Vacuum consolidation

Vacuum consolidation (or vacuum preloading) is a soft soil improvement method that has been successfully used by geotechnical engineers and specialists of ground improvement companies in countries such as Australia, China, Korea, Thailand and France for soil improvement or land reclamation.[1] It does not necessarily require surcharge fill and vacuum loads of 80kPa or greater can, typically, be maintained for as long as required. However, if loads of 80kPa or greater are needed in order to achieve the target soil improvement, additional surcharge may be placed on top of the vacuum system. The vacuum preloading method is cheaper and faster than the fill surcharge method for an equivalent load in suitable areas. Where the underlying ground consists of permeable materials, such as sand or sandy clay, the cost of the technique will be significantly increased due to the requirement of cut-off walls into non-permeable layers to seal off the vacuum. It has been suggested by Carter et al. (2005)[2] that the settlement resulting from vacuum preloading is less than that from a surcharge load of the same magnitude as vacuum consolidation is influenced by drainage boundary conditions.

## References

1. ↑ Chu, J.; Yan, S. W. (2005). "Estimation of Degree of Consolidation for Vacuum Preloading Projects". International Journal of Geomechanics 5 (2): 158–165. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1532-3641(2005)5:2(158).
2. ↑ Chai, J. C.; Carter, J. P.; Hayashi, S. (2005). "Ground Deformation Induced by Vacuum Consolidation". Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering 131 (12): 1552–1561. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0241(2005)131:12(1552).

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Geotechnical engineering

Investigation|

| In situ|

* Cone penetration test
* Standard penetration test
* Groundwater monitoring
* Well
* Piezometer
* Borehole
* Crosshole sonic logging
* Nuclear densometer test
* Static load testing
* Trial pit
* Exploration geophysics

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Laboratory|

* Atterberg limits
* California bearing ratio
* Direct shear test
* Hydrometer
* Proctor compaction test
* R-value
* Sieve analysis
* Triaxial shear test
* Hydraulic conductivity tests
* Water content tests

Soil|

| Materials|

* Clay
* Silt
* Sand
* Gravel
* Peat
* Permafrost
* Loam
* Loess

|

Properties|

* Soil classification
* Hydraulic conductivity
* Water content
* Void ratio
* Bulk density
* Thixotropy
* Reynolds' dilatancy
* Angle of repose
* Cohesion
* Porosity
* Permeability
* Specific storage

Mechanics|

* Effective stress
* Pore water pressure
* Shear strength
* Overburden pressure
* Consolidation
* Compaction
* Shear wave
* Lateral earth pressure

Foundations|

* Shallow
* Deep
* Bearing capacity
* Dynamic load testing
* Pile integrity test
* Wave equation analysis
* Statnamic load test

Retaining walls|

* Gabion
* Ground freezing
* Mechanically stabilized earth
* Pressure grouting
* Slurry wall
* Soil nailing
* Tieback

Stability|

* Slope
* analysis
* mass wasting
* landslide
* Deformation monitoring
* automated

Earthquakes|

* Soil liquefaction
* Response spectrum
* Seismic hazard
* Ground–structure interaction

Geosynthetics|

* Geotextile
* Geomembrane
* Geosynthetic clay liner
* Cellular confinement

Numerical analysis|

* SEEP2D
* STABL
* SVFlux
* SVSlope
* UTEXAS

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