Calcium hypochlorite

Names
Other names

* Hypochlorous acid calcium salt
* Bleaching powder
* Chloride of lime

Identifiers

CAS Number

* 7778-54-3 Y

3D model (JSmol)

* Interactive image

ChEBI |

* CHEBI:31342

ChEMBL |

* ChEMBL2251447

ChemSpider |

* 22912 Y

EC Number |

* 231-908-7

KEGG |

* D01727

PubChem CID

* 24504

RTECS number |

* NH3485000

UNII |

* 11DXB629VZ

UN number | 1748 2208

InChI

* InChI=1S/Ca.2ClO/c;2*1-2/q+2;2*-1 Y

Key: ZKQDCIXGCQPQNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Y

* InChI=1S/Cacl.ClO/c;1-2/q+2;2*-1

Key: ZKQDCIXGCQPQNV-UHFFFAOYAV

SMILES

* Cl[O-].[Ca+2].Cl[O-]

Properties

Chemical formula

| Ca(OCl)

Molar mass | 142.98 g·mol−1
Appearance  | white/gray powder
Density | 2.35 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting point |  100 °C (212 °F; 373 K)
Boiling point |  175 °C (347 °F; 448 K) decomposes

Solubility in water

| 21 g/(100 mL) at 25 °C
Solubility | reacts in alcohol
Hazards
Safety data sheet | ICSC 0638
GHS pictograms |
GHS Signal word | Danger

GHS hazard statements

| H272, H302, H314, H400

GHS precautionary statements

| P210, P220, P221, P260, P264, P270, P273, P280, P301+312, P301+330+331, P303+361+353, P304+340, P305+351+338, P310, P321, P330, P363, P370+378, P391, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)  |

Flash point | Non-flammable
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):

LD50 (median dose)

| 850 mg/kg (oral, rat)
Related compounds

Other anions

* Calcium chloride
* Calcium chlorite
* Calcium chlorate
* Calcium perchlorate

Other cations

* Lithium hypochlorite
* Sodium hypochlorite
* Potassium hypochlorite
* Barium hypochlorite
* Silver hypochlorite

Related compounds

* Hypochlorite
* Chlorine monoxide
* Hypochlorous acid
* Methyl hypochlorite

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).

Y verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

Calcium hypochlorite is an inorganic compound with chemical formula Ca(ClO)
2, also written as Ca(OCl)
2. It is a white solid, although commercial samples appear yellow. It strongly smells of chlorine, owing to its slow decomposition in moist air. This compound is relatively stable as a solid and solution and has greater available chlorine than sodium hypochlorite.[1] "Pure" samples have 99.2% active chlorine. Given common industrial purity, an active chlorine content of 65-70% is typical.[2] It is the main active ingredient of commercial products called bleaching powder,[lower-alpha 1] used for water treatment and as a bleaching agent.[3]

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Uses
* 2.1 Sanitation
* 2.2 Organic chemistry
* 3 Production
* 4 Reactions
* 5 Safety
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 External links

## History

Charles Tennant and Charles Macintosh developed an industrial process in the late 18th century for the manufacture of chloride of lime, patenting it in 1799.[4] Tennant's process is essentially still used today,[4][3] and became of military importance during World War I, because calcium hypochlorite was the active ingredient in trench disinfectant.[4]

## Uses

### Sanitation

Calcium hypochlorite is commonly used to sanitize public swimming pools and disinfect drinking water. Generally the commercial substances are sold with a purity of 65% to 73% with other chemicals present, such as calcium chloride and calcium carbonate, resulting from the manufacturing process. In solution, calcium hypochlorite could be used as a general purpose sanitizer,[5] but due to calcium residue (making the water harder), sodium hypochlorite (bleach) is usually preferred.

### Organic chemistry

Calcium hypochlorite is a general oxidizing agent and therefore finds some use in organic chemistry.[6] For instance the compound is used to cleave glycols, α-hydroxy carboxylic acids and keto acids to yield fragmented aldehydes or carboxylic acids.[7] Calcium hypochlorite can also be used in the haloform reaction to manufacture chloroform.[8] Calcium hypochlorite can be used to oxidize thiol and sulfide byproducts in organic synthesis and thereby reduce their odour and make them safe to dispose of.[9] The reagent used in organic chemistry is similar to the sanitizer at ~70% purity.[10]

## Production

Calcium hypochlorite is produced industrially by reaction of moist slaked calcium hydroxide with chlorine gas. The one-step reaction is shown below:[3]

2 Cl
2 \+ 2 Ca(OH)
2 → CaCl
2 \+ Ca(OCl)
2 \+ 2 H

Industrial setups allow for the reaction to be conducted in stages to give various compositions, each producing different ratios of calcium hypochlorite, unconverted lime, and calcium chloride.[3] In one process, the chloride-rich first stage water is discarded, while the solid precipitate is dissolved in a mixture of water and lye for another round of chlorination to reach the target purity.[2] Commercial calcium hypochlorite consists of anhydrous Ca(OCl)
2, dibasic calcium hypochlorite Ca
3(OCl)
2(OH)
4 (also written as Ca(OCl)
2 * 2Ca(OH)
2), and dibasic calcium chloride Ca
3Cl
2(OH)
4 (also written as CaCl
2 * 2Ca(OH)
2).[11][12]

## Reactions

Calcium hypochlorite reacts rapidly with acids producing calcium chloride, chlorine gas, and water:[citation needed]

Ca(ClO)
2 \+ 4 HCl → CaCl
2 \+ 2 Cl
2 \+ 2 H

## Safety

It is a strong oxidizing agent, as it contains a hypochlorite ion at the valence +1 (redox state: Cl+1).[citation needed]

Calcium hypochlorite should not be stored wet and hot, or near any acid, organic materials, or metals. The unhydrated form is safer to handle.[citation needed]

## See also

* Calcium hydroxychloride
* Sodium hypochlorite
* Winchlor

## References

1. ↑ also chlorine powder, chloride of lime, chlorinated lime, "dry chlorine"

1. ↑ "Key operating strategies for chlorine disinfection operating systems". http://www.environmental-expert.com/Files\5306\articles\13866\500.pdf.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Calcium Hypochlorite - 3V Tech" (in en). https://www.3v-tech.com/en/technologies-and-solutions/13/calcium-hypochlorite.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Vogt, H.; Balej, J; Bennett, J. E.; Wintzer, P.; Sheikh, S. A.; Gallone, P.; Vasudevan, S.; Pelin, K. (2010). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a06_483.pub2. ISBN 978-3527306732.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Calcium hypochlorite". Chemistry World. https://www.chemistryworld.com/podcasts/calcium-hypochlorite/3008985.article.
5. ↑ Chemical Products Synopsis: Calcium Hypochlorite (Technical report). Asbuiy Park, NJ: Mannsvile Chemical Products. 1987.
6. ↑ Nwaukwa, Stephen; Keehn, Philip (1982). "The oxidation of aldehydes to acids with calcium hypochlorite [Ca(ClO)2]". Tetrahedron Letters 23 (31): 3131–3134. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)88577-9.
7. ↑ Nwaukwa, Stephen; Keehn, Philip (1982). "Oxidative cleavage of α-diols, α-diones, α-hydroxy-ketones and α-hydroxy- and α-keto acids with calcium hypochlorite [Ca(ClO)2]". Tetrahedron Letters 23 (31): 3135–3138. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(00)88578-0.
8. ↑ Cohen, Julius (1900). Practical Organic Chemistry for Advanced Students. New York: Macmillan & Co.. p. 63. https://books.google.com/books?id=0xRIAAAAIAAJ.
9. ↑ National Research Council (1995). Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. p. 161. doi:10.17226/4911. ISBN 978-0-309-05229-0.
10. ↑ "8.41799 Calcium hypochlorite for synthesis". https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/BE/en/product/mm/841799. "Assay (iodometric): 67.0 - 75.0 %"
11. ↑ W.L Smith, Inorganic Bleaches, Production of Hypochlorite in Handbook of Detergents,Part F, (2009) Ed. U Zoller and Paul Sosis, CRC Press, ISBN 978-0-8247-0349-3
12. ↑ Aleksandrova, M.M.; Dmitriev, G.A.; Avojan, R.L. (1968). "The probable model of the crystal structure of the twobase calcium hypochlorite". Armyanskii Khimicheskii Zhurnal 21: 380-386.

## External links

* Chemical Land

* v
* t
* e

Calcium compounds

* CaAl2O4
* CaB6
* CaBr2
* Ca(BrO3)2
* CaC2
* CaCN2
* Ca(CN)2
* CaCO3
* CaC2O4
* CaCl2
* Ca(ClO)2
* Ca(ClO3)2
* CaCrO4
* CaF2
* CaH2
* Ca(HCO3)2
* CaH2S2O6
* CaI2
* Ca(IO3)2
* Ca(MnO4)2
* CaN6
* Ca(NO3)2
* CaO
* CaO2
* Ca(OH)2
* CaP
* CaS
* CaSO3
* CaSO4
* CaSe
* CaSi
* CaSi2
* CaTiO3
* Ca2P2O7
* Ca2SiO4
* Ca3Al2O6
* Ca3(AsO4)2
* Ca3(BO3)2
* Ca3(C6H5O7)2
* Ca3N2
* Ca3P2
* Ca4(PO4)2O
* Ca3(PO4)2
* Ca(H2PO4)2
* CaHPO4
* C36H70CaO4

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*[CID]: Compound ID
*[H272]: May intensify fire: oxidizer
*[H302]: Harmful if swallowed
*[H314]: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage
*[H400]: Very toxic to aquatic life
*[P210]: Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces – No smoking
*[P220]: Keep/Store away from clothing/…/combustible materials
*[P221]: Take any precaution to avoid mixing with combustibles
*[P260]: Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray
*[P264]: Wash … thoroughly after handling
*[P270]: Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product
*[P273]: Avoid release to the environment
*[P280]: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection
*[P301+312]: IF SWALLOWED: Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician if you feel unwell
*[P301+330+331]: IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting
*[P303+361+353]: IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water/shower
*[P304+340]: IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing
*[P305+351+338]: IF IN EYES: Rinse continuously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do – continue rinsing
*[P310]: Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician
*[P321]: Specific treatment (see … on this label)
*[P330]: Rinse mouth
*[P363]: Wash contaminated clothing before reuse
*[P370+378]: In case of fire: Use … for extinction
*[P391]: Collect spillage
*[P405]: Store locked up
*[P501]: Dispose of contents/container to …
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*[t]: Discuss this template
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