISAS | 1998  | flyby  | failure
55P/Tempel-Tuttle  | Suisei |  ISAS | 1998  | flyby  | failure  | abandoned due to lack of fuel; previously visited Halley's Comet  |  | 1985-073A
21P/Giacobini-Zinner  | Suisei |  ISAS | 1998  | flyby  | failure
107P/Wilson-Harrington  | Deep Space 1 |  NASA | January 2001 | flyby  | failure  | abandoned due to problems with the star tracker, but was re-tasked to fly by comet 19P/Borrelly  |  | 1998-061A
19P/Borrelly  | Deep Space 1 |  NASA | 22 September 2001 | flyby  | success  | previously visited asteroid 9969 Braille |  | 1998-061A
2P/Encke  | CONTOUR |  NASA | 2003  | flyby  | failure  | contact lost shortly after launch  |  | 2002-034A
81P/Wild  | Stardust |  NASA | 2 January 2004  | flyby, sample return  | success  | sample returned January 2006; also visited asteroid 5535 Annefrank |  | 1999-003A
9P/Tempel  | Deep Impact |  NASA | July 2005  | flyby  | success  |  |  | 2005-001A
| Impactor |  NASA | 4 July 2005  | impactor  | success  |  |
73P/
Schwassmann-Wachmann  | CONTOUR |  NASA | 2006  | flyby  | failure  | contact lost shortly after launch  |  | 2002-034A
6P/d'Arrest  | CONTOUR |  NASA | 2008  | flyby  | failure  | contact lost shortly after launch  |  | 2002-034A
103P/Hartley  | Deep Impact (redesignated EPOXI)  |  NASA | 4 November 2010  | flyby  | success  | mission extension (target changed from comet Boethin)  |  | 2005-001A
9P/Tempel  | Stardust (redesignated NExT)  |  NASA | 14 February 2011  | flyby  | success  | mission extension  |  | 1999-003A
67P/Churyumov–
Gerasimenko  | Rosetta |  ESA | 6 August 2014 – 30 September 2016  | orbiter  | success  | flybys of asteroids 2867 Šteins and 21 Lutetia completed; intentionally impacted at end of mission  |  | 2004-006A
| Philae |  ESA | 12 November 2014 – 9 July 2015  | lander  | success  |  |  | 2004-006C
TBD
(potentially an interstellar object)  | Comet Interceptor |  ESA | 2029 (launch)  | flyby  | planned  | flyby of a pristine comet, will initially be parked at the Sun-Earth L2 point until a suitable destination is identified  |  | [90][91]
311P/PANSTARRS  | Tianwen-2 (ZhengHe)  |  CNSA  | 2025 (launch)
2034 (orbit)  | orbiter, lander  | planned  | study of an asteroid/main-belt comet  |  | [50][44][51]

## Kuiper Belt probes

Target  | Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

486958 Arrokoth | New Horizons |  NASA | 1 January 2019  | flyby  | success  | extended mission after Pluto, currently sending data from flyby; may flyby another object in 2020s.[92] |  | 2006-001A
To Be Determined  | IHP-2 |  CNSA  | 2024 (launch,) after 2038 (KBO flyby)  | flyby  | under study  | Proposed Interstellar Heliosphere Probe with potential KBO target  |  | [82]

## Probes leaving the Solar System

Spacecraft  | Organization  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|

Pioneer 10 |  NASA | success  | Left Jupiter in December 1973. Mission ended March 1997. Last contact 23 January 2003. Craft now presumed dead; no further contact attempts planned.  |  | 1972-012A
Pioneer 11 |  NASA | success  | Left Saturn in September 1979. Last contact September 1995. The craft's antenna cannot be maneuvered to point to Earth, and it is not known if it is still transmitting. No further contact attempts are planned.  |  | 1973-019A
Voyager 1 |  NASA | success  | Left Saturn in November 1980. Still in regular contact and transmitting scientific data.  |  | 1977-084A
Voyager 2 |  NASA | success  | Left Neptune in August 1989. Still in regular contact and transmitting scientific data.  |  | 1977-076A
New Horizons |  NASA | success  | Left Pluto 14 July 2015; flew by Kuiper belt object 486958 Arrokoth on 1 January 2019 when it was 43.4 AU from the Sun.  |  | 2006-001A
IHP-1 |  CNSA  | under study  | Proposed Interstellar Heliosphere Probe with a 2024 launch date. Anticipated to reach a distance of at least 85 AU from Earth by 2049  |  | [82]
IHP-2 |  CNSA  | under study  | Proposed Interstellar Heliosphere Probe with a 2024 launch date. Anticipated to reach a distance of at least 83 AU from Earth by 2049  |  | [82]

## Other probes to leave Earth orbit

For completeness, this section lists probes that have left (or will leave) Earth orbit, but are not primarily targeted at any of the above bodies.

Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Location  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|

WMAP |  NASA | 30 June 2001 (launch) –
October 2010 (end)[93] | Sun-Earth L2 point  | success  | cosmic background radiation observations; sent to graveyard orbit after 9 years of use.[93] |  | 2001-027A
Spitzer Space Telescope |  NASA | 25 August 2003 (launch) –
30 January 2020 (end)  | Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit  | success  | infrared astronomy  |  | 2003-038A
Kepler |  NASA | 6 March 2009 (launch)  | Earth-trailing heliocentric orbit  | completed (2009–2018)  | search for extrasolar planets  |
Herschel Space Observatory |  ESA | 14 May 2009 (launch)  | Lissajous orbit around Sun-Earth L2 point  | completed  | study of formation and evolution of galaxies and stars  |  | 2009-026A
Planck |  ESA | 14 May 2009 (launch)  | Lissajous orbit around Sun-Earth L2 point  | completed (2009–2013)  | cosmic microwave background observations  |  | 2009-026B
IKAROS |  JAXA  | 20 May 2010 (launch)  | Earth-Venus transfer heliocentric orbit  | operational  | solar sail technology development / interplanetary space exploration  |  | 2010-020E [16]
Shin'en
(UNITEC-1) |  UNISEC  | failure  | technology development; contact lost shortly after launch[19] |  | 2010-020F [18]
Chang'e 2 |  CNSA  | 25 August 2011 (arrive) –
15 April 2012 (end)  | Sun-Earth L2 point  | success  | Left the point on 15 April 2012, then flew by asteroid 4179 Toutatis |  | 2010-050A
Gaia |  ESA | 19 December 2013 (launch)  | Lissajous orbit around Sun-Earth L2 point  | success  | astrometry mission to measure the position and motion of 1 billion stars  |  | 2013-074A [94]
Shin'en 2 |  Kyushu Institute of Technology  | 3 December 2014 (launch)  | heliocentric orbit  | success  | amateur radio satellite / material demonstration  |  | 2014-076B[95]
ARTSAT2:DESPATCH |  Tama Art University  | success  | deep space artwork / amateur radio satellite  |  | 2014-076C[96]
LISA Pathfinder |  ESA | 3 December 2015 (launch)[97] –
30 June 2017 (end)  | Halo orbit around Sun-Earth L1 point  | success  | test mission for proposed LISA gravitational wave observatory  |  | 2015-070A [98]
Spektr-RG |  | 13 July 2019 (launch)  | Halo orbit around Sun-Earth L2 point  | operational  | X-ray astronomy |  | 2019-040A[99]
Chang'e 5 |  CNSA  | 23 November 2020 (launch) -
30 August 2021 (left L1)  | Halo orbit about Sun-Earth L1 point  | success  | test mission post lunar sample return  |  | 2020-087A[100][101][102]
James Webb Space Telescope |  NASA
ESA
CSA | 25 December 2021 (launch)  | Sun-Earth L2 point  | in orbit  | infrared astronomy  |  | 2021-130A[103]
ArgoMoon |  ASI | 16 November 2022 (launch)  | High Earth Orbit with Lunar Flybys (heliocentric)  | in orbit  | image the ICPS and perform deep space Nanotechnology experiments.  |  | ARGOMOON
BioSentinel |  NASA | heliocentric orbit  | in orbit  | it contains yeast cards that will be rehydrated in space, designed to detect, measure, and compare the effects of deep space radiation.  |  | BIOSENTNL
Team Miles |  Fluid & Reason  | in orbit  | demonstrate low-thrust plasma propulsion in deep space.  |  | TEAMMILES
Euclid |  ESA | 1 July 2023 (launch)  | Halo orbit around Sun-Earth L2 point  | enroute  | measure the rate of expansion of the Universe through time to better understand dark energy and dark matter |  | [104]
Miyin  |  CASC | 2030  | Sun-Earth L2 | under development  | mid-infrared interferometry, 4 telescopes + beam-combiner  |  | [105]

## Cancelled probes and missions

Target  | Spacecraft  | Organization  | Date  | Type  | Status  | Notes  | Image  | Ref

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

Mercury  | BepiColombo Mercury Surface Element |  ESA |  | lander  | cancelled  |  |  |
Moon  | LUNAR-A |  JAXA |  | orbiter, penetrators  | cancelled  | originally scheduled for 1995, cancelled 2007  |  | LUNAR-A
Mars  | Mars Surveyor 2001 Lander |  NASA | 2001  | lander  | cancelled  | spacecraft bus repurposed for Phoenix lander  |  | MS2001L
Mars  | Beagle 2: Evolution |  | 2004  | lander  | cancelled  |  |  |
Mars  | NetLander |  CNES/
ESA |  | lander  | cancelled  |  |  | [106]
Mars  | Mars Telecommunications Orbiter |  NASA | 2010  | orbiter  | cancelled  | Mission could be fulfilled by the proposed NeMO Mission |  | [107]
Phobos, Deimos | Aladdin |  NASA |  | sample return  | not selected  |  |  | [108]
Europa  | Europa Orbiter |  NASA |  | orbiter  | cancelled  |  |  | [109]
Europa, Ganymede, Callisto | Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter |  NASA | 2021  | orbiter  | cancelled  |  |
Pluto  | Pluto Fast Flyby |  NASA | 2010  | flyby  | cancelled  | Re-proposed as Pluto Kuiper Express |  |
Pluto  | Pluto Kuiper
Express |  NASA | 2012  | flyby  | cancelled  | Replaced by New Horizons |  | PLUTOKE
4660 Nereus | Hayabusa |  ISAS |  | sample return  | cancelled  | rerouted to 25143 Itokawa  |  | 2003-019A
3840 Mimistrobell | Rosetta |  ESA | 2006  | flyby  | cancelled  | rerouted  |  | 2004-006A
4979 Otawara | Rosetta |  ESA | 2006  | flyby  | cancelled  | rerouted  |  | 2004-006A
4660 Nereus | Near Earth Asteroid Prospector | SpaceDev |  | sample return  | cancelled  |  |  | [110]
46P/Wirtanen  | Rosetta |  ESA | 2011  | orbiter  | cancelled  | rerouted to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko  |  | 2004-006A

## See also

* Lists of spacecraft
* List of uncrewed spacecraft by program
* Discovery and exploration of the Solar System
* List of space telescopes
* Sample return mission
* Timeline of Solar System exploration
* List of interplanetary voyages

## References

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2. ↑ "WIND Near Real-Time Data". NASA. 3 December 2017. http://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/windnrt/.
3. ↑ "soho FACT SHEET". European Space Agency. 3 November 2020. https://sci.esa.int/web/soho/-/47368-fact-sheet.
4. ↑ Christian, Eric R.; Davis, Andrew J. (10 February 2017). "Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE) Mission Overview". California Institute of Technology. http://www.srl.caltech.edu/ACE/ace_mission.html.
5. ↑ "STEREO". https://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/.
6. ↑ "STEREO Status". NASA Stereo Science Center. 22 August 2016. http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/status.shtml.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Positions of STEREO A and B for 26-Sep-2016 13:00 UT". NASA Stereo Science Center. 26 September 2016. http://stereo.gsfc.nasa.gov/where.shtml.
8. ↑ Kucera, Therese A., ed (October 23, 2018). "STEREO-B Status Update". NASA/STEREO Science Center. https://stereo-ssc.nascom.nasa.gov/behind_status.shtml.
9. ↑ NASA.gov
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Science and Technology Definition Team (2008). "Solar Probe Plus". NASA. http://solarprobe.gsfc.nasa.gov/SolarProbePlus_pre.pdf.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 "Solar orbiter". European Space Agency. http://sci.esa.int/solar-orbiter/.
12. ↑ "ADITYA-L1". https://www.isro.gov.in/Aditya_L1.html.
13. ↑ C.S., Hemanth (2024-01-06). "ISRO’s Aditya-L1 successfully placed in a halo orbit around L1 point" (in en). The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/isros-aditya-l1-successfully-placed-in-a-halo-orbit-around-l1-point/article67712914.ece.
14. ↑ "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1997-061A.
15. ↑ "Breaking News | Japanese mission unleashes solar sail in deep space". Spaceflight Now. http://www.spaceflightnow.com/news/n1006/11ikaros/.
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Solar Power Sail Demonstrator "IKAROS"｜JAXA Space Exploration Center". Jspec.jaxa.jp. 21 May 2010. http://www.jspec.jaxa.jp/e/activity/ikaros.html.
17. ↑ [1]
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "UNITEC-1". Unisec.jp. http://www.unisec.jp/unitec-1/en/top.html.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "First student-built interplanetary mission goes silent – space – 29 May 2010". New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18982-first-studentbuilt-interplanetary-mission-goes-silent.html.
20. ↑ "BepiColombo flies by Venus en route to Mercury｜". European Space Agency. 15 October 2020. https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/BepiColombo/BepiColombo_flies_by_Venus_en_route_to_Mercury.
21. ↑ Witasse, O.; Altobelli, N.; Andres, R.; Atzei, A.; Boutonnet, A.; Budnik, F.; Dietz, A.; Erd, C. et al. (July 2021). "JUICE (Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer): Plans for the cruise phase". Europlanet Science Congress (EPSC) 2021. doi:10.5194/epsc2021-358. https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2021/EPSC2021-358.html. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
22. ↑ Foust, Jeff (31 October 2023). "Rocket Lab plans launch of Venus mission as soon as late 2024". SpaceNews.com. https://spacenews.com/rocket-lab-plans-late-2024-launch-of-venus-mission/.
23. ↑ "After Mars, Isro aims for Venus probe in 2–3 years". 9 June 2015. http://www.aerojournalindia.com/enews/?p=1641.
24. ↑ Nowakowski, Tomasz (July 2015). "India eyes possible mission to Venus". Spaceflight Insider. http://www.spaceflightinsider.com/organizations/isro/india-eyes-possible-mission-to-venus/.
25. ↑ "ISRO planning 7 interplanetary missions in a decade: Chairman Dr Sivan". WION. 17 March 2019. https://www.wionews.com/world/isro-planning-7-interplanetary-missions-in-a-decade-chairman-dr-sivan-219508.
26. ↑ Mehta, Jatan (19 November 2020). "India's Shukrayaan orbiter to study Venus for over four years, launches in 2024". spacenews.com. https://spacenews.com/indias-shukrayaan-orbiter-to-study-venus-for-over-four-years-launches-in-2024/.
27. ↑ "All about Sukrayaan 1: ISRO's mission to Venus" (in en). Hindustan Times. 29 September 2023. https://www.hindustantimes.com/science/all-about-sukrayaan-1-isros-mission-to-venus-101695981482229.html.
28. ↑ Zak, Anatoly (5 March 2021). "New promise for the Venera-D project". RussianSpaceWeb. http://www.russianspaceweb.com/venera-d-2021.html.
29. ↑ "PRELIMINARY INTERPLANETARY MISSION DESIGN AND NAVIGATION FOR THE DRAGONFLY NEW FRONTIERS MISSION CONCEPT". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327110307.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 "NASA Selects 2 Missions to Study 'Lost Habitable' World of Venus". nasa.gov. 2 June 2021. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-2-missions-to-study-lost-habitable-world-of-venus.
31. ↑ Blanc, Michel; Wang, Chi; Li, Lei; Li, Mingtao; Wang, Linghua; Wang, Yuming; Wang, Yuxian; Zong, Qiugang et al. (2020-05-01). "Gan De: Science Objectives and Mission Scenarios For China's Mission to the Jupiter System". EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts 22: 20179. doi:10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-20179. Bibcode: 2020EGUGA..2220179B.
32. ↑ "Europe will join the space party at planet Venus". bbc.com. 10 June 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57416589.
33. ↑ "Solar System Exploration: Missions: By Target: Mars: Present". Solarsystem.nasa.gov. 28 August 2012. http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=VISE.
34. ↑ "mars beagle lander found". 16 January 2015. http://edition.cnn.com/2015/01/16/world/mars-beagle-lander-found/.
35. ↑ "NASA – Phoenix". Nasa.gov. http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/phoenix/main/index.html.
36. ↑ "ISRO: Mars Orbiter Mission". http://www.isro.org/mars/home.aspx.
37. ↑ "ISRO - Government of India". http://www.isro.gov.in.
38. ↑ "Robotic Exploration of Mars: ExoMars Orbiter and EDM Mission (2016)". European Space Agency. 4 September 2012. http://exploration.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=46124.
39. ↑ Amos, Jonathan (21 October 2016). "Schiaparelli Mars probe's parachute 'jettisoned too early'". BBC News (Germany). https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-37715202.
40. ↑ Clark, Stephen (8 May 2015). "UAE details ambitious plan for Martian weather satellite". Spaceflight Now. http://spaceflightnow.com/2015/05/08/uae-details-ambitious-plan-for-martian-weather-satellite/.
41. ↑ "China lands its Zhurong rover on Mars". 14 May 2021. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-57122914/.
42. ↑ Connor, Neil (21 September 2017). "Beijing eyes 'robotic and human settlement' on Mars with ambitious 2020 mission". The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/09/21/plans-2020-chinese-mars-probe-explore-possibility-human-settlement/.
43. ↑ "China's Mars mission named Tianwen-1, appears on track for July launch". 24 April 2020. https://spacenews.com/chinas-mars-mission-named-tianwen-1-appears-on-track-for-july-launch/.
44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 Jones, Andrew (23 July 2020). "Tianwen-1 launches for Mars, marking dawn of Chinese interplanetary exploration". spacenews.com. https://spacenews.com/tianwen-1-launches-for-mars-marking-dawn-of-chinese-interplanetary-exploration/.
45. ↑ "Send blessings to the sky, and the full moon welcomes the birthday——Tianwen No.1 blessed the 71st birthday of the motherland with a "selfie flag"". https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzA3OTA2ODgxMQ==&mid=2649795427&idx=1&sn=7ef1ec1c2beb3e5a383e0f509cdf34d8.
46. ↑ Chang, Kenneth (5 March 2020). "NASA's Mars 2020 Rover Gets New, Official Name: Perseverance". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/05/science/mars-2020-rover-name.html.
47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 Northon, Karen (4 January 2017). "NASA Selects Two Missions to Explore the Early Solar System". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-selects-two-missions-to-explore-the-early-solar-system.
48. ↑ "Mars' climate and exploration" (PDF). University of Tokyo. 21 December 2016. http://www.astrobio.k.u-tokyo.ac.jp/imamura/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/mars_20161221.pdf#page=24.
49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Faust, Jeff (11 January 2024). "Japanese Mars mission launch delayed to 2026". spacenews.com. https://spacenews.com/japanese-mars-mission-launch-delayed-to-2026/.
50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 Jones, Andrew (10 August 2021). "China Plans Near-Earth Asteroid Smash-and-Grab". spectrum.ieee.org. https://spectrum.ieee.org/china-plans-near-earth-asteroid-smash-and-grab/.
51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 Zhang, Xiaojing; Huang, Jiangchuan; Wang, Tong; Huo, Zhuoxi (18–22 March 2019). "ZhengHe – A Mission to a Near-Earth Asteroid and a Main Belt Comet". 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference. https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2019/pdf/1045.pdf. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 Faust, Jeff (17 March 2022). "ESA suspends work with Russia on ExoMars mission". spacenews.com. https://spacenews.com/esa-suspends-work-with-russia-on-exomars-mission/.
53. ↑ Jones, Andrew (12 March 2020). "ExoMars rover mission delayed to late 2022". Spaceflight Now. https://spacenews.com/exomars-rover-mission-delayed-to-late-2022/.
54. ↑ "Robotic Exploration of Mars: ExoMars Rover". European Space Agency. 22 October 2012. http://exploration.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=45084.
55. ↑ Foust, Jeff (28 February 2022). "ESA says it's "very unlikely" ExoMars will launch this year". spacenews.com. https://spacenews.com/esa-says-its-very-unlikely-exomars-will-launch-this-year/.
56. ↑ "Episode 90 – An update on ISRO's activities with S Somanath and R Umamaheshwaran". AstrotalkUK. 24 October 2019. https://astrotalkuk.org/episode-90-an-update-on-isros-activities-with-s-somanath-and-r-umamaheshwaran/.
57. ↑ "India eyes a return to Mars and a first run at Venus". https://www.science.org/content/article/india-eyes-return-mars-and-first-run-venus.
58. ↑ Jones, Andrew (30 June 2021). "China outlines space plans to 2025". spacenews.com. https://spacenews.com/china-outlines-space-plans-to-2025/.
59. ↑ "China making plans for future space exploration: official". China Daily. 11 June 2021. https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202106/13/WS60c54418a31024ad0bac6826.html.
60. ↑ Jones, Andrew (17 October 2022). "China considering mission to Ceres and large dark matter space telescope". spacenews.com. https://spacenews.com/china-considering-mission-to-ceres-and-large-dark-matter-space-telescope/.
61. ↑ Clark, Stephen (9 April 2018). "NASA is counting on long-lived Mars orbiter lasting another decade". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2018/04/09/nasa-is-counting-on-long-lived-mars-orbiter-lasting-another-decade/.
62. ↑ Leone, Dan (24 February 2015). "NASA Eyes New Mars Orbiter for 2022". Space News. http://spacenews.com/nasa-eyes-new-mars-orbiter-for-2022/.
63. ↑ "JAXA plans probe to bring back samples from moons of Mars". The Japan Times. 10 June 2015. http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/06/10/national/science-health/jaxa-plans-probe-bring-back-samples-martian-moons/.
64. ↑ Yamakawa, Hiroshi; Le Gall, Jean-Yves; Ehrenfreund, Pascale; Dittus, Hansjörg (3 October 2018). "Joint Statement with Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) and German Aerospace Center (DLR) regarding Martian Moons eXploration" (PDF) (Press release). JAXA. Retrieved 30 October 2018.
65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `galileo-legacy`
66. ↑ "PROCYON". Gunter's Space Page. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/procyon.htm.
67. ↑ Lakdawalla, Emily (8 May 2015). "Due to ion engine failure, PROCYON will not fly by an asteroid". http://www.planetary.org/blogs/emily-lakdawalla/2015/05081421-procyon-failure.html?referrer=https://www.google.co.jp/.
68. ↑ Deep Impact sets path for asteroid encounter in 2020 – spaceflightnow.com – Stephen Clark – 17 December 2011
69. ↑ Rivkin, Andy (27 September 2018). "Asteroids have been hitting the Earth for billions of years. In 2022, we hit back.". Applied Physics Laboratory. http://dart.jhuapl.edu/News-and-Resources/blog.php?id=20180927.
70. ↑ Krebs, Gunter Dirk (13 April 2015). "NEA-Scout". http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/nea-scout.htm.
71. ↑ Jones, Andrew (11 April 2023). "China to target asteroid 2019 VL5 for 2025 planetary defense test". spacenews.com. https://spacenews.com/china-to-target-asteroid-2019-VL5-for-2025-planetary-defense-test/.
72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 "Asteroid explorer, Hayabusa2, reporter briefing". JAXA. 15 September 2020. http://www.hayabusa2.jaxa.jp/enjoy/material/press/Hayabusa2_Press_20200915_ver9_en2.pdf.
73. ↑ "HERA COMMUNITY WORKSHOP". ESA. https://www.cosmos.esa.int/web/hera-community-workshop.
74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 Bergin, Chris (January 7, 2019). "Hera adds objectives to planetary defense test mission". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/01/hera-objectives-planetary-defense-mission/.
75. ↑ Sommer, M.; Krüger, H.; Srama, R.; Hirai, T.; Kobayashi, M.; Arai, T.; Sasaki, S.; Kimura, H. et al. (21 September 2020). "Destiny+ Dust Analyzer – Campaign & timeline preparation for interplanetary & interstellar dust observation during the 4-year transfer phase from Earth to Phaethon". Europlanet Science Congress 2020. Copernicus Publications. https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EPSC2020/EPSC2020-342.html. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
76. ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 "JUICE – JUpiter ICy moons Explorer". European Space Agency. http://sci.esa.int/juice/.
77. ↑ "NASA gives green light for OSIRIS-REx spacecraft to visit another asteroid". University of Arizona. 25 April 2022. https://news.arizona.edu/story/nasa-gives-green-light-osiris-rex-spacecraft-visit-another-asteroid.
78. ↑ NASA.gov
79. ↑ Wall, Mike (June 8, 2018). "NASA Extends Juno Jupiter Mission Until July 2021". Space.com. https://www.space.com/40830-nasa-extends-juno-jupiter-mission-2021.html/.
80. ↑ "NASA's Juno Mission Expands Into the Future". NASA. 13 January 2021. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-s-juno-mission-expands-into-the-future.
81. ↑ "Mission to Europa". NASA. 27 April 2015. http://www.nasa.gov/europa.
82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 82.2 82.3 82.4 82.5 Jones, Andrew (19 November 2019). "China Considers Voyager-like Mission to Interstellar Space". https://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/china-voyager-like-interstellar-mission.html.
83. ↑ 83.0 83.1 CNSA Watcher [@CNSAWatcher] (23 December 2023). "Tianwen-4, launching Sept 2029, will journey to Jupiter using Venus & Earth gravity assists. Targeting Jupiter capture by Dec 2035 & a Uranus flyby in March 2045, the mission includes 2 probes, one exploring Jupiter's system and another flying by Uranus.". https://twitter.com/CNSAWatcher/status/1738469749179171088.
84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 Andrew Jones published (2022-09-22). "China wants to probe Uranus and Jupiter with 2 spacecraft on one rocket" (in en). https://www.space.com/china-probes-jupiter-uranus-same-launch.
85. ↑ 1997-061C
86. ↑ "Dragonfly: A Rotorcraft Lander Concept for Scientific Exploration at Titan". http://dragonfly.jhuapl.edu/docs/DragonflyTechDigestAPL.pdf.
87. ↑ NASA.gov
88. ↑ Foust, Jeff (28 November 2023). "NASA postpones Dragonfly review, launch date". SpaceNews.com. https://spacenews.com/nasa-postpones-dragonfly-review-launch-date/.
89. ↑ Jones, Andrew (14 July 2017). "Mars, asteroids, Ganymede and Uranus: China's deep space exploration plan to 2030 and beyond". https://gbtimes.com/mars-asteroids-ganymede-and-uranus-chinas-deep-space-exploration-plan-2030-and-beyond.
90. ↑ "Ariel moves from blueprint to reality". ESA. 12 November 2020. https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/Ariel_moves_from_blueprint_to_reality.
91. ↑ Comet Interceptor: A proposed ESA mission to an ancient world. (PDF) Geraint Jones, UCL Mullard Space Science Laboratory, UK. and Colin Snodgrass, University of Edinburgh, UK.
92. ↑ Foust, Jeff (31 December 2018). "New Horizons team looking ahead to another flyby". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/new-horizons-team-looking-ahead-to-another-flyby/.
93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 "MISSION COMPLETE! WMAP FIRES ITS THRUSTERS FOR THE LAST TIME". http://news.discovery.com/space/mission-complete-wmap-fires-its-thrusters-for-the-last-time.html.
94. ↑ "ESA Science & Technology: Gaia". European Space Agency. http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=26.
95. ↑ "世界初!「しんえん２」が地球から２３０万km離れた深宇宙との通信に成功!!" (in ja). Kyutech. http://www.tobata.kyutech.ac.jp/node/1798.
96. ↑ "DESPATCH (ARTSAT 2, FO 81, Fuji-OSCAR 81)". Gunter's Space Page. http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/despatch.htm.
97. ↑ "ESA Science & Technology: LISA Pathfinder". European Space Agency. http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=40.
98. ↑ "Space Science – LISA Pathfinder overview". European Space Agency. 11 June 2012. http://www.esa.int/esaSC/120397_index_0_m.html.
99. ↑ "Spektr-RG Home Page". http://www.russianspaceweb.com/spektr_rg.html.
100. ↑ Jones, Andrew (21 December 2020). "Chang'e-5 orbiter embarks on extended mission to Sun-Earth Lagrange point". spacenews.com. https://spacenews.com/change-5-orbiter-embarks-on-extended-mission-to-sun-earth-lagrange-point/.
101. ↑ Jones, Andrew (19 March 2021). "Chang'e-5 orbiter reaches Lagrange point on extended mission". spacenews.com. https://spacenews.com/change-5-orbiter-reaches-lagrange-point-on-extended-mission/.
102. ↑ Jones, Andrew (6 September 2021). "China's Chang'e-5 orbiter is heading back to the moon". spacenews.com. https://spacenews.com/chinas-change-5-orbiter-is-heading-back-to-the-moon/.
103. ↑ "ESA Portal – ESA and NASA sign agreement on James Webb Space Telescope and LISA Pathfinder". European Space Agency. 18 June 2007. http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMA3T7OY2F_index_0.html.
104. ↑ "ESA Science & Technology: Euclid". European Space Agency. http://sci.esa.int/science-e/www/area/index.cfm?fareaid=102.
105. ↑ Jones, Andrew (26 April 2023). "China to hunt for Earth-like planets with formation-flying telescopes". spacenews.com. https://spacenews.com/china-to-hunt-for-earth-like-planets-with-formation-flying-telescopes/.
106. ↑ "Netlander". Smsc.cnes.fr. 23 June 2005. http://smsc.cnes.fr/NETLANDER/.
107. ↑ [2]
108. ↑ "Stardust | JPL | NASA". Stardust.jpl.nasa.gov. http://stardust.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news38.html.
109. ↑ "Solar System Exploration: Science & Technology: Science Features: Europa and Titan: Oceans in the Outer Solar System?". Sse.jpl.nasa.gov. 21 February 2011. http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/scitech/display.cfm?ST_ID=286.
110. ↑ [3]

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* Outline of the Solar System
*   *   *

Solar System → Local Interstellar Cloud → Local Bubble → Gould Belt → Orion Arm → Milky Way → Milky Way subgroup → Local Group → Local Sheet → Virgo Supercluster → Laniakea Supercluster → Observable universe → Universe
Each arrow (→) may be read as "within" or "part of".

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