Vocal learning

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This editable Main Article is under development and subject to a disclaimer.

[edit intro]

(CC) Image: Liu et al., 2009
The neural circuitry involved in the production of contact calls (left), begging calls (middle) and subsong to adult song (right) in chipping sparrows.

## Contents

* 1 Definition
* 2 Degrees of Vocal Learning
* 3 Possible evolutionary forces for the evolution of vocal learning in mammals
* 4 Motor Theory of the Origin of Vocal Learning
* 5 Genetics
* 6 References

## Definition[edit]

„Vocal learning, as we discuss it here, refers only to learning sounds, that is, to instances where the vocalizations themselves are modified in form as a result of experience with those of other individuals“ (Janik 1997, 59)

Vocal Learning is not synonymous to:

* auditory learning, but auditory learning is a condition for vocal learning
* contextual learning, e.g., learning how and when to use specific sounds
* speech, but it is a precondition for speech

## Degrees of Vocal Learning[edit]

1. control over the duration and amplitude of a call
2. control over frequency features
3. ability to imitate completely new sounds / vocalizations

(Janik 1997, 60, 71, 75, 86)

## Possible evolutionary forces for the evolution of vocal learning in mammals[edit]

1. Intersexual Selection
2. Intrasexual Selection and Resource Defense
3. Individual Recognition
4. Familial or Group Recognition
5. Population Identity
6. Intense Speciation
7. Habitat Matching

> 5.-7. are rather unlikely (Janik 1997)

A common factor among vocal learning species is their high mobility three-dimensional space (Janik 1997, 87). In humans, language possibly developed in gestures first. When Vocal Learning evolved after that it was a great advantage to use vocalizations instead of gestures so that Vocal Learning could persist (Janik 1997, 88).

## Motor Theory of the Origin of Vocal Learning[edit]

Caused by mutation, the pathway for Vocal Learning developed out of a pre-existing non-vocal motor pathway. (Jarvis 2007, S42)

## Genetics[edit]

The only gene discovered so far which has clear links to vocal learning is Fox-P2. It belongs to a large transcription factor gene family and acts as a suppressor of transcription.

“FoxP2 may be important for establishing and maintaining brain pathways including, but not limited to, those essential for learned vocal communication” (Haesler et al. 2004, 3174)

## References[edit]

For more information on references see this article's Bibliography.