Racial misrepresentation

Short description: Impersonation of a race other than one's one

Racial or ethnic misrepresentation occurs when someone deliberately misrepresents their racial or ethnic background. It may occur for a variety of reasons, such as someone attempting to benefit from affirmative action programs for which they are not eligible.[1][2][3][4]

Critical race theory examines how people of European descent are, in recent history, more likely to pretend to be people of color.[clarification needed] However, historically, many people of color passed as white for survival and safety. It is possible for a person of any race or ethnicity to misrepresent themselves or be misrepresented.[5][6]

Often racial misrepresentation occurs when people of one race or ethnicity, unfamiliar with real people of another culture, replicate the racial stereotypes of that racial or ethnic group. Typically, this is seen as offensive when negative racial stereotypes are mimicked, but it can be also be experienced as inappropriate even when the imitation is intended as flattery.[7] An example of this is people wearing culturally insensitive Halloween costumes that depict these stereotypes.[8]

## Notable cases

* H. G. Carrillo[9][10]
* Asa Earl Carter[11]
* Ward Churchill[4]
* "Iron Eyes" Cody[12][13]
* Misha Defonseca (Monique de Wael)[14]
* Rachel Dolezal[15][16][17]
* Jimmie Durham[18][19]
* Anita Florence Hemmings[20]
* Jamake Highwater[21][22][23]
* Marie Sophie Hingst[24]
* Margaret B. Jones (Margaret Seltzer)[25]
* Jessica Krug[26][10]
* Nasdijj (Timothy Patrick Barrus)[25]
* Merle Oberon[27]
* Grey Owl[28][29][30]
* Korla Pandit[31][32]
* Herman Rosenblat[33]
* Buffy Sainte-Marie[34]
* Sacheen Littlefeather[35]
* Andrea Smith[36][37][38][39][40]
* Vianne Timmons[41]
* Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond[42]
* Elizabeth Warren[43][44][45][46][47]

## See also

* Cultural appropriation
* Passing (race)
* Pretendian
* Transracial (identity)
* Stereotypes of Indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States

## References

1. ↑ Yang, Tseming (2006). "Choice and Fraud in Racial Identification: The Dilemma of Policing Race in Affirmative Action, the Census, and a Color-Blind Society". Mich. J. Race & L. 11: 367. https://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/facpubs/724/.
2. ↑ Brazil, Cleuci de Oliveira in Pelotas (8 June 2017). "'Race fraud': how a college quota scandal exposed Brazil's historic racial tensions" (in en). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/jun/08/race-fraud-how-college-quota-scandal-exposed-brazil-historic-racial-tensions. Retrieved 19 September 2020.
3. ↑ Weisskopf, Thomas E. (2004) (in en). Affirmative Action in the United States and India: A Comparative Perspective. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-99731-1.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Higginbotham, F. Michael (2010) (in en). Race Law: Cases, Commentary, and Questions. Carolina Academic Press. pp. 90–100. ISBN 978-1-59460-599-4.
5. ↑ Nishi, Naomi W.; Matias, Cheryl E.; Montoya, Roberto (2015-09-03). "Exposing the white avatar: projections, justifications, and the ever-evolving American racism". Social Identities 21 (5): 459–473. doi:10.1080/13504630.2015.1093470. ISSN 1350-4630. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504630.2015.1093470.
6. ↑ Dixon, Travis L. (2015-04-02). "Good Guys Are Still Always in White? Positive Change and Continued Misrepresentation of Race and Crime on Local Television News". Communication Research 44 (6): 775–792. doi:10.1177/0093650215579223. ISSN 0093-6502. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650215579223.
7. ↑ Amutah, Christina; Greenidge, Kaliya; Mante, Adjoa; Munyikwa, Michelle; Surya, Sanjna L.; Higginbotham, Eve; Jones, David S.; Lavizzo-Mourey, Risa et al. (March 4, 2021). "Misrepresenting Race — The Role of Medical Schools in Propagating Physician Bias". New England Journal of Medicine 384 (9): 872–878. doi:10.1056/NEJMms2025768. PMID 33406326.
8. ↑ Ferdman, Bernardo M. (2017-04-24). "Paradoxes of Inclusion: Understanding and Managing the Tensions of Diversity and Multiculturalism". The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science 53 (2): 235–263. doi:10.1177/0021886317702608. ISSN 0021-8863. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886317702608.
9. ↑ Dillon, Nancy (25 May 2020). "Coronavirus death of 'Cuban-American' novelist H.G. Carrillo reveals surprising truth to husband, fans". https://www.nydailynews.com/coronavirus/ny-novelist-hg-carrillo-dies-coronavirus-cuban-heritage-a-fiction-20200525-eri3ltxxc5dspgekbdax3w2ebu-story.html.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Jackson, Lauren (September 12, 2020). "The Layered Deceptions of Jessica Krug, the Black-Studies Professor Who Hid That She Is White". The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/culture/cultural-comment/the-layered-deceptions-of-jessica-krug-the-black-studies-professor-who-hid-that-she-is-white.
11. ↑ Carter, Dan T. (October 4, 1991). "The Transformation of a Klansman". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/04/opinion/the-transformation-of-a-klansman.html?pagewanted=print.
12. ↑ Waldman, Amy (January 5, 1999). "Iron Eyes Cody, 94, an Actor And Tearful Anti-Littering Icon". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1999/01/05/arts/iron-eyes-cody-94-an-actor-and-tearful-anti-littering-icon.html.
13. ↑ Aleiss, Angela (May 26, 1996). "Native Son: After a Career as Hollywood's Noble Indian Hero, Iron Eyes Cody is Found to Have an Unexpected Heritage". The New Orleans Times-Picayune. https://www.academia.edu/11282618.
14. ↑ Eskin, Blake (2008-08-18). "The Girl Who Cried Wolf: A Holocaust Fairy Tale" (in en-US). https://www.bostonmagazine.com/2008/08/18/the-girl-who-cried-wolf-a-holocaust-fairy-tale/.
15. ↑ Herbst, Diane (June 20, 2015). "How Rachel Dolezal's Cover as a Black Woman Was Blown". https://people.com/celebrity/how-rachel-dolezals-cover-as-a-black-woman-was-blown/.
16. ↑ Pérez-Peña, Richard (June 12, 2015). "Black or White? Woman's Story Stirs Up a Furor". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/13/us/rachel-dolezal-naacp-president-accused-of-lying-about-her-race.html.
17. ↑ Mimms, Sarah (July 6, 2015). "What Rachel Dolezal Left Behind". https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/07/what-rachel-dolezal-left-behind/449316/.
18. ↑ Meredith, America (2017-08-15). "Issues & Commentary: Ethnic Fraud and Art" (in en-US). https://www.artnews.com/art-in-america/features/issues-commentary-ethnic-fraud-and-art-63285/.
19. ↑ Regan, Sheila. “Jimmie Durham Retrospective Reignites Debate Over His Claim of Native Ancestry,” Hyperallergic, June 28, 2017, hyperallergic.com.
20. ↑ Mancini, Olivia (Winter 2001). "Passing as White: Anita Hemmings 1897". Vassar, the Alumnae/i Quarterly. https://www.vassar.edu/vq/issues/2002/01/features/passing-as-white.html.
21. ↑ Nagel, Joane (1997-09-25). American Indian Ethnic Renewal: Red Power and the Resurgence of Identity and Culture. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-512063-9. https://books.google.com/books?id=4P1yTRVeBToC.
22. ↑ Hoxie, Frederick E. Encyclopedia of North American Indians: Native American History, Culture, and Life From Paleo-Indians to the Present. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2006: 191-2. (retrieved through Google Books, 26 July 2009) ISBN:978-0-395-66921-1
23. ↑ Weaver, Jace (2001-11-01). Other Words: American Indian Literature, Law, and Culture. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-3352-2. https://books.google.com/books?id=gQj_aQhYvfEC.
24. ↑ Doerry, Martin (6 June 2019). "The Historian Who Invented 22 Holocaust Victims". Der Spiegel. https://www.spiegel.de/international/zeitgeist/the-historian-who-invented-22-holocaust-victims-a-1270963.html.
25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Treuer, David (March 7, 2008). "Why do writers pretend to be Indians?". https://slate.com/culture/2008/03/why-do-writers-pretend-to-be-indians.html.
26. ↑ Krug, Jessica A. (September 3, 2020). "The Truth, and the Anti-Black Violence of My Lies". https://medium.com/@jessakrug/the-truth-and-the-anti-black-violence-of-my-lies-9a9621401f85.
27. ↑ Liebman, Lisa (July 28, 2017). "The Fascinating Old Hollywood Story That Inspired The Last Tycoon's Best Plotline". Vanity Fair. https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2017/07/last-tycoon-jennifer-beals-merle-oberon.
28. ↑ Irwin, Nigel (January 12, 2017). "Joseph Boyden's Apology and the Strange History of 'Pretendians' – Boyden is hardly the first person to be alleged to have faked Indigenous roots for material or spiritual gain". Vice Media. https://www.vice.com/en/article/yppmdv/joseph-boydens-apology-and-the-strange-history-of-pretendians.
29. ↑ Murray, John (Apr 20, 2018). "APTN Investigates: Cowboys and Pretendians". Aboriginal Peoples Television Network. https://www.aptnnews.ca/investigates/cowboys-and-pretendians/. "Canada's most famous pretendian is a man who called himself Grey Owl."
30. ↑ Smith, Donald B. (1990). From the Land of Shadows: the Making of Grey Owl. Saskatoon: Western Prairie Books.
31. ↑ Smith, RJ (June 21, 2001). "The Many Faces of Korla Pandit". Los Angeles Magazine. p. 73. https://books.google.com/books?id=aF8EAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA73.
32. ↑ Bradner, Liesl (September 12, 2015). "How a Black Man From Missouri Transformed Himself Into the Indian Liberace". The New Republic. https://newrepublic.com/article/122797/how-black-man-missouri-transformed-indian-liberace.
33. ↑ Day, Elizabeth (2009-02-15). "When one extraordinary life story is not enough" (in en-GB). The Observer. ISSN 0029-7712. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2009/feb/15/herman-rosenblat-oprah-winfrey-hoax.
34. ↑ Leo, Geoff; Woloshyn, Roxanna; Guerriero, Linda. ""Who is the real Buffy Sainte-Marie?"". CBC News. https://www.cbc.ca/newsinteractives/features/buffy-sainte-marie.
35. ↑ Kreps, Daniel (October 22, 2022). "Sacheen Littlefeather Lied About Native American Ancestry, Sisters Claim". Rolling Stone. https://www.rollingstone.com/tv-movies/tv-movie-news/sacheen-littlefeather-native-american-ancestry-1234616464/. Retrieved November 18, 2023.
36. ↑ Viren, Sarah (25 May 2021). "The Native Scholar Who Wasn't". The New York Times Magazine. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/25/magazine/cherokee-native-american-andrea-smith.html?fbclid=IwAR2EDLlSRdY7X9eNpO-bwImEHVY2Gld2d3qXheTNHhMl6-LIEVV6C4otnQg.
37. ↑ Shorter, David (July 1, 2015). "Four Words for Andrea Smith: 'I'm Not an Indian'". http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2015/07/01/four-words-andrea-smith-im-not-indian.
38. ↑ Allen, Samantha (July 11, 2015). "Tribes Blast 'Wannabe' Native American Professor". http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2015/07/11/tribes-blast-wannabe-native-american-professor.html.
39. ↑ Russell, Steve (July 1, 2015). "Rachel Dolezal Outs Andrea Smith Again; Will Anybody Listen This Time?". http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/comment/2155105.
40. ↑ "Open Letter from Indigenous Women Scholars Regarding Discussions of Andrea Smith". Indian Country Today Media Network. July 7, 2015. http://indiancountrytodaymedianetwork.com/2015/07/07/open-letter-indigenous-women-scholars-regarding-discussions-andrea-smith.
41. ↑ "Indigenous identity is complex". 7 March 2023. https://gazette.mun.ca/campus-and-community/a-message/.
42. ↑ "Indigenous professionals say UBC is mishandling Mary Ellen Turpel-Lafond ancestry fallout". 2022-10-26. https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/saskatchewan/indigenous-professionals-say-ubc-ducking-role-turpel-lafond-ancestry-fallout-1.6628204.
43. ↑ Choi, Matthew (February 6, 2019). "Warren suggests 'American Indian' might appear on other documents". https://www.politico.com/story/2019/02/06/warren-american-indian-1154093.
44. ↑ Hoskin Jr., Chuck (Oct 15, 2018). "Cherokee Nation responds to Senator Warren's DNA test". http://cherokee.org/News/Stories/20181015_Cherokee-Nation-responds-to-Senator-Warrens-DNA-test.
45. ↑ Olmstead, Molly (February 6, 2019). "Report: Elizabeth Warren Identified as American Indian in Texas Bar Registration" (in en). https://slate.com/news-and-politics/2019/02/elizabeth-warren-native-american-texas-bar-form-apology.html.
46. ↑ Linskey, Annie (February 5, 2019). "Elizabeth Warren apologizes for calling herself Native American". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/elizabeth-warren-apologizes-for-calling-herself-native-american/2019/02/05/1627df76-2962-11e9-984d-9b8fba003e81_story.html.
47. ↑ Tarlo, Shira (February 6, 2019). "Elizabeth Warren apologizes for identifying as Native American on Texas bar registration card". https://www.salon.com/2019/02/06/elizabeth-warren-apologizes-for-identifying-as-native-american-on-texas-bar-registration-card/.

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