Hadron collider

Short description: Type of particle accelerator

A hadron collider is a very large particle accelerator built to test the predictions of various theories in particle physics, high-energy physics or nuclear physics by colliding hadrons.[1] A hadron collider uses tunnels to accelerate, store, and collide two particle beams.

## Colliders

Only a few hadron colliders have been built. These are:

* Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR), European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), in operation 1971–1984.[2]
* Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS), CERN, used as a hadron collider 1981–1991.[3]
* Tevatron, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), in operation 1983–2011.[4]
* Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), Brookhaven National Laboratory, in operation since 2000.[5]
* Large Hadron Collider (LHC), CERN, in operation since 2008.[1]

## See also

* Synchrotron

## References

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "The Large Hadron Collider" (in en). 2025-11-13. https://home.cern/science/accelerators/large-hadron-collider.
2. ↑ Hubner, Kurt (2012-06-18). "Design and construction of the ISR". arXiv:1206.3948 [physics.acc-ph].
3. ↑ "The Super Proton Synchrotron" (in en). 2025-11-13. https://home.cern/science/accelerators/super-proton-synchrotron.
4. ↑ "Fermilab | Tevatron". https://www.fnal.gov/pub/tevatron/.
5. ↑ "NP Relativistic Heavy Ion Collid... | U.S. DOE Office of Science (SC)" (in en-US). 2024-08-28. https://science.osti.gov/np/Facilities/User-Facilities/RHIC.

Hadron collidersIntersecting Storage Rings| CERN, 1971–1984

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Physics:Proton-Antiproton Collider (SPS)| CERN, 1981–1991
ISABELLE| BNL, cancelled in 1983
Tevatron| Fermilab, 1987–2011
Superconducting Super Collider| Cancelled in 1993
Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider| BNL, 2000–present
Large Hadron Collider| CERN, 2009–present
Future Circular Collider| Proposed

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