Cardoso, Miguel (Later Abraham)

Shabbethaian prophet and physician; born in Spain about 1630; died at Cairo 1706. He was a descendant of the Maranos in the Portuguese city of Celorico. He studied medicine together with his brother Fernando Isaac, and while the latter was given to his studies, Michael spent his time in singing serenades under ladies' balconies. After having completed his education, he left Spain for Venice. There, probably at the instigation of his brother, he embraced Judaism and received the name "Abraham." Later he established himself as a physician at Leghorn, but did not meet with much success until his recommendation by the duke of Tuscany to Othman, the bey of Tripoli.

Becoming thereafter fairly prosperous, Cardoso married two wives, and began to devote himself to cabalistic speculations, in which he appears to have been previously initiated at Leghorn by Moses Pinheiro. With the appearance of the Shabbethaian movement, he assumed the character of a prophet, pretending to have had dreams and visions; and sent circulars in all directions to support the Messianic claim of Shabbethai. Cardoso's pretended or actual belief in the Messiah was not renounced even when Ẓebi embraced Islam; he justified the latter on the plea that it was necessary for him to be counted among the sinners, in order that he might atone for Israel's sins, according to Isa. liii. (in every point applicable to Shabbethai Ẓebi).

Later Cardoso, no longer satisfied with being only a prophet, gave himself out as "Messiah ben Ephraim," asserting that the Messiah is he who teaches the true conception of God. This conception Cardoso expounded in nearly all his writings: that the true God is not the "En-Sof," but the "Keter 'Elyon"; the first being a passive power which has no connection with the world.

His Wandering Life.

Being endowed with great eloquence, Cardoso had many followers, but many enemies as well. An influential personage, Isaac Lumbroso, by spending much money, obtained his banishment from Tripoli. Cardoso then wandered from place to place, trying to lead people astray by his prophecies and visions, but meeting no success, as the rabbis had issued warnings against his vagaries. In 1703 he settled at Cairo and became the physician of the pasha of Egypt. Three years later he was assassinated by his nephew during a discussion on money matters.

His Works.

Cardoso was the author of many cabalistic and polemical works, of which only two are still extant: "Boḳer Abraham" (Dawn of Abraham), a cabalistic work in two volumes (Neubauer, "Cat. Bodl. Hebr. MSS." No. 1441), an extract of which was published by Isaac Lopez in "Kur Maẓref ha-Emunot," and "Ha-Ketab" (The Writing), published in Weiss's "Bet ha-Midrash," 1865. Cardoso's other works were: (1) "Zeh Eli"; (2) "Ḥokmato Shel Abraham Abinu"; (3) "Sefer ha-Ma'or"; (4) "Or Ẓaḥ we-Meẓuḳḳaḳ"; (5) "Wikkuaḥ Kellali"; (6) "Sullam Ya'aḳob"; (7) "Ḥereb Pipiyyot"; (8) "Elohe Abi"; (9) "Shema'Ḳaddishah"; (10) "Ṭob Adonai la-Kol"; (11) "Derush Amen"; (12) "Ereẓ Yisrael"; (13) "Sod Ḥai 'Alamin"; (14) "Derush ha-Ketab"; (15) "Solet Neḳiyyah"; and (16) "Raza de-Razin."

Bibliography:

  * Grätz, Gesch. der Juden, x. 228, 229, 301;
  * Kahana, Eben ha-To'im, pp. 53 et seq.;
  * Gaster, Hist. of Bevis Marks, pp. 109 et seq.



G. I. Br.