Linux kernel version history

Short description: Version history of the Linux kernel

For broader coverage of this topic, see History of Linux.

This article documents the version history of the Linux kernel, a free, open-source, and Unix-like kernel that is used on many computer systems worldwide.

Since the Linux kernel's creation by Linus Torvalds in 1991, it grew rapidly as many developers contributed to the project.

The kernel became self-hosting as of version 0.11 in December 1991. The version 1.0.0 of Linux was released in March 1994, consisting of over 170,000 lines of source code.

The most recent stable release of the Linux kernel is Script error: No such module "Strip version patch"..x, released on .

## Contents

* 1 Explanation
* 2 Overview
* 3 Releases 7.x.y
* 4 Releases 6.x.y
* 5 Releases 5.x.y
* 6 Releases 4.x.y
* 7 Releases 3.x.y
* 8 Releases 2.6.x.y
* 9 Releases before 2.6.0
* 10 See also
* 11 References
* 12 External links

## Explanation

In contrast to semantic versioning, the major version carries no intrinsic meaning for the kernel, as Linux promises stable interfaces and behavior even across major versions. Rather, since version 3.x, minor versions are capped around 20, to avoid the false perception that changes between large minor versions (e.g. from X.30 to X.31) would be smaller than changes between X.1 and X.2.[1]

Each feature release – identified by the first two numbers of a release version – is designated one of the following levels of support:

* Supported until next stable version and 3 months after that.
* Long-term support (LTS); maintained for a few years.[2]
* Super-long-term support (SLTS); maintained for many more years by the Civil Infrastructure Platform (CIP).[3]

## Overview

<timeline> Define $now = 12/08/2026 Define $width = 1500 Define $warning = 1400 # $width - 100 ImageSize = width:$width height:375 PlotArea = left:45 right:10 bottom:65 top:10 DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/1991 till:$now TimeAxis = orientation:hor Alignbars = justify Legend = position:bottom columnwidth:115

1.     1.       1.         1.           1.             1.               1.                 1.                   1.                     1.                       1.                         1.                           1.                             1.                               1.                                 1.                                   1.                                     1.                                       1.                                         1.                                           1.                                             1.                                               1.                                                 1.                                                   1.                                                     1.                                                       1.                                                         1.                                                           1.                                                             1.                                                               1.                                                                 1.                                                                   1.                                                                     1.                                                                       1.                                                                         1.                                                                           1.                                                                             1.                                                                               1.                                                                                 1.                                                                                   1.                                                                                     1.                                                                                       1.                                                                                         1.                                                                                           1.                                                                                             1.                                                                                               1.                                                                                                 1.                                                                                                   1.                                                                                                     1.   2. Color definitions #
1.       1.         1.           1.             1.               1.                 1.                   1.                     1.                       1.                         1.                           1.                             1.                               1.                                 1.                                   1.                                     1.                                       1.                                         1.                                           1.                                             1.                                               1.                                                 1.                                                   1.                                                     1.                                                       1.                                                         1.                                                           1.                                                             1.                                                               1.                                                                 1.                                                                   1.                                                                     1.                                                                       1.                                                                         1.                                                                           1.                                                                             1.                                                                               1.                                                                                 1.                                                                                   1.                                                                                     1.                                                                                       1.                                                                                         1.                                                                                           1.                                                                                             1.                                                                                               1.                                                                                                 1.                                                                                                   1.                                                                                                     1.

Colors =

id:Major		value:rgb(0.6,0.6,0.6)
id:Minor		value:rgb(0.8,0.8,0.8)
id:DEV		value:rgb(0.76,0.90,0.96)	Legend:Development
id:SUPPORT		value:rgb(0.83,0.96,0.71)	Legend:Supported
id:LTS		value:rgb(0.97,0.92,0.73)	Legend:LTS
id:CIP		value:rgb(0.95,0.87,0.99)	Legend:CIP

ScaleMajor = gridcolor:Major unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/1991

1. hiding bar axis thingies

BarData=

bar:7.0
bar:6.0
bar:5.0
bar:4.0
bar:3.0
bar:2.6
bar:2.4
bar:2.2
bar:2.0
bar:1.0

PlotData=

##################################################
# 1.x filled bar ver:0.01-0.99.15                #
##################################################
bar:1.0 width:25 from:17/09/1991 till:13/03/1994 color:DEV mark:(line,black)

##################################################
# 1.x filled bar ver:1.0-patch9                  #
##################################################
bar:1.0 width:25 from:13/03/1994 till:16/04/1994 color:SUPPORT mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 1.x filled bar ver:1.1.0-1.1.95                #
##################################################
bar:1.0 width:25 from:06/04/1994 till:02/03/1995 color:SUPPORT mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 1.x filled bar ver:1.2.0-1.2.13                #
##################################################
bar:1.0 width:25 from:07/03/1995 till:02/08/1995 color:SUPPORT mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 1.x filled bar ver:1.3.0-1.3.100               #
##################################################
bar:1.0 width:25 from:12/06/1995 till:10/05/1996 color:SUPPORT mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 1.x important versions   ver:0.01-1.3.100      #
##################################################
bar:1.0 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:17/09/1991 text:"0.01" shift:(-12,0)
at:03/02/1994 text:"0.99.15" shift:(-20,-10)
at:13/03/1994 text:"1.0" shift:(-12,0)
at:06/04/1994 text:"1.1.0" shift:(12,0)
at:07/03/1995 text:"1.2.0" shift:(-12,-10)
at:12/06/1995 text:"1.3.0" shift:(12,0)
at:10/05/1996 text:"1.3.100" shift:(18,0)

##################################################
# pre2.0 betavers. pre2.0.1 - pre2.0.14          #
##################################################
bar:2.0 width:25 from:12/05/1996 till:09/06/1996 color:DEV mark:(line,black)

##################################################
# pre2.0 line & text for first & last version    #
##################################################
bar:2.0 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:12/05/1996 text:"pre2.0.1" shift:(-18,0)

##################################################
# 2.0 filled bar                                 #
##################################################
bar:2.0 width:25 from:09/06/1996 till:14/06/1999 color:SUPPORT mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 2.0 "LTS" filled bar                           #
##################################################
bar:2.0 width:25 from:14/06/1999 till:08/02/2004 color:LTS  mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 2.0 line & text for first version every year   #
##################################################
bar:2.0 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:09/06/1996 text:"2.0" shift:(10,0)
at:14/01/1997 text:"2.0.28" shift:(18,0)
at:04/06/1998 text:"2.0.34" shift:(18,0)
at:14/06/1999 text:"2.0.37" shift:(18,0)
at:09/01/2001 text:"2.0.39" shift:(18,0)
at:08/02/2004 text:"2.0.40" shift:(18,0)

##################################################
# 2.0 line for all other versions                #
##################################################
bar:2.0 mark:(line,white)
at: 03/07/1996 # 2.0.1
at: 05/07/1996 # 2.0.2
at: 06/07/1996 # 2.0.3
at: 08/07/1996 # 2.0.4
at: 10/07/1996 # 2.0.5
at: 12/07/1996 # 2.0.6
at: 15/07/1996 # 2.0.7
at: 25/07/1996 # 2.0.8
at: 26/07/1996 # 2.0.9
at: 27/07/1996 # 2.0.10
at: 05/08/1996 # 2.0.11
at: 09/08/1996 # 2.0.12
at: 16/08/1996 # 2.0.13
at: 20/08/1996 # 2.0.14
at: 25/08/1996 # 2.0.15
at: 31/08/1996 # 2.0.16
at: 02/09/1996 # 2.0.17
at: 05/09/1996 # 2.0.18
at: 11/09/1996 # 2.0.19
at: 13/09/1996 # 2.0.20
at: 20/09/1996 # 2.0.21
at: 08/10/1996 # 2.0.22
at: 18/10/1996 # 2.0.23
at: 30/10/1996 # 2.0.24
at: 08/11/1996 # 2.0.25
at: 22/11/1996 # 2.0.26
at: 01/12/1996 # 2.0.27
at: 07/02/1997 # 2.0.29
at: 08/04/1997 # 2.0.30
at: 17/10/1997 # 2.0.31
at: 18/11/1997 # 2.0.32
at: 16/12/1997 # 2.0.33
at: 13/07/1998 # 2.0.35
at: 16/11/1998 # 2.0.36
at: 25/08/1999 # 2.0.38

##################################################
# 2.1(dev) betavers. 2.1.0 - 2.2.0pre9          #
##################################################
bar:2.2 width:25 from:30/09/1996 till:26/01/1999 color:DEV mark:(line,black)

##################################################
# 2.1(dev) line & text for first & last version  #
##################################################
bar:2.2 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:30/09/1996 text:"2.1.0" shift:(-15,0)
at:21/01/1999 text:"2.2.0pre9" shift:(-20,-10)

##################################################
# 2.2 filled bar                                 #
##################################################
bar:2.2 width:25 from:26/01/1999 till:25/03/2001 color:SUPPORT  mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 2.0 "LTS" filled bar                           #
##################################################
bar:2.2 width:25 from:25/03/2001 till:24/02/2004 color:LTS  mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 2.2 line & text for first version every year   #
##################################################
bar:2.2 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:26/01/1999 text:"2.2.0" shift:(15,0)
at:04/01/2000 text:"2.2.14" shift:(18,0)
at:25/03/2001 text:"2.2.19" shift:(18,0)
at:20/05/2002 text:"2.2.21" shift:(18,0)
at:05/03/2003 text:"2.2.24" shift:(18,0)
at:24/02/2004 text:"2.2.26" shift:(18,0)

##################################################
# 2.2 line for all other versions                #
##################################################
bar:2.2 mark:(line,white)
at:28/01/1999 # 2.2.1
at:23/02/1999 # 2.2.2
at:09/03/1999 # 2.2.3
at:23/03/1999 # 2.2.4
at:29/03/1999 # 2.2.5
at:16/04/1999 # 2.2.6
at:28/04/1999 # 2.2.7
at:11/05/1999 # 2.2.8
at:13/05/1999 # 2.2.9
at:14/06/1999 # 2.2.10
at:09/08/1999 # 2.2.11
at:26/08/1999 # 2.2.12
at:20/10/1999 # 2.2.13
at:04/05/2000 # 2.2.15
at:07/06/2000 # 2.2.16
at:04/09/2000 # 2.2.17
at:11/12/2000 # 2.2.18
at:02/11/2001 # 2.2.20
at:16/09/2002 # 2.2.22
at:29/11/2002 # 2.2.23
at:17/03/2003 # 2.2.25

##################################################
# 2.3(dev) betavers. 2.3.0 - 2.3.99pre9          #
##################################################
bar:2.4 width:25 from:11/05/1999 till:04/01/2001 color:DEV mark:(line,black)

##################################################
# 2.3(dev) line & text for first & last version  #
##################################################
bar:2.4 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:11/05/1999 text:"2.3.0" shift:(-15,0)
at:23/05/2000 text:"2.3.99pre9" shift:(-23,-10)

##################################################
# 2.4 filled bar                                 #
##################################################
bar:2.4 width:25 from:04/01/2001 till:13/08/2006 color:SUPPORT  mark:(line,SUPPORT)

# Last release is 2.4.37.11 released 18/12/2010.
# According to http://lkml.org/lkml/2010/9/6/15, one year without update would mean end of life.
# But as with the 2.0,2.2 and 2.6 columns, the column ends with the last base release.
# EOL confirmed in http://lwn.net/Articles/491245/.

##################################################
# 2.4 LTS filled bar                             #
##################################################
bar:2.4 width:25 from:13/08/2006 till:18/12/2010 color:LTS  mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 2.4 line & text for first version every year   #
##################################################
bar:2.4 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:04/01/2001 text:"2.4.0" shift:(15,0)
at:25/02/2002 text:"2.4.18" shift:(18,0)
at:13/06/2003 text:"2.4.21" shift:(-16,-10)
at:05/01/2004 text:"2.4.24" shift:(18,0)
at:19/01/2005 text:"2.4.29" shift:(18,0)
at:11/08/2006 text:"2.4.33" shift:(18,0)
at:26/07/2007 text:"2.4.35" shift:(-16,-10)
at:01/01/2008 text:"2.4.36" shift:(18,0)
at:02/12/2008 text:"2.4.37" shift:(18,0)
at:18/12/2010 text:"2.4.37.11" shift:(27,0)

##################################################
# 2.4 line for all other versions                #
##################################################
bar:2.4 mark:(line,white)
at:30/01/2001 # 2.4.1
at:22/02/2001 # 2.4.2
at:30/03/2001 # 2.4.3
at:28/04/2001 # 2.4.4
at:26/05/2001 # 2.4.5
at:04/07/2001 # 2.4.6
at:20/07/2001 # 2.4.7
at:11/08/2001 # 2.4.8
at:16/08/2001 # 2.4.9
at:23/09/2001 # 2.4.10
at:09/10/2001 # 2.4.11
at:11/10/2001 # 2.4.12
at:24/10/2001 # 2.4.13
at:05/11/2001 # 2.4.14
at:23/11/2001 # 2.4.15
at:26/11/2001 # 2.4.16
at:21/12/2001 # 2.4.17
at:03/08/2002 # 2.4.19
at:28/11/2002 # 2.4.20
at:25/08/2003 # 2.4.22
at:28/11/2003 # 2.4.23
at:18/02/2004 # 2.4.25
at:14/04/2004 # 2.4.26
at:07/08/2004 # 2.4.27
at:17/11/2004 # 2.4.28
at:04/04/2005 # 2.4.30
at:01/06/2005 # 2.4.31
at:16/11/2005 # 2.4.32
at:23/12/2006 # 2.4.34

##################################################
# 2.5(dev) betavers. 2.5.0-2.5.75 (2.4.15=2.5.0) #
##################################################
bar:2.6 width:25 from:23/11/2001 till:18/12/2003 color:DEV mark:(line,black)

##################################################
# 2.5(dev) line & text for first & last version  #
##################################################
bar:2.6 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:23/11/2001 text:"2.5.0" shift:(-15,0)
at:10/07/2003 text:"2.5.75" shift:(-17,0)

##################################################
# 2.6 filled bar                                 #
##################################################
bar:2.6 width:25 from:18/12/2003 till:03/08/2011 color:SUPPORT  mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 2.6 LTS filled bar                             #
##################################################
bar:2.6 width:25 from:03/08/2011 till:12/03/2016 color:LTS  mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 2.6 line & text for first and "LTS" releases   #
##################################################
bar:2.6 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:18/12/2003 text:"2.6.0" shift:(15,0)
at:02/03/2005 text:"2.6.11" shift:(17,0)
at:20/03/2006 text:"2.6.16" shift:(17,0)
at:09/10/2008 text:"2.6.27" shift:(-17,0)
at:03/12/2009 text:"2.6.32" shift:(-15,0)
at:24/02/2010 text:"2.6.33" shift:(-13,-10)
at:16/05/2010 text:"2.6.34" shift:(19,0)
at:01/08/2010 text:"2.6.35" shift:(19,-10)
at:19/05/2011 text:"2.6.39"  shift:(18,0)     # Last 2.6.x
at:03/08/2011 text:"2.6.39.4" shift:(21,-10)  # Last 2.6.39.x
at:12/03/2016 text:"2.6.32.71" shift:(25,0)   # Last 2.6.32.x (LTS)

##################################################
# 2.6 line for all other versions                #
##################################################
bar:2.6 mark:(line,white)
at:09/01/2004 # 2.6.1
at:04/02/2004 # 2.6.2
at:18/02/2004 # 2.6.3
at:11/03/2004 # 2.6.4
at:04/04/2004 # 2.6.5
at:10/05/2004 # 2.6.6
at:16/06/2004 # 2.6.7
at:14/08/2004 # 2.6.8
at:18/10/2004 # 2.6.9
at:24/12/2004 # 2.6.10
at:17/06/2005 # 2.6.12
at:29/08/2005 # 2.6.13
at:28/10/2005 # 2.6.14
at:03/01/2006 # 2.6.15
at:18/06/2006 # 2.6.17
at:20/09/2006 # 2.6.18
at:29/11/2006 # 2.6.19
at:04/02/2007 # 2.6.20
at:26/04/2007 # 2.6.21
at:08/07/2007 # 2.6.22
at:09/10/2007 # 2.6.23
at:24/01/2008 # 2.6.24
at:17/04/2008 # 2.6.25
at:13/07/2008 # 2.6.26
at:24/12/2008 # 2.6.28
at:23/03/2009 # 2.6.29
at:10/06/2009 # 2.6.30
at:09/09/2009 # 2.6.31
at:20/10/2010 # 2.6.36
at:05/01/2011 # 2.6.37
at:15/03/2011 # 2.6.38

##################################################
# 3.0 rc                                         #
##################################################
bar:3.0 width:25 from:29/05/2011 till:22/07/2011 color:DEV mark:(line,black)

##################################################
# 3.0 rc                                         #
##################################################
bar:3.0 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:29/05/2011 text:"3.0-rc1" shift:(-18,0)

##################################################
# 3.x filled bar                                 #
##################################################
bar:3.0 width:25 from:22/07/2011 till:11/05/2015 color:SUPPORT  mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 3.x LTS filled bar                             #
##################################################
bar:3.0 width:25 from:11/05/2015 till:11/06/2020 color:LTS  mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 3.x line & text for LTS releases               #
##################################################
bar:3.0 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:22/07/2011 text:"3.0" shift:(10,0)
at:05/01/2012 text:"3.2" shift:(10,-10)
at:21/05/2012 text:"3.4" shift:(10,0)
at:30/06/2013 text:"3.10" shift:(-12,-10)
at:03/11/2013 text:"3.12" shift:(12,0)
at:03/08/2014 text:"3.16" shift:(12,0) # Last 3.16.85 (LTS)
at:11/05/2015 text:"3.19.8" shift:(18,0)
at:11/06/2020 text:"3.16.85" shift:(20,0)

##################################################
# 3.x line for all other versions                #
##################################################
bar:3.0 mark:(line,white)
at:24/10/2011 # 3.1
at:19/03/2012 # 3.3
at:21/07/2012 # 3.5
at:01/10/2012 # 3.6
at:11/12/2012 # 3.7
at:19/02/2013 # 3.8
at:29/04/2013 # 3.9
at:02/09/2013 # 3.11
at:20/01/2014 # 3.13
at:31/03/2014 # 3.14
at:08/06/2014 # 3.15
at:05/10/2014 # 3.17
at:07/12/2014 # 3.18
at:08/02/2015 # 3.19

##################################################
# 4.0 rc                                         #
##################################################
bar:4.0 width:25 from:22/02/2015 till:12/04/2015 color:DEV mark:(line,black)

##################################################
# 4.0 rc                                         #
##################################################
bar:4.0 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:22/02/2015 text:"4.0-rc1" shift:(-17,0)

##################################################
# 4.x filled bar                                 #
##################################################
bar:4.0 width:25 from:12/04/2015 till:19/03/2019 color:SUPPORT  mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 4.x LTS filled bar                             #
##################################################
bar:4.0 width:25 from:19/03/2019 till:05/12/2024 color:LTS  mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 4.x CIP filled bar                             #
##################################################
bar:4.0 width:25 from:05/12/2024 till:$now color:CIP  mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 4.x line & text for LTS releases               #
##################################################
bar:4.0 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:12/04/2015 text:"4.0" shift:(10,0)
at:10/01/2016 text:"4.4" shift:(10,0)
at:11/12/2016 text:"4.9" shift:(10,0)
at:12/11/2017 text:"4.14" shift:(12,0)
at:22/10/2018 text:"4.19" shift:(-12,-10)
at:19/03/2019 text:"4.20.17" shift:(20,0)
at:05/12/2024 text:"4.19.325" shift:(22,0)

##################################################
# 4.x line for all other versions                #
##################################################
bar:4.0 mark:(line,white) align:center fontsize:S
at:22/06/2015 # 4.1
at:30/08/2015 # 4.2
at:01/11/2015 # 4.3
at:13/03/2016 # 4.5
at:15/05/2016 # 4.6
at:24/07/2016 # 4.7
at:25/09/2016 # 4.8
at:19/02/2017 # 4.10
at:30/04/2017 # 4.11
at:02/07/2017 # 4.12
at:03/09/2017 # 4.13
at:28/01/2018 # 4.15
at:01/04/2018 # 4.16
at:03/06/2018 # 4.17
at:12/08/2018 # 4.18
at:23/12/2018 # 4.20

##################################################
# 5.0 rc                                         #
##################################################
bar:5.0 width:25 from:06/01/2019 till:03/03/2019 color:DEV mark:(line,black)

##################################################
# 5.0 rc                                         #
##################################################
bar:5.0 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:06/01/2019 text:"5.0-rc1" shift:(-17,0)

##################################################
# 5.x filled bar                                 #
##################################################
bar:5.0 width:25 from:03/03/2019 till:27/10/2022 color:SUPPORT  mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 5.x LTS filled bar                             #
##################################################
bar:5.0 width:25 from:27/10/2022 till:$now color:LTS  mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 5.x line & text for LTS releases               #
##################################################
bar:5.0 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:03/03/2019 text:"5.0" shift:(10,0)
at:24/11/2019 text:"5.4" shift:(10,0)
at:13/12/2020 text:"5.10" shift:(12,0)
at:31/10/2021 text:"5.15" shift:(12,0)
at:27/10/2022 text:"5.19.17" shift:(20,0)

##################################################
# 5.x line for all other versions                #
##################################################
bar:5.0 mark:(line,white) align:center fontsize:S
at:05/05/2019 # 5.1
at:07/07/2019 # 5.2
at:15/09/2019 # 5.3
at:26/01/2020 # 5.5
at:29/03/2020 # 5.6
at:31/05/2020 # 5.7
at:02/08/2020 # 5.8
at:11/10/2020 # 5.9
at:14/02/2021 # 5.11
at:25/04/2021 # 5.12
at:27/06/2021 # 5.13
at:29/08/2021 # 5.14
at:09/01/2022 # 5.16
at:20/03/2022 # 5.17
at:22/05/2022 # 5.18
at:31/07/2022 # 5.19

##################################################
# 6.0 rc                                         #
##################################################
bar:6.0 width:25 from:14/08/2022 till:02/10/2022 color:DEV mark:(line,black)

##################################################
# 6.0 rc                                         #
##################################################
bar:6.0 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
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##################################################
bar:6.0 width:25 from:22/04/2026 till:$now color:LTS  mark:(line,SUPPORT)

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# 6.x line & text for LTS releases               #
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at:30/11/2025 text:"6.18" shift:(-12,-10)
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##################################################
# 6.x line for all other versions                #
##################################################
bar:6.0 mark:(line,white) align:center fontsize:S
at:19/02/2023 # 6.2
at:23/04/2023 # 6.3
at:25/06/2023 # 6.4
at:27/08/2023 # 6.5
at:07/01/2024 # 6.7
at:10/03/2024 # 6.8
at:12/05/2024 # 6.9
at:14/07/2024 # 6.10
at:15/09/2024 # 6.11
at:20/01/2025 # 6.13
at:24/03/2025 # 6.14
at:25/05/2025 # 6.15
at:27/07/2025 # 6.16
at:28/09/2025 # 6.17
at:08/02/2026 # 6.19

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##################################################
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# at:xx/yy/2026 # 7.2

TextData =

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1. Ref: http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/

</timeline>

## Releases 7.x.y

On 8 February 2026, Linus Torvalds announced that the next kernel release will be published as version 7.0.[4] Following the usual release cycle of about two months for every new version, kernel 7.0 was released on 12 April 2026.[5]

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Define $now = 12/08/2026

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id:SUPPORT	value:rgb(0.6,0.9,0.6)	Legend:Supported
id:LTS		value:rgb(0.97,0.92,0.73)	Legend:LTS
id:CIP		value:rgb(0.95,0.87,0.99)	Legend:CIP

BackgroundColors = canvas:white ScaleMinor = gridcolor:Minor unit:year increment:1 start:01/07/2026 ScaleMajor = gridcolor:Major unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/2026

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color:SUPPORT from:14/06/2026 till:$now

bar:7.0
color:DEV	from:22/02/2026	till:11/04/2026 text:7.0.x
color:SUPPORT	from:12/04/2026	till:27/06/2026
# https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/refs/tags

</timeline>

Version  | Original release date  | Last release  | Maintainer  | EOL | Prominent features  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|

7.2  |  |  |  |  |  |
7.1  |  |  | Linus Torvalds |  |

* Added new NTFS driver (formally NTFSPLUS)[6]
* Removal of legacy code, including the i486, some PCI and PCMCIA drivers, bus mouse, etc.[7]
* Apple SMC power driver for battery information on Apple Silicon[8]
* Enabled Intel FRED by default[9][10]
* Real Time support enabled on 32-bit ARM[11]
* New Coreboot framebuffer driver[12]
* Intel QAT Zstd support[13][14]
* Power reporting for AMD Ryzen AI NPUs[15]

7.0  |  |  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  |  |

* Introduced fsnotify to create a standard API for file IO error reporting[16][17]
* Live health monitoring on XFS filesystems[18][19]
* Added support for Clang capability analysis[20][21]
* Better io uring support for filters[22]
* open_tree(2) function extended[23]
* Phase II swap performance with swap table[24][25]
* Time slice extension added to rseq[26]
* Preemption selection simplified[27][28]
* AccECN enabled by default[29]
* BTRFS experimental support for the remap tree[30]
* kmalloc_obj() introduced[31]

| Following previous conventions, Linux 7.0 is not a major upgrade over the Linux 6.x series, but instead what would have been considered Linux 6.20.[32]
{{{2}}}

## Releases 6.x.y

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bar:6.18
color:DEV	from:12/10/2025	till:30/11/2025 text:6.18.x
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# https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/refs/tags

bar:6.17
color:DEV	from:28/07/2025	till:28/09/2025 text:6.17.x
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bar:6.16
color:DEV	from:26/05/2025	till:27/07/2025 text:6.16.x
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bar:6.14
color:DEV	from:21/01/2025	till:24/03/2025 text:6.14.x
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# https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/refs/tags

bar:6.13
color:DEV	from:18/11/2024	till:20/01/2025 text:6.13.x
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color:LTS	from:17/11/2024	till:31/12/2028
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# https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/refs/tags

bar:6.11
color:DEV	from:15/07/2024	till:15/09/2024 text:6.11.x
color:SUPPORT	from:15/09/2024	till:05/12/2024
# https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/refs/tags

bar:6.10
color:DEV	from:12/05/2024	till:14/07/2024 text:6.10.x
color:SUPPORT	from:14/07/2024	till:10/10/2024
# https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/refs/tags

bar:6.9
color:DEV	from:11/03/2024	till:12/05/2024 text:6.9.x
color:SUPPORT	from:12/05/2024	till:27/07/2024
# https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/refs/tags

bar:6.8
color:DEV	from:08/01/2024	till:10/03/2024 text:6.8.x
color:SUPPORT	from:10/03/2024	till:30/05/2024
# https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/refs/tags

bar:6.7
color:DEV	from:30/10/2023	till:07/01/2024 text:6.7.x
color:SUPPORT	from:07/01/2024	till:03/04/2024
# https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/refs/tags

bar:6.6
color:DEV	from:28/08/2023	till:29/10/2023 text:6.6.x
color:LTS	from:29/10/2023	till:31/12/2027
# https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/refs/tags

bar:6.5
color:DEV	from:26/06/2023	till:27/08/2023 text:6.5.x
color:SUPPORT	from:27/08/2023	till:28/11/2023
# https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/refs/tags

bar:6.4
color:DEV	from:24/04/2023	till:25/06/2023 text:6.4.x
color:SUPPORT	from:25/06/2023	till:13/09/2023
# https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/refs/tags

bar:6.3
color:DEV	from:20/02/2023	till:23/04/2023 text:6.3.x
color:SUPPORT	from:23/04/2023	till:11/07/2023
# https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/refs/tags

bar:6.2
color:DEV	from:12/12/2022	till:19/02/2023 text:6.2.x
color:SUPPORT	from:19/02/2023	till:17/05/2023
# https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/refs/tags

bar:6.1
color:DEV	from:02/10/2022	till:11/12/2022 text:6.1.x
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bar:6.0
color:DEV	from:15/08/2022	till:02/10/2022 text:6.0.x
color:SUPPORT	from:02/10/2022	till:12/01/2023
# https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/refs/tags

</timeline>

Version  | Original release date  | Last release  | Maintainer  | EOL | Prominent features  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|

6.19  | 8 February 2026[33] | 6.19.14[34] | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | 22 April 2026  |

* listns(2) system call added for namespaces[35]
* Live update orchestrator[36][37]
* Support for PCIe Link Encryption [38][39]
* Improvements to the BTRFS filesystem[40]
* EXT4 filesystem now supports block sizes that are larger than the page size[41]
* Graphical updates including a color pipeline API and a sharpness property[42]
* Updates to io uring[43]
* Added support for SFrame stack unwinding[44]

6.18  | 30 November 2025[45] | 6.18.36[46] | December 2028[47][48] |

* Improved kernel memory allocation performance with slub sheaves[49]
* A device mapper target for persistent cache[50]
* Process Namespaces as file handles[51]
* Support for Accurate Explicit Congestion Notification in TCP[52]
* Add support for PSP encryption of TCP connections[53][54]
* Better swapping performance[55][56][57]
* UDP receive performance improvements[52]
* BPF signed programs[58]
* More scalable NFS servers by removing caching[52]
* Introduction of memdesc_flags_t, for a future leaner struct page[59][60]
* Remove bcachefs core code[61]

| 26th LTS release[62]
6.17  | 28 September 2025[63] | 6.17.13[64] | 18 December 2025  |

* Easier CPU bug mitigation selection[65][66]
* New file_getattr/file_setattr system calls[67]
* Better and more secure core dumping[68]
* Initial priority inheritance support for solving priority inversion[69]
* Unconditionally compile task scheduler with SMP support[70]
* Per NUMA node proactive reclaim, for better control of memory reclaim on NUMA systems[67]
* Introduce a new fallocate(2) flag, for more efficient writing of zeroes[67]
* Runtime Verification: Support for Linear temporal logic monitors[71][72][73]
* Change bcachefs status from 'Supported' to 'Externally maintained'[74]

6.16  | 27 July 2025[75] | 6.16.12[76] | 12 October 2025  |

* XFS support for large atomic writes[77]
* USB audio offload support[78]
* Initial support for Intel Trusted Domain Extensions[79][80]
* Allow to zero-copy send TCP payloads from DMABUF memory[81][82]
* Automatic weighted interleaved memory allocation policy[83]
* Support for Intel Advanced Performance Extensions[84]
* Add support for sending coredumps over an AF UNIX socket[68]
* Futex improvements[85]
* Some Ext4 performance improvements[86]
* Build optimization for the local CPU on x86[78]

6.15  | 25 May 2025[87] | 6.15.11[88] | 20 August 2025  |

* Btrfs: fast Zstd compression support[89]

6.14  | 24 March 2025[90] | 6.14.11[62] | 10 June 2025[91] |

* Improved Wine speed[92][93]
* Copilot keyboard key support[94]

6.13  | 20 January 2025[95] | 6.13.12[96] | 20 April 2025[97] |

* New handheld support
* Intel Arc B series support

6.12  | 17 November 2024[98] | 6.12.94[99] | December 2028[47][48] |

* Real-time support for x86/x86_64, RISC-V, and ARM64[100]
* Userspace scheduler extensions support[101]
* QR codes for DRM panic messages[100]

| 25th LTS release[62]

5th SLTS with 10 years of support through 2035.[102] Used in Debian 13 "Trixie"[103][104] and RHEL 10.0[105]

6.11  | 15 September 2024[106] | 6.11.11[107] | 5 December 2024[107] |

* Atomic writes support for buffered I/O[108]
* Dedicated bucket slab allocator to help protect against heap spraying[109]
* vDSO implementation of getrandom()[109]

6.10  | 14 July 2024[110] | 6.10.14[96] | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin  | 10 October 2024[111] |

* Memory-allocation profiling[112]
* Encrypted interactions with trusted platform modules[112]

| Named "Baby Opossum Posse"[113] The one last minute change was made in the credits of the ReiserFS README as requested by the original developer.[114]
6.9  | 12 May 2024[115] | 6.9.10[96] | 27 July 2024[116] |

* Improved performance for Intel Core Ultra (Meteor Lake)[117]
* Support for AMD P-State Preferred Cores[117]
* Intel FRED (Flexible Return Event Delivery)[117]
* Support for larger console frame-buffer fonts for 4K displays[117]
* Faster boot times for systems with lots of RAM and using HugeTLBs[117]
* DM VDO (Device Mapper Virtual Data Optimizer) mainlined[117]
* Hibernate LZ4 compression support[118]

6.8  | 10 March 2024[119] | 6.8.12[96] | 30 May 2024[120] |

* Deadline servers for better realtime scheduling[121]
* Multi-size transparent huge pages for anonymous memory[122]
* Two new syscalls for better mount management: listmount() and statmount()[123]
* Data type profiling with perf[124]
* Forbid users from writing to partitions used by filesystems[125]
* New system calls to deal with multiple stacked LSMs[126]
* Driver for new Intel Xe graphics[127]

| Used in Ubuntu 24.04 LTS[128]
6.7  | 7 January 2024[129] | 6.7.12[96] | 3 April 2024  |

* Initial Bcachefs filesystem support[130]
* Itanium support removed[130]
* Intel Meteor Lake Graphics declared stable[130]
* Initial Nouveau support for Nvidia GSP firmware[130]
* Ability to disable IA-32 support at boot time on AMD64[131]
* Expansion of AMD Seamless Boot Support[131]
* Improvement in loading of x86 microcode[131]
* Support for RAID stripe tree, simple quota accounting, and temporary FSID added to Btrfs[132]
* JFS minor stability improvements[131]

| According to Linus Torvalds, "one of the largest kernel releases we've ever had"[130]
6.6  | 29 October 2023[133] | 6.6.143[134] | December 2027[47][48] |

* The new EEVDF process scheduler was merged. It aims to replace the CFS scheduler.
* Intel Shadow Stack was finally merged; Exploiting ROPs is now harder
* Support for Partial SMT
* Performance Improvement for CPUs with a lot of cores and shared Last Level Caches
* Continued Intel Meteor Lake graphics and sound enablement/improvements
* Better performance for Ext4 and io uring[135]
* Security: add `io_uring_disabled` to shrink kernel's attack surface[136]
* DEFLATE compression support for EROFS

| 24th LTS release

The CFS scheduler was the de facto standard for 16+ years

ReiserFS is now declared to be obsolete and flagged for removal in 2025.

6.5  | 27 August 2023[137] | 6.5.13[96] | 28 November 2023[138] |

* Initial USB4 v2.0 support[139]
* MIDI 2.0 support[139]

6.4  | 25 June 2023[140] | 6.4.16[96] | 13 September 2023[141] |

* Intel Linear Address Masking[142]
* Partial support for Apple M2[143]
* Autonomous frequency and power control on AMD Zen architecture CPUs[144]
* Support for RISC-V hibernation on future laptops[143]
* Improvements for LoongArch CPU architecture[143]
* Further Intel Meteor Lake Graphics development[143]
* 4K resolution support for Rockchip Direct Rendering Manager driver[143]
* Better AMDgpu support for the Steam Deck[143]
* Optimizations to EROFS, Btrfs, F2FS, NTFS, and Ext4[143]
* Support for Intel Lunar Lake HD Audio[143]
* Continued Wi-Fi 7 development[143]
* Quality of life improvements for Apple silicon users[143]
* Further Rust up-streaming to support the first Rust drivers[143]
* Removal of SLOB memory allocator[143]

6.3  | 23 April 2023[145] | 6.3.13[96] | 11 July 2023[146] |

* Even more Rust in the kernel
* Initial Support for Intel Meteor Lake Display
* Intel Meteor Lake VPUs ("Versatile Processing Unit") support
* AMD Automatic IBRS
* Intel TPMI driver was merged, hopes are this will give more control over power management.
* Big Performance Improvement for EXT4. Nice Improvements for BTRFS too
* IPv4 BIG TCP support, maybe better network performance
* Microsoft Hyper-V nested hypervisor support.
* Faster kernel builds and with lower peak memory use.
* Removed support for the Intel ICC compiler.

6.2  | 19 February 2023[147] | 6.2.16[96] | 17 May 2023[148] |

* Intel Arc drivers are now deemed "stable" and on by default.
* Initial FOSS support for NVIDIA GeForce 30 Series. But performance is poor for now.
* Support for Apple's M1
* Call Depth Tracking as a better performance alternative to IBRS for older Intel CPUs
* Some Power-savings improvements when the system is idle or lightly loaded.
* Support for running Raspberry Pi in 4K@60 Hz
* Better performance and scalability for running RAID5/6 in btrfs-like systems
* More Rust in the kernel

6.1  | 6.1.176[96] | December 2027[2]

August 2033[149]

* Support for writing kernel modules in Rust[150]
* Multi-Gen LRU page reclaiming[151] (not yet enabled by default)
* Btrfs performance improvements[152]
* Support for more sound hardware
* Improved support for game controllers[153]

| 23rd LTS release
Used in Debian 12 "Bookworm"[154]

4th SLTS release (which CIP[155] is planning[149] to support until August 2033)

6.1.28 is named Curry Ramen[156]

6.0  | 2022[157] | 6.0.19[158] | January 2023[158] |

* Performance improvements on Intel Xeon 'Ice Lake', AMD Ryzen 'Threadripper', AMD EPYC[159]
* New hardware support including Intel, AMD, Qualcomm[160]

| Named "Hurr durr I'ma [sic] ninja sloth"[161]
{{{2}}}

## Releases 5.x.y

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bar:5.8
color:DEV	from:14/06/2020	till:02/08/2020	text:5.8.x
color:SUPPORT	from:02/08/2020	till:01/11/2020
bar:5.7
color:DEV	from:12/04/2020	till:31/05/2020	text:5.7.x
color:SUPPORT	from:31/05/2020	till:27/08/2020
bar:5.6
color:DEV	from:09/02/2020	till:29/03/2020	text:5.6.x
color:SUPPORT	from:29/03/2020	till:17/06/2020
bar:5.5
color:DEV	from:08/12/2019	till:26/01/2020	text:5.5.x
color:SUPPORT	from:26/01/2020	till:21/04/2020
bar:5.4
color:DEV	from:30/09/2019	till:24/11/2019	text:5.4.x
color:LTS	from:24/11/2019	till:01/01/2026
# https://www.kernel.org/category/releases.html
bar:5.3
color:DEV	from:21/07/2019	till:15/09/2019	text:5.3.x
color:SUPPORT	from:15/09/2019	till:18/12/2019
bar:5.2
color:DEV	from:19/05/2019	till:07/07/2019	text:5.2.x
color:SUPPORT	from:07/07/2019	till:11/10/2019
bar:5.1
color:DEV	from:17/03/2019	till:05/05/2019	text:5.1.x
color:SUPPORT	from:05/05/2019	till:28/07/2019
bar:5.0
color:DEV	from:06/01/2019	till:03/03/2019	text:5.0.x
color:SUPPORT	from:03/03/2019	till:04/06/2019
# https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/refs/tags

</timeline>

Version  | Original release date  | Last release  | Maintainer  | EOL | Prominent features  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|

5.19  | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[2] | October 2022[162] |

* Initial support for LoongArch[163][164]
* Support for Big TCP[163][164]
* More secure encrypted virtualization with AMD SEV-SNP and Intel TDX[163][164]
* Armv9 Scalable Matrix Extension support[164]
* Introduce Intel In-Field Scan driver to run targeted low level diagnostics outside of the CPU's architectural error detection capabilities[163]
* a.out support removed[165]

5.18  | August 2022[166] |

* Support for Indirect Branch Tracking[167] on Intel CPUs[168]
* User events[169]
* fprobe, for probing multiple functions with a single probe handler[170]
* Headers rearchitecturing preparations for faster compilation times[171]
* Stricter memcpy() compile-time bounds checking[172]
* Switch to C11[173]

5.17  | June 2022[174] |

* BPF CO-RE support[175][176]
* Random number generator improvements[177]
* New Real-Time Linux Analysis (RTLA) tool[178]
* Support giving names to anonymous memory[179]
* Mitigate straight-line speculation attacks[180]

| Used in Ubuntu 22.04 LTS on newer hardware[181]

Named Superb Owl[182]

5.16  | April 2022[183] |

* New futex_waitv() system call for faster game performance[184]
* Memory folios infrastructure for a faster memory management[185]
* Add support for AMX instructions[186]
* Improve write congestion[187]

5.15  | 5.15.210[96] | December 2026[2] |

* New experimental[188] NTFS file system implementation
* ksmbd, an in-kernel SMB 3 server
* Migrate memory pages to persistent memory in lieu of discard[189]
* DAMON, a data access monitor
* Introduce process_mrelease(2) system call[190]

| 22nd LTS release; used in

* Ubuntu 22.04 LTS,
* Slackware 15,[191]
* UEK 7[192]

Named Trick or Treat[193]

5.14  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | November 2021[194] |  | Used in RHEL 9.x and derivatives[195] (Red Hat ignores LTS-Kernel, own kernel-backports) and SLE 15 SP4/openSUSE Leap 15.4
5.13  | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin  | September 2021[196] |

* Support for Zstd compressed modules[197]
* Landlock Linux security module[198]

| Named Opossums on Parade
5.12  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | July 2021[199] |
5.11  | May 2021[200] |  | Named "💕 Valentine's Day Edition 💕"[201]
5.10  | 5.10.259[96] | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[2] | December 2026[2][202]

January 2031[149]

* Support for ARM64 memory tagging extension (MTE)[203]

| 21st LTS release; used in Debian 11 "Bullseye"[204]

3rd SLTS release (which CIP[205] is planning[149] to support until January 2031)

Named "Dare mighty things"[206]

5.9  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | December 2020[207] |  |
5.8  | November 2020[208] |  |
5.7  | August 2020[209] |  |
5.6  | June 2020[210] |

* Initial USB4 support[211]
* Year 2038 fix for 32-bit systems[211]
* WireGuard

5.5  | April 2020[212] |  |
5.4  | 5.4.302[96] | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[2] | December 2025[2] |  | 20th LTS release, used in Ubuntu 20.04 LTS
5.4-rc2 is named Nesting Opossum[213]

5.4-rc5 is named Kleptomaniac Octopus[214]

5.3  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | December 2019[215] |  |
5.2  | October 2019[216] |  | 5.2-rc2 is named Golden Lions[217][218]

5.2 is named Bobtail Squid[219]

5.1  | July 2019[220] |

* io uring API, a new way to do asynchronous I/O (AIO),[221] the older API/interface "aio" had problems and performance issues.

5.0  | June 2019[222] |  |
{{{2}}}

## Releases 4.x.y

<timeline> Define $now = 12/08/2026

ImageSize = width:960 height:400 PlotArea = right:0 left:0 bottom:32 top:24 AlignBars = justify DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2015 till:01/08/2029 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal Legend = left:5 top:15 columnwidth:115

Colors =

id:Minor		value:rgb(0.8,0.8,0.8)
id:Major		value:rgb(0.6,0.6,0.6)
id:DEV		value:rgb(0.76,0.90,0.96)	Legend:Development
id:SUPPORT		value:rgb(0.83,0.96,0.71)	Legend:Supported
id:LTS		value:rgb(0.97,0.92,0.73)	Legend:LTS
id:CIP		value:rgb(0.95,0.87,0.99)	Legend:CIP

BackgroundColors = canvas:white ScaleMinor = gridcolor:Minor unit:year increment:1 start:02/07/2015 ScaleMajor = gridcolor:Major unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/2016

LineData =

at:$now color:red width:0.2

PlotData =

width:14 textcolor:black shift:(5,-5) anchor:from fontsize:M

bar:4.20
color:DEV	from:04/11/2018	till:23/12/2018	text:4.20.x
color:SUPPORT	from:23/12/2018	till:19/03/2019
bar:4.19
color:DEV	from:26/08/2018	till:22/10/2018	text:4.19.x
color:LTS	from:22/10/2018 till:01/01/2025
color:CIP from:01/01/2025 till:01/01/2029
bar:4.18
color:DEV	from:17/06/2018	till:12/08/2018	text:4.18.x
color:SUPPORT	from:12/08/2018	till:21/11/2018
bar:4.17
color:DEV	from:15/04/2018	till:03/06/2018	text:4.17.x
color:SUPPORT	from:03/06/2018	till:24/08/2018
bar:4.16
color:DEV	from:11/02/2018	till:01/04/2018	text:4.16.x
color:SUPPORT	from:01/04/2018	till:26/06/2018
bar:4.15
color:DEV	from:26/11/2017	till:28/01/2018	text:4.15.x
color:SUPPORT	from:28/01/2018	till:19/04/2018
bar:4.14
color:DEV	from:16/09/2017	till:12/11/2017	text:4.14.x
color:LTS	from:12/11/2017	till:01/02/2024
bar:4.13
color:DEV	from:15/07/2017	till:03/09/2017	text:4.13.x
color:SUPPORT	from:03/09/2017	till:24/11/2017
bar:4.12
color:DEV	from:13/05/2017	till:02/07/2017	text:4.12.x
color:SUPPORT	from:02/07/2017	till:20/09/2017
bar:4.11
color:DEV	from:05/03/2017	till:30/04/2017	text:4.11.x
color:SUPPORT	from:30/04/2017	till:21/07/2017
bar:4.10
color:DEV	from:25/12/2016	till:19/02/2017	text:4.10.x
color:SUPPORT	from:19/02/2017	till:20/05/2017
bar:4.9
color:DEV	from:15/10/2016	till:11/12/2016	text:4.9.x
color:LTS	from:11/12/2016		till:07/01/2023
bar:4.8
color:DEV	from:07/08/2016	till:02/10/2016	text:4.8.x
color:SUPPORT	from:02/10/2016	till:09/01/2017
bar:4.7
color:DEV	from:29/05/2016	till:24/07/2016	text:4.7.x
color:SUPPORT	from:24/07/2016	till:22/10/2016
bar:4.6
color:DEV	from:26/03/2016	till:15/05/2016	text:4.6.x
color:SUPPORT	from:15/05/2016	till:16/08/2016
bar:4.5
color:DEV	from:24/01/2016	till:13/03/2016	text:4.5.x
color:SUPPORT	from:13/03/2016	till:07/06/2016
bar:4.4
color:DEV	from:15/11/2015	till:10/01/2016	text:4.4.x
color:LTS	from:10/01/2016	till:01/03/2022
color:CIP from:01/03/2022 till:01/01/2027
# https://www.kernel.org/category/releases.html
bar:4.3
color:DEV	from:12/09/2015	till:01/11/2015	text:4.3.x
color:SUPPORT	from:01/11/2015	till:19/02/2016
bar:4.2
color:DEV	from:05/07/2015	till:30/08/2015	text:4.2.x
color:SUPPORT	from:30/08/2015	till:14/12/2015
bar:4.1
color:DEV	from:27/04/2015	till:21/06/2015	text:4.1.x
color:LTS	from:21/06/2015	till:27/05/2018
bar:4.0
color:DEV	from:22/02/2015	till:12/04/2015	text:4.0.x
color:SUPPORT	from:12/04/2015	till:21/07/2015
# https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/refs/tags

</timeline>

Version  | Original release date  | Last release  | Maintainer  | EOL | Prominent features  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|

4.20  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | March 2019[223] |  | Named Shy Crocodile[224]
4.19  | 4.19.325[96]

4.19.325-cip124[225]

| Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[2]

Ulrich Hecht & Pavel Machek[149]

| December 2024[2][226]

January 2029[149]

|  | 19th LTS release. Used in Debian 10 "Buster".[227] Second SLTS release (which CIP is planning[149] to support until January 2029).[228] Named "People's Front"[229]
4.18  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | November 2018[230] |  | RHEL 8.x (Red Hat ignores LTS-Kernel, own kernel-backports)
4.17  | August 2018[231] |  | Named Merciless Moray[232]
4.16  | June 2018[233] |  |
4.15  | April 2018[234] |  | Used in Ubuntu 18.04 LTS
4.14  | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[2] | January 2024[235] |

* Zstd compression for Btrfs and Squashfs[236]

| 18th LTS release

4.14.1 is named Petit Gorille[237]

4.13  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | November 2017[238] |  |
4.12  | September 2017[239] |

* BFQ I/O scheduler[240]
* Kyber I/O scheduler[240]
* USB-C support[240]

4.11  | July 2017[241] |  |
4.10  | May 2017[242] |  | 4.10-rc5 was named Anniversary Edition[243]

4.10-rc6 was named Fearless Coyote[244]

4.9  | 4.9.337[96] | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[2] |  | 17th LTS release. Used in Debian 9 "Stretch".[245] Named Roaring Lionus[246][247]
4.8  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | January 2017[248] |  |
4.7  | October 2016[249] |

* Schedutil governor[250]
* Async discard support[251]
* EFI bootloader control driver[252]

| Named Psychotic Stoned Sheep[253]
4.6  | August 2016[254] |  | Named Charred Weasel[255]
4.5  | June 2016[256] |  |
4.4

4.4.302-cip103[225]

| Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[2]

Ulrich Hecht & Pavel Machek[149]

| February 2022[257]

January 2027[149]

|  | 16th LTS release, used in Slackware 14.2.[258] Canonical provided extended support until April 2021.[259] As the first kernel selected for Super Long Term Support (SLTS), the Civil Infrastructure Platform will provide support until at least 2026.[3] Used in Ubuntu 16.04 LTS
4.3  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | February 2016[260] |  | Named Blurry Fish Butt[261][262]
4.2  | December 2015[263] |  | Canonical provided extended support until July 2016.[264][265]
4.1  | 4.1.52[266] | May 2018[266] |  | 15th LTS release. 4.1.1 was named Series 4800[267]
4.0  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | July 2015[268] |

* Initial live patching support[269]
* lazytime mount option[269]

| Named "Hurr durr I'ma [sic] sheep"[270] (Internet poll)
{{{2}}}

## Releases 3.x.y

The jump from 2.6.x to 3.x wasn't because of a breaking update, but rather the first release of a new versioning scheme introduced as a more convenient system.[271]

<timeline>

ImageSize = width:960 height:375 PlotArea = right:0 left:0 bottom:32 top:24 AlignBars = justify DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2011 till:01/07/2020 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal Legend = left:5 top:15 columnwidth:115

Colors =

id:Minor		value:rgb(0.8,0.8,0.8)
id:Major		value:rgb(0.6,0.6,0.6)
id:DEV		value:rgb(0.76,0.90,0.96)	Legend:Development
id:SUPPORT		value:rgb(0.83,0.96,0.71)	Legend:Supported
id:LTS		value:rgb(0.97,0.92,0.73)	Legend:LTS

BackgroundColors = canvas:white ScaleMinor = gridcolor:Minor unit:year increment:1 start:01/07/2011 ScaleMajor = gridcolor:Major unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/2012

PlotData =

width:14 textcolor:black shift:(5,-5) anchor:from fontsize:M

bar:3.19
color:DEV	from:20/12/2014	till:08/02/2015	text:3.19.x
color:SUPPORT	from:08/02/2015	till:11/05/2015
bar:3.18
color:DEV	from:19/10/2014	till:07/12/2014	text:3.18.x
color:LTS	from:07/12/2014	till:16/05/2019
bar:3.17
color:DEV	from:16/08/2014	till:05/10/2014	text:3.17.x
color:SUPPORT	from:05/10/2014	till:08/01/2015
bar:3.16
color:DEV	from:15/06/2014	till:03/08/2014	text:3.16.x
color:LTS	from:03/08/2014	till:11/06/2020
bar:3.15
color:DEV	from:13/04/2014	till:08/06/2014	text:3.15.x
color:SUPPORT	from:08/06/2014	till:14/08/2014
bar:3.14
color:DEV	from:02/02/2014	till:30/03/2014	text:3.14.x
color:LTS	from:30/03/2014	till:11/09/2016
bar:3.13
color:DEV	from:22/11/2013	till:19/01/2014	text:3.13.x
color:SUPPORT	from:19/01/2014	till:22/04/2014
bar:3.12
color:DEV	from:16/09/2013	till:03/11/2013	text:3.12.x
color:LTS	from:03/11/2013	till:09/05/2017
bar:3.11
color:DEV	from:14/07/2013	till:02/09/2013	text:3.11.x
color:SUPPORT	from:02/09/2013	till:29/11/2013
bar:3.10
color:DEV	from:11/05/2013	till:30/06/2013	text:3.10.x
color:LTS	from:30/06/2013	till:04/11/2017
bar:3.9
color:DEV	from:03/03/2013	till:28/04/2013	text:3.9.x
color:SUPPORT	from:28/04/2013	till:20/07/2013
bar:3.8
color:DEV	from:21/12/2012	till:18/02/2013	text:3.8.x
color:SUPPORT	from:18/02/2013	till:11/05/2013
bar:3.7
color:DEV	from:14/10/2012	till:10/12/2012	text:3.7.x
color:SUPPORT	from:10/12/2012	till:27/02/2013
bar:3.6
color:DEV	from:02/08/2012	till:30/09/2012	text:3.6.x
color:SUPPORT	from:30/09/2012	till:17/12/2012
bar:3.5
color:DEV	from:02/06/2012	till:21/07/2012	text:3.5.x
color:SUPPORT	from:21/07/2012	till:13/10/2012
bar:3.4
color:DEV	from:31/03/2012	till:20/05/2012	text:3.4.x
color:LTS	from:20/05/2012	till:26/10/2016
bar:3.3
color:DEV	from:19/01/2012	till:18/03/2012	text:3.3.x
color:SUPPORT	from:18/03/2012	till:01/06/2012
bar:3.2
color:DEV	from:07/11/2011	till:04/01/2012	text:3.2.x
color:LTS	from:04/01/2012	till:01/06/2018
bar:3.1
color:DEV	from:07/08/2011	till:24/10/2011	text:3.1.x
color:SUPPORT	from:24/10/2011	till:18/01/2012
bar:3.0
color:DEV	from:29/05/2011	till:21/07/2011	text:3.0.x
color:LTS	from:21/07/2011	till:22/10/2013

</timeline>

Version  | Original release date  | Last release  | Maintainer  | EOL | Prominent features  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|

3.19  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | May 2015[272] |  | Canonical provided extended support until July 2016.[264][273]
3.18  |

* OverlayFS[274]
* eBPF[275]
* DCTCP support[274]

| 14th LTS release, named Diseased Newt[276]

3.17  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | January 2015[277] |
3.16  | 3.16.85[278] | Ben Hutchings[2][279] (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) |  | 13th LTS release. Was used in Debian 8 "Jessie".[280] Canonical provided extended support until April 2016.[264][281]

3.16.1 was named Museum of Fishiegoodies[282]

3.15  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | August 2014[283] |

* LZ4 compression support for zram[284]

3.14  | Greg Kroah-Hartman[2] | August 2016[285] |

* zram support[286]

| 12th LTS release, named Shuffling Zombie Juror[287]
3.13  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | April 2014[288] |  | Canonical provided extended support until April 2016.[264][289] Named One Giant Leap for Frogkind[290] (NASA LADEE launch photo)[291] Used in Ubuntu 14.04 LTS
3.12  | 3.12.74[292] | May 2017[293][292] |  | 11th LTS release, named Suicidal Squirrel[294]
3.11  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | November 2013[295] |

* zswap support[296]

| Canonical provided extended support until August 2014.[264] Named Linux for Workgroups after the 20 years of Windows 3.11[297]
3.10  | 3.10.108[298] | Willy Tarreau[2][299] (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) | November 2017[298] |

* bcache support[300]

| 10th LTS release,
3.10.6 was named TOSSUG Baby Fish[301][302][303] used in Slackware 14.1[304]

RHEL 7.x

3.9  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | July 2013[305] |

* dm-cache support[306]
* suspend-freeze[307]
* Intel P-state support[308]

| 3.9.6 was named Black Squirrel Wakeup Call[309]
3.8  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | May 2013[310] |

* F2FS file system[311]
* i386 support removed[312]

| Canonical provided extended support until August 2014.[264][313]

Named Unicycling Gorilla[314][315]
3.8.5 was named Displaced Humerus Anterior[316]

3.7  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | March 2013[317][318] |

* ARM64 support[319]

| Named Terrified Chipmunk[320][321]
3.6  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | December 2012[322] |

* Initial support of send/receive and sub-volume quotas for Btrfs[323]

3.5  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | October 2012[324] |  | Canonical provided extended support until April 2014.[264][325]
3.4  | 3.4.113[326] | October 2016[327] |  | 9th LTS release
3.3  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | June 2012[328] |
3.2  | 3.2.102[329] | Ben Hutchings[2][330] | May 2018[331] |  | 8th LTS release, used in Ubuntu 12.04 LTS[332] and optionally in 12.04 ESM,[333] Debian 7 "Wheezy" and Slackware 14.0.[2][330] Canonical promised to (at least) provide long-term support until April 2017;[264] Support has continued for months after.

3.2 to 3.5 was named Saber-toothed Squirrel[334]

3.1  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | January 2012[335] |  | 3.1 provided the base for real-time tree.
3.1-rc2 was named Wet Seal
3.1 was named Divemaster Edition[336] (Linus' diving activities)
3.0  | Greg Kroah-Hartman[337] | October 2013[338][337] |

* Btrfs: automatic defragmentation and scrubbing support[339]

| 7th LTS release
Named Sneaky Weasel[340][341]
{{{2}}}

## Releases 2.6.x.y

Versions 2.6.16 and 2.6.27 of the Linux kernel were unofficially given long-term support (LTS),[342] before a 2011 working group in the Linux Foundation started a formal long-term support initiative.[343][344]

<timeline> ImageSize = width:960 height:550 PlotArea = right:0 left:0 bottom:32 top:24 AlignBars = justify DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/07/2001 till:01/04/2017 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal Legend = left:5 top:15 columnwidth:115

Colors =

id:Minor		value:rgb(0.8,0.8,0.8)
id:Major		value:rgb(0.6,0.6,0.6)
id:DEV		value:rgb(0.76,0.90,0.96)	Legend:Development
id:SUPPORT		value:rgb(0.83,0.96,0.71)	Legend:Supported
id:LTS		value:rgb(0.97,0.92,0.73)	Legend:LTS

BackgroundColors = canvas:white ScaleMinor = gridcolor:Minor unit:year increment:1 start:01/07/2002 ScaleMajor = gridcolor:Major unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/2002

PlotData =

width:14 textcolor:black shift:(5,-5) anchor:from fontsize:M

bar:2.6.39
color:DEV	from:29/03/2011	till:18/05/2011	text:2.6.39.x
color:SUPPORT	from:18/05/2011	till:03/08/2011
bar:2.6.38
color:DEV	from:18/01/2011	till:14/03/2011	text:2.6.38.x
color:SUPPORT	from:14/03/2011	till:03/06/2011
bar:2.6.37
color:DEV	from:01/11/2010	till:04/01/2011	text:2.6.37.x
color:SUPPORT	from:04/01/2011	till:27/03/2011
bar:2.6.36
color:DEV	from:15/08/2010	till:20/10/2010	text:2.6.36.x
color:SUPPORT	from:20/10/2010	till:17/02/2011
bar:2.6.35
color:DEV	from:30/05/2010	till:01/09/2010	text:2.6.35.x
color:LTS	from:01/09/2010	till:13/03/2012
bar:2.6.34
color:DEV	from:08/03/2010	till:16/05/2010	text:2.6.34.x
color:LTS	from:16/05/2010	till:10/02/2014
bar:2.6.33
color:DEV	from:17/12/2009	till:24/02/2010	text:2.6.33.x
color:LTS	from:24/02/2010	till:07/11/2011
bar:2.6.32
color:DEV	from:27/09/2009	till:02/12/2009	text:2.6.32.x
color:LTS	from:02/12/2009	till:12/11/2016
bar:2.6.31
color:DEV	from:24/06/2009	till:09/09/2009	text:2.6.31.x
color:SUPPORT	from:09/09/2009	till:05/07/2010
bar:2.6.30
color:DEV	from:07/04/2009	till:09/06/2009	text:2.6.30.x
color:SUPPORT	from:09/06/2009	till:03/12/2009
bar:2.6.29
color:DEV	from:10/01/2009	till:23/03/2009	text:2.6.29.x
color:SUPPORT	from:23/03/2009	till:02/07/2009
bar:2.6.28
color:DEV	from:23/10/2008	till:24/12/2008	text:2.6.28.x
color:SUPPORT	from:24/12/2008	till:02/05/2009
bar:2.6.27
color:DEV	from:28/07/2008	till:09/10/2008	text:2.6.27.x
color:LTS	from:09/10/2008	till:17/03/2012
bar:2.6.26
color:DEV	from:03/05/2008	till:13/07/2008	text:2.6.26.x
color:SUPPORT	from:13/07/2008	till:10/11/2008
bar:2.6.25
color:DEV	from:10/02/2008	till:16/04/2008	text:2.6.25.x
color:SUPPORT	from:16/04/2008	till:10/11/2008
bar:2.6.24
color:DEV	from:23/10/2007	till:24/01/2008	text:2.6.24.x
color:SUPPORT	from:24/01/2008	till:06/05/2008
bar:2.6.23
color:DEV	from:22/07/2007	till:09/10/2007	text:2.6.23.x
color:SUPPORT	from:09/10/2007	till:25/02/2008
bar:2.6.22
color:DEV	from:12/05/2007	till:08/07/2007	text:2.6.22.x
color:SUPPORT	from:08/07/2007	till:25/02/2008
bar:2.6.21
color:DEV	from:20/02/2007	till:25/04/2007	text:2.6.21.x
color:SUPPORT	from:25/04/2007	till:04/08/2007
bar:2.6.20
color:DEV	from:13/12/2006	till:04/02/2007	text:2.6.20.x
color:SUPPORT	from:04/02/2007	till:17/10/2007
bar:2.6.19
color:DEV	from:04/10/2006	till:29/11/2006	text:2.6.19.x
color:SUPPORT	from:29/11/2006	till:02/03/2007
bar:2.6.18
color:DEV	from:05/07/2006	till:19/09/2006	text:2.6.18.x
color:SUPPORT	from:19/09/2006	till:23/02/2007
bar:2.6.17
color:DEV	from:02/04/2006	till:17/06/2006	text:2.6.17.x
color:SUPPORT	from:17/06/2006	till:13/10/2006
bar:2.6.16
color:DEV	from:16/01/2006	till:19/03/2006	text:2.6.16.x
color:LTS	from:19/03/2006	till:21/07/2008
bar:2.6.15
color:DEV	from:11/11/2005	till:02/01/2006	text:2.6.15.x
color:SUPPORT	from:02/01/2006	till:27/03/2006
bar:2.6.14
color:DEV	from:12/09/2005	till:27/10/2005	text:2.6.14.x
color:SUPPORT	from:27/10/2005	till:30/01/2006
bar:2.6.13
color:DEV	from:28/06/2005	till:28/08/2005	text:2.6.13.x
color:SUPPORT	from:28/08/2005	till:15/12/2005
bar:2.6.12
color:DEV	from:17/03/2005	till:17/06/2005	text:2.6.12.x
color:SUPPORT	from:17/06/2005	till:29/08/2005
bar:2.6.11
color:DEV	from:11/01/2005	till:02/03/2005	text:2.6.11.x
color:SUPPORT	from:02/03/2005	till:11/06/2005
bar:2.6.10
color:SUPPORT	from:24/12/2004	till:02/03/2005	text:2.6.10.x
bar:2.6.9
color:SUPPORT	from:19/10/2004	till:24/12/2004	text:2.6.9.x
bar:2.6.8
color:SUPPORT	from:14/08/2004	till:19/10/2004	text:2.6.8.x
bar:2.6.7
color:SUPPORT	from:16/06/2004	till:14/08/2004	text:2.6.7.x
bar:2.6.6
color:SUPPORT	from:10/05/2004	till:16/06/2004	text:2.6.6.x
bar:2.6.5
color:SUPPORT	from:04/04/2004	till:10/05/2004	text:2.6.5.x
bar:2.6.4
color:SUPPORT	from:11/03/2004	till:04/04/2004	text:2.6.4.x
bar:2.6.3
color:SUPPORT	from:18/02/2004	till:11/03/2004	text:2.6.3.x
bar:2.6.2
color:SUPPORT	from:04/02/2004	till:18/02/2004	text:2.6.2.x
bar:2.6.1
color:SUPPORT	from:09/01/2004	till:04/02/2004	text:2.6.1.x
bar:2.6
color:DEV	from:13/07/2003	till:18/12/2003	text:2.6.0.x
color:SUPPORT	from:18/12/2003	till:09/01/2004
# https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/
# https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/testing/
# https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/pre-releases/
# https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/refs/tags
bar:2.5
color:DEV	from:08/11/2001	till:10/07/2003	text:2.5.x
# https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.5/
# https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.5/testing/

</timeline>

Version  | Original release date  | Last release  | Maintainer  | EOL | Prominent features  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|

2.6.39  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | August 2011[345] |  | Last stable release of the 2.6 kernel series
2.6.38  | June 2011[346] |  | Named Flesh-Eating Bats with Fangs[347]
2.6.37  | March 2011[348] |
2.6.36  | February 2011[349] |

* AppArmor security module[350]

2.6.35  | 2.6.35.14[351] | Andi Kleen[352] | March 2012[352] |  | 6th LTS release
2.6.35.7 was named Yokohama
2.6.34  | 2.6.34.15[353] | Paul Gortmaker[354] | February 2014[353][354] |  | 5th LTS release
It was named Sheep on Meth[355][356]

2.6.33  | Greg Kroah-Hartman[357] | November 2011[358] |

* nouveau driver[359]

| 4th LTS release. It was the base for real-time-tree, replaced by 3.0.x.[357]
2.6.32  | 2.6.32.71[360] | Willy Tarreau[2][361] (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman)[362][363] | March 2016[2] |

* Kernel same-page merging (KSM)[364]

| 3rd LTS release, used in Debian 6 Squeeze.[365] Canonical also provided support until April 2015.[264]

RHEL 6.x

2.6.31  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | July 2010[366] |

* USB 3.0 support[367]

2.6.30  | October 2009[368] |

* Tomoyo Linux security module[369]

| 2.6.30-rc4–2.6.30-rc6 was named

Vindictive Armadillo[370][371]
Releases between 2.6 and 2.9 were named 2.Man-Eating Seals of Antiquity[372]

2.6.29  | July 2009[373] |

* Btrfs support[374]

| Named Temporary Tasmanian Devil[375][376]
2.6.28  | May 2009[377] |

* ext4 stable support[378]

| 2.6.28-rc1–2.6.28-rc6 was named Killer Bat of Doom[379][380]

2.6.28 was named Erotic Pickled Herring[381]

2.6.27  | 2.6.27.62[382] | March 2012[383] |  | 2nd LTS release
2.6.27.3 was named Trembling Tortoise[384]
2.6.26  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | November 2008[385] |  | 2.6.26–2.6.27 was named Rotary Wombat[386]

2.6.25  | November 2008[387] |

* Smack Linux security module[388]

| Named Funky Weasel is Jiggy wit it[389]
2.6.24  | May 2008[390] |

* cgroups support[391]

| 2.6.23-rc4–2.6.23-rc6 was named Pink Farting Weasel[392]

2.6.23-rc7–2.6.23–2.6.24 was named Arr Matey! A Hairy Bilge Rat![393] (TLAPD 2007)
2.6.24.1 was named Err Metey! A Heury Beelge-a Ret![394]

2.6.23  | February 2008[395] |

* CFS process scheduler[396]

2.6.22  | February 2008[397] |

* New 802.11 (Wi-Fi) stack[398]
* SLUB memory allocator[398]

| 2.6.22-rc3–2.6.22-rc4 was named Jeff Thinks I Should Change This, But To What?

2.6.22-rc5–2.6.22 was named Holy Dancing Manatees, Batman![399]

2.6.21  | August 2007[400] |

* GPIO support[401]
* Dynticks[401]

| Named Nocturnal Monster Puppy[402]
2.6.20  | 2.6.20.21[403] | October 2007[403] |

* Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM)[404]

| Named Homicidal Dwarf Hamster[405][406]
2.6.19  | March 2007[407] |

* AHCI support[408][409]
* GFS2[410]

| Named Avast! A bilge rat! (TLAPD 2006)[411]
2.6.18  | February 2007[412]

2.6.18: RHEL 5.x

* NCQ and SATA hotplug support[413]

2.6.17  | October 2006[414] |

* splice()[415]

| 2.6.17-rc5 was named Lordi Rules[416] (Eurovision 2006 winners)[417]

2.6.17-rc6–2.6.17 was named Crazed Snow-Weasel[418]

2.6.16  | 2.6.16.62[419] |

* OCFS2 support[420]
* SLOB memory allocator[420]

| 1st LTS release
2.6.16.28-rc2 was named Stable Penguin
2.6.15  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | May 2006[421] |

* S.M.A.R.T. support[422]

| Named Sliding Snow Leopard[423]
2.6.14  | January 2006[424] |

* FUSE support[425]

| Named Affluent Albatross[426]
2.6.13  | December 2005[427] |

* initramfs[428]

| Named Woozy Numbat[429][430] The 2.6.12 release was the first one managed by Git.[431]
2.6.12  | 2.6.12.6[432][433] | August 2005[432] |
2.6.11  | 2.6.11.12[434] | June 2005[434] |
2.6.10  | 2004[435] |  |  |  |

* Switchable and modular I/O schedulers[436]

2.6.9  | 2004[437] |  |  |  |  |
2.6.8  | 2004[438] |  |  |  |  |
2.6.7  | 2004[439] |  |  |  |  |
2.6.6  | 2004[440] |  |  |  |

* CFQ I/O scheduler[441]
* Laptop mode[441]

2.6.5  | 2004[442] |  |  |  |

* Adaptive lazy readahead[443]

2.6.4  | 2004[444] |  |  |  |

* Intel x86-64 support[445]
* ARMv6 support[445]
* Virtual console UTF-8 mode support[445]

2.6.3  | 2004[446] |  |  |  |

* Power Mac G5 support[447]

2.6.2  | 2004[448] |  |  |  |

* RAID 6 support[449]

2.6.1  | 2004[450] |  |  |  |

* EFI support[451]

2.6  |  | Linus Torvalds |

* O(1) scheduler[452]
* Preemption (2.5.4)[453]
* Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA)[452]
* SELinux security module[454]

| 2.6.2–2.6.4 was named Feisty Dunnart[455]
2.6.5–2.6.9 was named Zonked Quokka[456] 2.6.9: RHEL 4.x

The 2.5 kernels were development kernels[457]

{{{2}}}

## Releases before 2.6.0

Version  | Original release date  | Last release  | Maintainer  | EOL | Prominent features  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|

2.4  | 2.4.37.11[458] | Willy Tarreau (formerly Marcelo Tosatti)  | December 2011[458] |

* JFS support (2.4.24)[459]
* XFS support (2.4.20)[459]
* ext3 support (2.4.15)[460]
* ReiserFS support (2.4.1)[459]
* tmpfs support[461]
* GFS support[461]
* Netfilter (2.3.15)[462]

The 2.3 kernels were development kernels[457]
2.4.9: RHEL 2.1
2.4.10: Featured a complete rewrite of the Virtual Memory Management (VMM) subsystem.[463]
2.4.21: RHEL 3.x

2.2  | 2.2.26[464] | Marc-Christian Petersen (formerly Alan Cox)[465] | Made unofficially obsolete with the 2.2.27-rc2[466][467] |

* USB devices support[468]
* Frame-buffer console[469]
* ipchains[462]
* Video4Linux[469]
* NTFS (readonly), FAT32 and HFS support[469]
* Initial IPv6 support[469]
* SPX support[469]
* Loop device support[469]
* Scheduling classes and scheduler SMP support[470]
* SLAB memory allocator[471]

| The 2.1 kernels were development kernels[457]
2.0  | 2.0.40[472] | David Weinehall  | officially made obsolete with the kernel 2.2.0 release[473] |

* Symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) support[474]

| Larry Ewing created the Tux mascot 40px in 1996
1.3  | 1995  | Linus Torvalds | EOL |

* /dev/random[475]
* watchdog timer[476]
* Automatic modules loading[477]
* initrd boot support[478]
* bzImage support[479]

| Greased Weasel[480]
1.2  | 1995  | 1.2.13  |

* Round-robin scheduling[470]

| Linux '95[481]
1.1  | 1994  | 1.1.95  |

* ipfw[482]
* Dual IDE interface support[483]
* ATAPI CD-ROM support[483]

1.0  | 1994  | 1.0.9  |

* Open Sound System (OSS)[484]
* NTP support[484]

0.99  | 1992  | 0.99.15j[485] |

* Xiafs support
* ext2 support[486]
* NFS support[487]
* kmalloc[471]

| The Linux 0.99 tar.bz2 archive grew from 426 kB to 1009 kB on the way to 1.0.
0.98  | 1992  | 0.98.6[488] |

* TCP/IP support[487]
* SCSI tape support[489]
* ISO 9660 support[489]

0.97  | 1992  | 0.97.6[490] |

* Initial procfs[491]
* PS/2 mouse support[491]
* Microsoft bus mouse support[492]
* SCSI CD-ROM support[493]

0.96  | 1992  | 0.96c.2[494] |

* ext support (0.96c)[486]
* FAT16 support[487]
* Shared libraries[487]
* Logitech bus mouse support[495]

0.95  | 1992  | 0.95c+[496] |

* Login prompt[487]
* Initial parallel port printer support[497]
* Initial reboot support[498]

| Jump from 0.12 to 0.95[499]

First version released under the GPL.[498][500] Although the license change took effect as of the first of February 1992.

0.12  | 1992  |  |

* Job control[500]
* Virtual consoles[500]
* pty[500]
* Symbolic links[500]
* Virtual memory[500]

0.11  | 1991  |  |

* Demand-loading from disk[501]
* CGA, MGA and EGA support[501]
* malloc[471]

| First kernel where other people start making real contributions[501]
0.10  | 1991  |  |

* Initial floppy driver support[502]
* Supports up to 16MB RAM[502]

| Jump from 0.03 to 0.10

First release where Minix isn't needed anymore[503]

0.03  | 1991[503] |  |

* Multithreaded filesystem[503]

0.02  | 1991  |  |

* US keyboard support[503]

| First "usable" release; for wider distribution[504]
0.01  | 1991  |  |

* i386 support[505]
* PATA support[505]
* Minix support[506][505]
* VGA text mode[505][499]
* Hardcoded Finnish keyboard[505]
* Supports up to 8MB RAM[502]

{{{2}}}

## See also

* Linux adoption
* Linux kernel
* History of Linux
* Timeline of free and open-source software

## References

1. ↑ Edge, Jake (2021-10-06). "Rolling stable kernels" (in en-US). LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/871989/.
2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 "Active kernel releases". Kernel.org. 7 February 2023. https://www.kernel.org/category/releases.html.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Kernel Maintenance". https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/civilinfrastructureplatform/cipkernelmaintenance.
4. ↑ "LKML: Linus Torvalds: Linux 7.0-rc1". https://lkml.org/lkml/2026/2/22/297.
5. ↑ "Linux 7.0 Ready For Release With Many Exciting Changes" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-7.0-Changes.
6. ↑ "Linux 7.1-rc1 Released With New NTFS Driver, FRED By Default & Much More" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-7.1-rc1.
7. ↑ "Linus Torvalds Merged The Code Beginning To Remove Intel 486 CPU Support In Linux 7.1" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-7.1-Begins-Removing-i486.
8. ↑ "Linux 7.1 Lands The Apple SMC Power Driver For Reporting Battery Metrics On MacBooks" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-7.1-MFD.
9. ↑ "Linux 7.1 Is A Big Win For Intel Panther Lake With FRED Enabled By Default" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-7.1-Enabled-Intel-FRED.
10. ↑ "Flexible Return and Event Delivery (FRED) Specification". https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/content-details/779982/flexible-return-and-event-delivery-fred-specification.html.
11. ↑ "With Linux 7.1 The Mainline Kernel Now Supports Real-Time "RT" On ARM" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-7.1-ARM-RT.
12. ↑ "Verisilicon DC8200 & Coreboot Framebuffer Drivers Sent To DRM-Next For Linux 7.1" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-7.1-DC8200-Coreboot-FB.
13. ↑ "Intel QAT Zstd, QAT Gen6 Improvements Merged For Linux 7.1" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-7.1-Crypto-QAT-Zstd.
14. ↑ "Intel® QuickAssist Technology (Intel® QAT) Improves Data Center..." (in en). https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/architecture-and-technology/intel-quick-assist-technology-overview.html.
15. ↑ "Linux 7.1 Will Bring Power Estimate Reporting For AMD Ryzen AI NPUs" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-7.1-Ryzen-AI-NPU-Power.
16. ↑ Ph.D, Shlomi Boutnaru (24 April 2025). "The Linux Concept Journey — fsnotify (File System Notification)" (in en). https://medium.com/@boutnaru/the-linux-concept-journey-fsnotify-file-system-notification-7da4a7ac29a3.
17. ↑ "Linux_7.0 - Linux Kernel Newbies". https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_7.0.
18. ↑ Corbet, Jonathan (23 January 2026). "Filesystem medley: EROFS, NTFS, and XFS" (in en-US). LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/1055062/.
19. ↑ "XFS Online Fsck Design — The Linux Kernel documentation" (in en). https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/next/filesystems/xfs-online-fsck-design.html.
20. ↑ "Thread Safety Analysis — Clang 23.0.0git documentation". https://clang.llvm.org/docs/ThreadSafetyAnalysis.html.
21. ↑ Corbet, Jonathan (10 March 2025). "Capability analysis for the kernel" (in en-US). LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/1012990/.
22. ↑ Corbet, Jonathan (19 January 2026). "Task-level io_uring restrictions" (in en-US). LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/1054225/.
23. ↑ "OPEN_TREE_NAMESPACE To Provide A Security & Performance Win For Dealing With Containers" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-Open-Tree-Namespace.
24. ↑ Corbet, Jonathan (2 February 2026). "Modernizing swapping: introducing the swap table" (in en-US). LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/1056405/.
25. ↑ Corbet, Jonathan (5 February 2026). "Modernizing swapping: the end of the swap map" (in en-US). LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/1057102/.
26. ↑ Corbet, Jonathan (18 September 2025). "Extending the time-slice-extension discussion" (in en-US). LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/1038235/.
27. ↑ Corbet, Jonathan (21 September 2023). "Revisiting the kernel's preemption models (part 1)" (in en-US). LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/944686/.
28. ↑ Corbet, Jonathan (2 October 2023). "Revisiting the kernel's preemption model, part 2" (in en-US). LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/945422/.
29. ↑ Corbet, Jonathan (18 February 2026). "More accurate congestion notification for TCP" (in en-US). LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/1058666/.
30. ↑ btrfs. "Logical mapping tree feature (relocation rework) · Issue #54 · btrfs/btrfs-todo" (in en). https://github.com/btrfs/btrfs-todo/issues/54.
31. ↑ Corbet, Jonathan (16 March 2026). "A safer kmalloc() for 7.0" (in en-US). LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/1062856/.
32. ↑ Jacobs, Skye (9 February 2026). "Torvalds kicks off Linux 7.0 after 6.19 lands with key tech gains" (in en-US). https://www.techspot.com/news/111249-torvalds-kicks-off-linux-70-after-619-lands.html.
33. ↑ Torvald, Linus (8 February 2026). "Linux 6.19". Linux Kernel Mailing List (Mailing list). Retrieved 12 April 2026.
34. ↑ Kroah-Hartman, Greg (22 April 2026). "Linux 6.19.14". Linux Kernel Mailing List (Mailing list). Retrieved 27 April 2026.
35. ↑ Corbet, Jonathan (2025-11-03). "Namespace reference counting and listns()" (in en-US). LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/1043824/.
36. ↑ Corbet, Jonathan (2025-08-18). "Kexec handover and the live update orchestrator" (in en-US). LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/1033364/.
37. ↑ "Live Update Orchestrator "LUO" Merged For Linux 6.19" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-6.19-Live-Update-LUO.
38. ↑ "IDE and TDISP: An Overview of PCIe® Technology Security Features | PCI-SIG". https://pcisig.com/blog/ide-and-tdisp-overview-pcie®-technology-security-features.
39. ↑ "Linux 6.19 Introduces PCIe Link Encryption & Device Authentication, AMD SEV-TIO Enabling" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-6.19-PCIe-Link-Encrypt.
40. ↑ "Btrfs In Linux 6.19 Adds Experimental Features, Continues Preparations For FSCRYPT" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-6.19-Btrfs.
41. ↑ "[PATCH v4 00/24 ext4: enable block size larger than page size"]. https://lore.kernel.org/linux-ext4/20251121090654.631996-1-libaokun@huaweicloud.com/T/.
42. ↑ "Linux Color Pipeline API — The Linux Kernel documentation". https://docs.kernel.org/gpu/rfc/color_pipeline.html.
43. ↑ "NVIDIA Improves Block Layer Peer-To-Peer DMA In Linux 6.19" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-6.19-IO-uring-Block.
44. ↑ Corbet, Jonathan (2025-07-11). "SFrame-based stack unwinding for the kernel" (in en-US). LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/1029189/.
45. ↑ Active kernel releases on kernel.org
46. ↑ Greg Kroah-Hartman (2026-06-16). "Linux 6.18.36". https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260616145057.827196531@linuxfoundation.org/.
47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Corbet, Jonathan (25 February 2026). "Support period lengthened for the 6.6, 6.12, and 6.18 kernels" (in en-US). LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/1060271/.
48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 Kroah-Hartman, Greg (25 February 2026). "bump the longterm EOL dates to a be a bit longer than previously documented". https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/docs/kernel/website.git/commit/?id=d04587da86a3464881e0c97aabddd2c271105698.
49. ↑ Corbet, Jonathan (2025-04-01). "Slab allocator: sheaves and any-context allocations" (in en-US). LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/1016001/.
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53. ↑ "PSP Security Protocol — The Linux Kernel documentation". https://docs.kernel.org/networking/psp.html.
54. ↑ ((google)). "psp/doc/PSP_Arch_Spec.pdf at main · google/psp" (in en). https://github.com/google/psp/blob/main/doc/PSP_Arch_Spec.pdf.
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56. ↑ "Swap Table — The Linux Kernel documentation". https://docs.kernel.org/mm/swap-table.html.
57. ↑ "[PATCH v4 00/15 mm, swap: introduce swap table as swap cache (phase I)"]. https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20250916160100.31545-1-ryncsn@gmail.com/T/.
58. ↑ Alden, Daroc (2025-08-12). "Possible paths for signing BPF programs" (in en-US). LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/1031854/.
59. ↑ "MatthewWilcox/Memdescs - Linux Kernel Newbies". https://kernelnewbies.org/MatthewWilcox/Memdescs.
60. ↑ Moola, Vishal (June 25, 2024). "Introducing Memdesc". https://blogs.oracle.com/linux/introducing-memdesc.
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66. ↑ Alden, Daroc (2025-03-19). "Better CPU vulnerability mitigation configuration" (in en-US). LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/1013640/.
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70. ↑ Corbet, Jonathan (2025-06-10). "An end to uniprocessor configurations" (in en-US). LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/1023575/.
71. ↑ "Runtime Verification — The Linux Kernel documentation". https://docs.kernel.org/trace/rv/runtime-verification.html.
72. ↑ "Real-time application monitors — The Linux Kernel documentation". https://docs.kernel.org/trace/rv/monitor_rtapp.html.
73. ↑ Alden, Daroc (2025-07-30). "Extending run-time verification for the kernel" (in en-US). LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/1030685/.
74. ↑ Torvalds, Linus (2025-08-28). "Maintainers: mark bcachefs externally maintained - kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/MAINTAINERS?id=ebf2bfec412ad293a0b118fb1a20a551088ebc9b.
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77. ↑ Edge, Jake (2025-04-09). "An update on torn-write protection" (in en-US). LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/1016406/.
78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 "Linux_6.16 - Linux Kernel Newbies". https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_6.16#Prominent_features.
79. ↑ "Intel Trust Domain Extensions (TDX) — The Linux Kernel documentation". https://docs.kernel.org/virt/kvm/x86/intel-tdx.html.
80. ↑ "Documentation for Intel® Trust Domain Extensions" (in en). https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/tools/trust-domain-extensions/documentation.html.
81. ↑ "Device Memory TCP — The Linux Kernel documentation". https://docs.kernel.org/networking/devmem.html#tx-interface.
82. ↑ Corbet, Jonathan (2024-06-27). "Direct-to-device networking" (in en-US). LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/979549/.
83. ↑ Corbet, Jonathan (2025-04-15). "Automatic tuning for weighted interleaving" (in en-US). LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/1016842/.
84. ↑ "Introducing Intel® Advanced Performance Extensions (Intel® APX)" (in en). https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/developer/articles/technical/advanced-performance-extensions-apx.html.
85. ↑ "[PATCH v12 00/21 futex: Add support task local hash maps, FUTEX2_NUMA and FUTEX2_MPOL"]. https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/20250416162921.513656-1-bigeasy@linutronix.de/T/.
86. ↑ "[PATCH v2 8/8 ext4: enable large folio for regular file"]. https://lore.kernel.org/all/202505161418.ec0d753f-lkp@intel.com/.
87. ↑ Torvalds, Linus (2025-05-25). "Linux 6.15". https://lore.kernel.org/all/CAHk-=wiLRW8DN8-4jmeCZH0OpO8skXOC5e6FwMfsPwGMpQYmVQ@mail.gmail.com/.
88. ↑ Greg Kroah-Hartman (2025-08-01). "Linux 6.15.9". https://lore.kernel.org/all/2025080157-pancreas-fleshed-73c0@gregkh/.
89. ↑ "Btrfs Adding Fast/Realtime Zstd Compression & Other Performance Optimizations" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-6.15-Btrfs.
90. ↑ Torvalds, Linus (2024-03-24). "Linux 6.14". https://lore.kernel.org/all/CAHk-=wg7TO09Si5tTPyhdrLLvyYtVmCf+GGN4kVJ0=Xk=5TE3g@mail.gmail.com/.
91. ↑ "Linux 6.14.11". https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/2025061030-latticed-capacity-dc94@gregkh/T/.
92. ↑ "Linux-6.14-Char-Misc-NTSYNC". https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-6.14-Char-Misc-NTSYNC.
93. ↑ "ntsync-for-proton-wine-now-in-linux-kernel-6-14-that-should-make-many-steamos-users-happy/". 28 January 2025. https://www.gamingonlinux.com/2025/01/ntsync-for-proton-wine-now-in-linux-kernel-6-14-that-should-make-many-steamos-users-happy/.
94. ↑ Speed, Richard. "Linux rolls out the welcome mat for Microsoft's Copilot key". https://www.theregister.com/2025/01/24/copilot_key_linux/.
95. ↑ "Linux 6.13". https://lore.kernel.org/linux-kernel/CAHk-=wiprabAQcCwb3qNhrT5P50MJNqunC9JU5v99kdvM-2rsg@mail.gmail.com/T/#u.
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97. ↑ "linux-kernel.vger.kernel.org archive mirror". https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/2025042056-bullish-tank-f386@gregkh/T/.
98. ↑ Torvalds, Linus (2024-11-17). "Linux 6.12". https://lore.kernel.org/linux-kernel/CAHk-=wgtGkHshfvaAe_O2ntnFBH3EprNk1juieLmjcF2HBwBgQ@mail.gmail.com/.
99. ↑ Greg Kroah-Hartman (2026-06-16). "Linux 6.12.94". https://lore.kernel.org/all/20260616145044.869532709@linuxfoundation.org/.
100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 "Linux 6.12 Features Are Super Exciting With Real-Time, Sched_ext, Intel Xe2 & Raspberry Pi 5" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/review/linux-612-features.
101. ↑ "Linux 6.12 Features Are Super Exciting With Real-Time, Sched_ext, Intel Xe2 & Raspberry Pi 5 (page 2)" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/review/linux-612-features/2.
102. ↑ rnkenchor (2025-01-13). "Kernel 6.12 will have 10 years support via CIP – Are all your maintenance problems solved?" (in en-US). https://www.cip-project.org/blog/2025/01/13/kernel-6-12-will-have-10-years-support-via-cip-are-all-your-maintenance-problems-solved.
103. ↑ "Release Notes for Debian 13 (trixie)". https://www.debian.org/releases/trixie/release-notes/.
104. ↑ "Trixie kernel will be Linux 6.12 LTS". https://wiki.debian.org/DebianTrixie.
105. ↑ "Release Notes for RHEL 10.0". https://docs.redhat.com/en/documentation/red_hat_enterprise_linux/10/html/10.0_release_notes/new-features-and-enhancements#new-features-and-enhancements-kernel.
106. ↑ Torvalds, Linus (2024-09-15). "Linux 6.11". https://lore.kernel.org/linux-kernel/CAHk-=whVpSHw9+4ov=oLevfv8sPYbh59T_9VKif-6Vqkr41jQA@mail.gmail.com/.
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108. ↑ Corbet, Jonathan (18 July 2024). "The first half of the 6.11 merge window [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/982034/.
109. ↑ 109.0 109.1 Corbet, Jonathan (29 July 2024). "The rest of the 6.11 merge window [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/982605/.
110. ↑ Torvalds, Linus (2024-07-14). "Linux 6.10". https://lore.kernel.org/linux-kernel/CAHk-=wjV_O2g_K19McjGKrxFxMFDqex+fyGcKc3uac1ft_O2gg@mail.gmail.com/.
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112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 Sneddon, Joey (2024-07-14). "Linux Kernel 6.10 Released with LOTS of Epic Changes" (in en-GB). https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2024/07/linux-kernel-6-10-new-features.
113. ↑ "Linux 6.10-rc1 - kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/Makefile?h=v6.10-rc3&id=1613e604df0cd359cf2a7fbd9be7a0bcfacfabd0.
114. ↑ "Linux 6.10 Honors One Last ReiserFS Request Made By Hans Reiser" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/ReiserFS-README-Linux-6.10.
115. ↑ Torvalds, Linus (2024-05-12). "Linux 6.9". https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/CAHk-=whnKYL-WARzrZhVTZ8RP3WZc24C9_DT7JMJooONNT2udQ@mail.gmail.com/.
116. ↑ Greg Kroah-Hartman (2024-07-29). "Re: Linux 6.9.12". https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/2024072948-glimmer-glitch-6a95@gregkh/.
117. ↑ 117.0 117.1 117.2 117.3 117.4 117.5 "Linux 6.9 Features: DM VDO, AMD Preferred Core, Intel FRED & Larger Console Fonts" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/review/linux-69-features.
118. ↑ "Linux_6.9 - Linux Kernel Newbies". https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_6.9#Power_Management.
119. ↑ Torvalds, Linus (2024-03-10). "Linux 6.8". https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/CAHk-=wiehc0DfPtL6fC2=bFuyzkTnuiuYSQrr6JTQxQao6pq1Q@mail.gmail.com/.
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122. ↑ Corbet, Jonathan (2023-07-06). "Large folios for anonymous memory" (in en-US). LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/937239/.
123. ↑ Corbet, Jonathan (2023-11-10). "listmount() and statmount()" (in en-US). LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/950569/.
124. ↑ Squires, Julian (2023-12-21). "Data-type profiling for perf" (in en-US). LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/955709/.
125. ↑ Corbet, Jonathan (2023-08-21). "Defending mounted filesystems from the root user" (in en-US). LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/941764/.
126. ↑ Edge, Jake (2023-01-04). "Adding system calls for Linux security modules" (in en-US). LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/919059/.
127. ↑ "Linux_6.8 - Linux Kernel Newbies". https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_6.8#Prominent_features.
128. ↑ "Ubuntu 24.04 LTS (Noble Numbat) Release Notes" (in en). 2025-06-16. https://discourse.ubuntu.com/t/ubuntu-24-04-lts-noble-numbat-release-notes/39890.
129. ↑ Torvalds, Linus (2024-01-07). "Linux 6.7". https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/CAHk-=widprp4XoHUcsDe7e16YZjLYJWra-dK0hE1MnfPMf6C3Q@mail.gmail.com/.
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131. ↑ 131.0 131.1 131.2 131.3 "Linux 6.7 Features Include Bcachefs, Stable Meteor Lake Graphics, NVIDIA GSP & More Next-Gen Hardware" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/review/linux-67-features.
132. ↑ "Btrfs Picks Up New Features For Linux 6.7" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Btrfs-Linux-6.7-Features.
133. ↑ Torvalds, Linus (2023-10-29). "Linux 6.6". https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/CAHk-=wiZuU984NWVgP4snp8sEt4Ux5Mp_pxAN5MNV9VpcGUo+A@mail.gmail.com/.
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135. ↑ "Linux 6.6". 2023-11-29. https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_6.6#Faster_asynchronous_Direct_I.2FO_using_io_uring.
136. ↑ Larabel, Michael (2023-07-14). "Linux 6.6 Will Make It Easy To Disable IO_uring System-Wide" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-6.6-sysctl-IO_uring.
137. ↑ Torvalds, Linus (2023-08-27). "Linux 6.5". https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/CAHk-=wgmKhCrdrOCjp=5v9NO6C=PJ8ZTZcCXj09piHzsZ7qqmw@mail.gmail.com/.
138. ↑ Kroah-Hartman, Greg (2023-11-28). "Linux 6.5.13". https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/2023112807-usher-penholder-f856@gregkh/.
139. ↑ 139.0 139.1 "Linux_6.5 - Linux Kernel Newbies". https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_6.5.
140. ↑ Torvalds, Linus (2023-06-25). "Linux 6.4". https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/CAHk-=wi7fwNWfqj-QQqEfZTUOB4bbKT8QiEUDHoPk0ecuYA7cA@mail.gmail.com/.
141. ↑ Kroah-Hartman, Greg (2023-09-13). "Linux 6.4.16". https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/2023091345-prankish-during-e3b4@gregkh/.
142. ↑ "Intel Linear Address Masking "LAM" Merged Into Linux 6.4" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Intel-LAM-Merged-Linux-6.4.
143. ↑ 143.00 143.01 143.02 143.03 143.04 143.05 143.06 143.07 143.08 143.09 143.10 143.11 "Linux 6.4 Features: Many Intel & AMD Additions, Better Desktop/Laptop Hardware Drivers" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/review/linux-64-features.
144. ↑ "AMD Guided Autonomous Mode Submitted For Linux 6.4" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/AMD-Guided-Auto-Mode-Linux-6.4.
145. ↑ Torvalds, Linus (2023-04-23). "Linux 6.3". https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/CAHk-=wg02PoScxDO0wwD5EkFpx50DF1c2TxXqyAnzGjdFf71jw@mail.gmail.com/.
146. ↑ Kroah-Hartman, Greg (2023-07-11). "Linux 6.3.13". https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/2023071110-clash-nastily-2b70@gregkh/T/.
147. ↑ Torvalds, Linus (2023-02-19). "Linux 6.2". https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/CAHk-=wio46vC4t6xXD-sFqjoPwFm_u515jm3suzmkGxQTeA1_A@mail.gmail.com/.
148. ↑ Kroah-Hartman, Greg (2023-05-17). "Linux 6.2.16". https://lore.kernel.org/all/2023051744-drainable-footwear-49bd@gregkh/.
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153. ↑ "Linux kernel 6.1 is out now". 12 December 2022. https://www.gamingonlinux.com/2022/12/linux-kernel-61-is-out-now/.
154. ↑ "Debian 12 -- Release Notes". https://www.debian.org/releases/bookworm/amd64/release-notes/ch-whats-new.en.html.
155. ↑ "Civil Infrastructure Platform". https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/civilinfrastructureplatform/start.
156. ↑ "kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree". https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/commit/?h=v6.1.28.
157. ↑ "Linux 6.0". https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/CAHk-=wiaGf66EQOq1FwM6p9c3mGOjzm9stGeUTfC5Txx4yoxgg@mail.gmail.com/T/#u.
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159. ↑ "Linux Kernel 6.0 Released, This is What's New". 2 October 2022. https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2022/10/linux-kernel-6-released-new-features.
160. ↑ "Linux 6.0 Supporting New Intel/AMD Hardware, Performance Improvements & Much More". https://www.phoronix.com/review/linux-60-features.
161. ↑ "Makefile - kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/Makefile?h=v6.0.
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164. ↑ 164.0 164.1 164.2 164.3 "Linux 5.19 Features: AMD SEV-SNP + Zen 4 Prep, Intel TDX + IFS, LoongArch, Big TCP, Apple M1 NVMe" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/review/linux-519-features.
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178. ↑ Daniel (16 January 2022). "And now Linux has a Real-Time Linux Analysis (RTLA) tool! – Daniel's page" (in en-US). https://bristot.me/and-now-linux-has-a-real-time-linux-analysis-rtla-tool/.
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180. ↑ "Blocking straight-line speculation — eventually [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/877845/.
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184. ↑ "Short subjects: Realtime, Futexes, and ntfs3 [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/866112/.
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186. ↑ "Advanced Matrix Extension (AMX) - x86 - WikiChip" (in en). https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/x86/amx.
187. ↑ "Replacing congestion_wait() [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/873672/.
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190. ↑ "Hastening process cleanup with process_mrelease() [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/864184/.
191. ↑ "Slackware 15 Release Announcement". http://slackware.com/announce/15.0.php.
192. ↑ "Release Notes for Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 7". https://docs.oracle.com/en/operating-systems/uek/7/relnotes7.0/.
193. ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=8bb7eca972ad531c9b149c0a51ab43a417385813.
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195. ↑ "What's new in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 beta". https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9-beta/html-single/9.0_release_notes/index.
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197. ↑ "Linux 5.13 To Allow Zstd Compressed Modules, Zstd Update Pending With Faster Performance" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-5.13-Zstd-Modules.
198. ↑ ""Landlock" Lands In Linux 5.13 For Unprivileged Application Sandboxing" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-5.13-Landlock-Lands.
199. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `5.12`
200. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `5.11`
201. ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2021-02-14. https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=f40ddce88593482919761f74910f42f4b84c004b.
202. ↑ Larabel, Michael (2020-10-26). "Linux 5.10 Is The Next LTS Kernel". Phoronix. https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-5.10-LTS-Kernel.
203. ↑ "The Arm64 memory tagging extension in Linux" (in en). https://lwn.net/Articles/834289/.
204. ↑ "Bullseye kernel will be Linux 5.10 LTS". https://wiki.debian.org/DebianBullseye.
205. ↑ "Civil Infrastructure Platform". https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/civilinfrastructureplatform/start.
206. ↑ "kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree". 2021-02-26. https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/commit/?h=linux-5.10.y&id=7b43ec8a0cc6fefdd63a1443edef0d2693ff99a2.
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208. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `5.8`
209. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `5.7`
210. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `5.6`
211. ↑ 211.0 211.1 "The Best Features Of The Linux 5.6 Kernel From WireGuard To Y2038 Compatibility To USB4" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-5.6-The-Best-Features.
212. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `5.5`
213. ↑ "Linux 5.4-rc2". 2019-10-06. https://github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/da0c9ea146cbe92b832f1b0f694840ea8eb33cce#diff-b67911656ef5d18c4ae36cb6741b7965.
214. ↑ "Linux 5.4-rc5". 2019-10-27. https://github.com/torvalds/linux/commit/d6d5df1db6e9d7f8f76d2911707f7d5877251b02#diff-b67911656ef5d18c4ae36cb6741b7965.
215. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `5.3`
216. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `5.2`
217. ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2019-05-26. https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=cd6c84d8f0cdc911df435bb075ba22ce3c605b07.
218. ↑ "Linux 5.2-rc2 Kernel Released As The "Golden Lions"". 2019-05-26. https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-5.2-rc2-Released.
219. ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2019-07-07. https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=0ecfebd2b52404ae0c54a878c872bb93363ada36.
220. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `5.1`
221. ↑ "The rapid growth of io_uring [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/810414/.
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223. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `latest 4.20`
224. ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2018-11-25. https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=2e6e902d185027f8e3cb8b7305238f7e35d6a436.
225. ↑ 225.0 225.1 "Tags of CIP Linux". https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/cip/linux-cip.git/refs/tags.
226. ↑ Nestor, Marius (5 September 2018). "It's Official: Linux Kernel 4.19 Will Be the Next LTS (Long-Term Support) Series". https://news.softpedia.com/news/it-s-official-linux-kernel-4-19-will-be-the-next-lts-long-term-support-series-522452.shtml.
227. ↑ "Buster kernel will be Linux 4.19 LTS". https://wiki.debian.org/DebianBuster.
228. ↑ Meanor, Maemalynn (25 February 2019). "Civil Infrastructure Platform Announces New Super Long Term Support Kernel that Advances Automation, Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence". The Linux Foundation. https://www.linuxfoundation.org/press-release/2019/02/civil-infrastructure-platform-announces-new-super-long-term-support-kernel-that-advances-automation-machine-learning-and-artificial-intelligence/.
229. ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2018-10-22. https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=84df9525b0c27f3ebc2ebb1864fa62a97fdedb7d.
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231. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `latest 4.17`
232. ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2018-05-06. https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=75bc37fefc4471e718ba8e651aa74673d4e0a9eb.
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234. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `latest 4.15`
235. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `414EOL`
236. ↑ "Zstd Compression For Btrfs & Squashfs Set For Linux 4.14, Already Used Within Facebook" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-4.14-Zstd-Pull.
237. ↑ "kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree". 2017-11-21. https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/commit/Makefile?h=linux-4.14.y&id=780a781dd6f1af9dfac15b8eeba1cb678c9fc380.
238. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `latest 4.13`
239. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `latest 4.12`
240. ↑ 240.0 240.1 240.2 "Linux_4.12 - Linux Kernel Newbies". https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_4.12.
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242. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `latest 4.10`
243. ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2017-01-22. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=7a308bb3016f57e5be11a677d15b821536419d36.
244. ↑ "Kernel release status". 2017-02-01. https://lwn.net/Articles/713279/.
245. ↑ "Stretch kernel will be Linux 4.9 LTS". https://wiki.debian.org/DebianStretch.
246. ↑ "The 4.9 kernel has been released". https://lwn.net/Articles/708765/.
247. ↑ "Linus Torvalds". https://plus.google.com/u/0/+LinusTorvalds/posts/BXFdMkUECrx.
248. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `latest 4.8`
249. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `latest 4.7`
250. ↑ "CPUFreq's New Scaling Governor Is Coming For Linux 4.7" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/CPUFreq-New-Governor-Linux-4.7.
251. ↑ "EFI Bootloader Control Driver, Core EFI Capsule Ready For Linux 4.7" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Linux-4.7-EFI-Changes.
252. ↑ "Async Discard Support Comes For Linux 4.7" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Async-Discard-Linux-4.7.
253. ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2016-05-29. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=1a695a905c18548062509178b98bc91e67510864.
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255. ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2016-05-01. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=04974df8049fc4240d22759a91e035082ccd18b4.
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258. ↑ "Slackware 14.2 announcement". http://slackware.osuosl.org/slackware-14.2/ANNOUNCE.14_2.
259. ↑ "Ubuntu kernel lifecycle and enablement stack". https://ubuntu.com/kernel/lifecycle#support-16-04.
260. ↑ Nestor, Marius (20 February 2016). "Linux Kernel 4.3.6 Is the Last in the Series, Users Urged to Move to Linux 4.4". Softpedia. SoftNews NET SRL. http://news.softpedia.com/news/linux-kernel-4-3-6-is-the-last-in-the-series-users-urged-to-move-to-linux-4-4-500675.shtml.
261. ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2015-10-11. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/Makefile?id=25cb62b76430a91cc6195f902e61c2cb84ade622.
262. ↑ "Linus Torvalds - Google+ - Pictures from the latest dive trip with Linus Torvalds and Miika Turkia". 2015-10-03. https://plus.google.com/+LinusTorvalds/posts/QNVC4hpcioK.
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266. ↑ 266.0 266.1 "Linux kernel 4.1.52 released". LKML (Mailing list). 29 May 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2018.
267. ↑ "Greg KH: Re: Linux 4.1.1". LKML. 2015-06-29. https://lkml.org/lkml/2015/6/29/492.
268. ↑ Nestor, Marius (13 July 2015). "Linux Kernel 4.0 to Reach End of Life Soon, Users Urged to Move to Linux Kernel 4.1". Softpedia. SoftNews NET SRL. http://news.softpedia.com/news/linux-kernel-4-0-to-reach-end-of-life-soon-users-urged-to-move-to-linux-kernel-4-1-486698.shtml.
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270. ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2015-02-23. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=c517d838eb7d07bbe9507871fab3931deccff539.
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272. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `3.19.8 release`
273. ↑ Mostafa, Kamal (13 May 2015). "Linux 3.19.y-ckt extended stable support". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 20 January 2016.
274. ↑ 274.0 274.1 "Linux_3.18 - Linux Kernel Newbies". https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.18.
275. ↑ "Linux kernel 3.18, Section 1.3. bpf() syscall for eBFP virtual machine programs". December 7, 2014. https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.18#bpf.28.29_syscall_for_eBFP_virtual_machine_programs.
276. ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2014-11-02. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=0df1f2487d2f0d04703f142813d53615d62a1da4.
277. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `3.17.8 release`
278. ↑ Hutchings, Ben (11 June 2020). "Linux 3.16.85". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 18 June 2020.
279. ↑ Hutchings, Ben (2 May 2016). "Add 3.16 as a longterm release". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 9 May 2016.
280. ↑ Guerrero Lopez, Ana. "Jessie will ship Linux 3.16". Debian Project (Bits from Debian). https://bits.debian.org/2014/07/kernel-version-for-jessie.html.
281. ↑ Henriques, Luis (30 October 2014). "Linux 3.16.y.z extended stable support". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 3 November 2014.
282. ↑ "kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree". 2014-08-14. https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/commit/Makefile?h=linux-3.16.y&id=9a35988df62b6ce3b69d640da44a3ead96f63182.
283. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `3.15.10 release`
284. ↑ "Linux kernel 3.15, Section 1.7. zram: LZ4 compression support, improved performance". June 8, 2014. https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.15#zram:_LZ4_compression_support.2C_improved_performance.
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286. ↑ "Linux kernel 3.14, Section 1.2. zram: Memory compression mechanism considered stable". March 30, 2014. https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.14#zram:_Memory_compression_mechanism_considered_stable.
287. ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2014-02-03. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=38dbfb59d1175ef458d006556061adeaa8751b72.
288. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `3.13.11 release`
289. ↑ Mostafa, Kamal (24 April 2014). "[ANNOUNCE] Linux 3.13.y.z extended stable support". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 15 February 2015.
290. ↑ "Linux 3.12-rc1". kernel.org. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=272b98c6455f00884f0350f775c5342358ebb73f.
291. ↑ "Frog Photobombs NASA Moon Probe Launch". space.com. 2013-09-12. http://www.space.com/22772-frog-photobombs-nasa-moon-launch.html.
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293. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `3.12 LTS`
294. ↑ "Linux 3.12 Codenamed "Suicidal Squirrel"". Phoronix. https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTQ1OTg.
295. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `3.11.10 release`
296. ↑ "Linux kernel 3.11, Section 9. Zswap: A compressed swap cache". September 2, 2013. https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.11#Zswap:_A_compressed_swap_cache.
297. ↑ Vaughan, Steven J. (2013-07-16). "Linux 3.11: Linux for Workgroups". ZDNet. https://www.zdnet.com/article/linux-3-11-linux-for-workgroups/.
298. ↑ 298.0 298.1 Tarreau, Willy (5 November 2017). "Linux 3.10.108 (EOL)". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 5 November 2017.
299. ↑ Tarreau, Willy (14 June 2016). "[PATCH kernel.org] change 3.10 EOL and maintainer". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 14 June 2016.
300. ↑ "Linux kernel 3.10, Section 1.2. bcache, a block layer cache for SSD caching". June 30, 2013. https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.10#Bcache.2C_a_block_layer_cache_for_SSD_caching.
301. ↑ "Baby Fish - Taipei Open Source Software User Group". tossug.org. 2013-08-13. http://www.tossug.org/baby-fish.
302. ↑ "Greg KH: Re: Linux 3.10.9". LKML. https://lkml.org/lkml/2013/8/20/678.
303. ↑ "kernel/git/stable/linux-stable.git - Linux kernel stable tree". git.kernel.org. 2013-08-12. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux-stable.git/commit/?id=22e994efa7f9a786fc2c5e07e0b5e312f2db025e.
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306. ↑ "Linux kernel 3.9, Section 1.3. SSD cache devices". April 28, 2013. https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.9#SSD_cache_devices.
307. ↑ "Linux_3.9 - Linux Kernel Newbies". https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.9#New_.22suspend-freeze.22_suspend_state:.
308. ↑ "Linux_3.9_DriverArch - Linux Kernel Newbies". https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.9_DriverArch#x86.
309. ↑ jake (2013-06-13). "Stable kernels 3.9.6, 3.4.49, and 3.0.82". LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/554241/.
310. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `3.8.13 release`
311. ↑ "F2FS File-System Merged Into Linux 3.8 Kernel" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/MTI1OTU.
312. ↑ "Linux Kernel Drops Support For Old Intel 386 CPUs" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/MTI0OTg.
313. ↑ Walker-Morgan, DJ (15 May 2013). "Canonical to maintain Linux 3.8 until August 2014". The H Open. Heinz Heise. http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Canonical-to-maintain-Linux-3-8-until-August-2014-1863580.html.
314. ↑ Leemhuis, Thorsten (2013-02-19). "What's new in Linux 3.8 - The H Open: News and Features". h-online.com. http://www.h-online.com/open/features/What-s-new-in-Linux-3-8-1804240.html.
315. ↑ "Linus Torvalds - Google+ - My meds must be kicking in.. I think I just saw somebody...". Google+. https://plus.google.com/+LinusTorvalds/posts/gpzXwAysjN9.
316. ↑ "Linux 3.8.5". permalink.gmane.org. 2013-03-28. http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/1466058.
317. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `3.7.10 release`
318. ↑ Stahie, Silviu (1 March 2013). "Linux Kernel 3.7.10 Officially Reaches End of Life, Kernel.org Website Updated". Softpedia. http://news.softpedia.com/news/Linux-Kernel-3-7-10-Officially-Reaches-End-of-Life-Kernel-org-Website-Updated-333675.shtml.
319. ↑ "ARM64/AArch64 Support Going Into Linux 3.7 Kernel" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/MTE5NjQ.
320. ↑ Thorsten Leemhuis. "Die Neuerungen von Linux 3.6 | heise open". heise.de. http://www.heise.de/open/artikel/Die-Neuerungen-von-Linux-3-6-1714142.html.
321. ↑ "Linus Torvalds - Google+ - Minky has gone from catching shrews to catching (and...". Google+. https://plus.google.com/+LinusTorvalds/posts/4tWgzbhGX2m.
322. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `3.6.11 release`
323. ↑ "Btrfs Filesystem In Linux 3.6 Kernel Has Big Changes" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/MTE0NzE.
324. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `3.5.7 release`
325. ↑ Krzesinski, Herton Ronaldo (9 November 2012). "Linux 3.6.11". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 14 May 2013.
326. ↑ "Linux kernel 3.4.113 released". Linux stable (Mailing list). 26 October 2016. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
327. ↑ "[Kernel 3.4.113[CAF][Monthly] Lambda Kernel ~ Infinito [All variants][N/M/L][01/29]"]. 13 December 2015. https://forum.xda-developers.com/lg-g2/development/kernel-lambda-kernel-t3270424. "The 3.4.113 version of the Linux kernel has been finished in Oct 26, 2016 and it's currently marked as EOL (End of Life) version."
328. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `3.3.8 release`
329. ↑ Hutchings, Ben (1 June 2018). "Linux 3.2.102". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 6 June 2018.
330. ↑ 330.0 330.1 von Eitzen, Chris (23 April 2012). "Long-term maintenance for Linux 3.2". The H Open. Heinz Heise. http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Long-term-maintenance-for-Linux-3-2-1546065.html.
331. ↑ "Active kernel releases" (in en). https://www.kernel.org/releases.html.
332. ↑ "LTS Enablement Stacks". https://wiki.ubuntu.com/Kernel/LTSEnablementStack.
333. ↑ "SecurityTeam/ESM/12.04". https://wiki.ubuntu.com/SecurityTeam/ESM/12.04.
334. ↑ "Greg KH: Re: Linux 3.4.53". LKML. 2013-07-13. https://lkml.org/lkml/2013/7/13/117.
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336. ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". git.kernel.org. 2011-08-22. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=fcb8ce5cfe30ca9ca5c9a79cdfe26d1993e65e0c.
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338. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `3.0.101 release`
339. ↑ "Linux_3.0 - Linux Kernel Newbies, Section 1.1. Btrfs: Automatic defragmentation, scrubbing, performance improvements". https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_3.0#Btrfs:_Automatic_defragmentation.2C_scrubbing.2C_performance_improvements.
340. ↑ "Linux 3.0 all about 'steady plodding progress'". https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/05/31/linux_kernel_version_3_0/.
341. ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2011-05-30. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=55922c9d1b84b89cb946c777fddccb3247e7df2c.
342. ↑ Bunk, Adrian (11 October 2008). "Linux 2.6.27 will be a longtime supported kernel". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 12 January 2016.
343. ↑ Larabel, Michael (26 October 2011). "Linux Foundation Backs Long-Term Support Kernels". Phoronix Media. https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTAwNjA.
344. ↑ "What is LTSI?". The Linux Foundation. http://ltsi.linuxfoundation.org/what-is-ltsi.
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346. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `2.6.38.8 release`
347. ↑ Leemhuis, Thorsten (2010-10-21). "What's new in Linux 2.6.36 - The H Open Source: News and Features". http://www.h-online.com/open/features/What-s-new-in-Linux-2-6-36-1103009.html.
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349. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `2.6.36.4 release`
350. ↑ "Linux_2_6_36 - Linux Kernel Newbies". https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_36.
351. ↑ Kleen, Andi (1 August 2011). "[ANNOUNCE] The longterm Linux 2.6.35.14 kernel is released". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 17 May 2013.
352. ↑ 352.0 352.1 Kleen, Andi (3 December 2010). "Plans for 2.6.35-longterm was Re: Linux stable kernel release procedure changes". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 17 May 2013.
353. ↑ 353.0 353.1 Gortmaker, Paul (11 February 2014). "Linux 2.6.34.15". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 12 February 2014.
354. ↑ 354.0 354.1 Gortmaker, Paul (3 December 2010). "Announcement: Plans for v2.6.34-longterm". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 17 May 2013.
355. ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2010-04-19. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=01bf0b64579ead8a82e7cfc32ae44bc667e7ad0f.
356. ↑ "Linux-Kernel Archive: Sheep on Meth is out with wings (?) - compat-wireless for linux-2.6.35-rc1". http://lkml.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/1006.0/00507.html.
357. ↑ 357.0 357.1 Leemhuis, Thorsten (23 March 2011). "Kernel Log: Development of 2.6.39 under way, series 33 revived". The H Open. Heinz Heise. http://www.h-online.com/open/features/Kernel-Log-Development-of-2-6-39-under-way-series-33-revived-1212988.html.
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359. ↑ "Linux_2_6_33 - Linux Kernel Newbies - 1.1. Nouveau, a driver for Nvidia graphic cards". https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_33#Nouveau.2C_a_driver_for_Nvidia_graphic_cards.
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361. ↑ Tarreau, Willy (5 March 2012). "Re: Linux 2.6.32.58". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 12 February 2014.
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366. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `2.6.31.14 release`
367. ↑ "Linux_2_6_31 - Linux Kernel Newbies". https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_31.
368. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `2.6.30.9 release`
369. ↑ "Linux_2_6_30 - Linux Kernel Newbies". https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_30.
370. ↑ "Kernel development". https://lwn.net/Articles/330908/.
371. ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2009-05-16. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=1406de8e11eb043681297adf86d6892ff8efc27a.
372. ↑ "Blubber-wrapped Linux kernel 2.6.30 hits the decks". https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/06/11/linux_kernel_2_6_30/.
373. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `2.6.29.6 release`
374. ↑ Wuelfing, Britta (12 January 2009). "Kernel 2.6.29: Corbet Says Btrfs Next Generation Filesystem". Linux Magazine. http://www.linux-magazine.com/Online/News/Kernel-2.6.29-Corbet-Says-Btrfs-Next-Generation-Filesystem.
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376. ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=8032b526d1a3bd91ad633dd3a3b5fdbc47ad54f1.
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378. ↑ "ext4: Rename ext4dev to ext4". https://git.kernel.org/?p=linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux-2.6.git;a=commit;h=03010a3350301baac2154fa66de925ae2981b7e3.
379. ↑ "Killer bat of doom". LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/304616/.
380. ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". git.kernel.org. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/diff/Makefile?id=57f8f7b60db6f1ed2c6918ab9230c4623a9dbe37&id2=325dcfdc81f124812a7b692354996ef7fe5b90ed.
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382. ↑ Tarreau, Willy (17 March 2012). "Linux 2.6.27.62". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 12 February 2014.
383. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `2.6.27 longterm`
384. ↑ "Commit in mer-meego-kernel in Mer-meego". Gitorious. https://gitorious.org/mer-meego/mer-meego-kernel/commit/c9a753e1243428681e0213dfb72404894b72dcda.
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386. ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". git.kernel.org. 2008-06-12. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=5dd34572ad9a3be430632dd42e4af2ea370b397b.
387. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `2.6.25.20 release`
388. ↑ "More stuff for 2.6.25 [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/267849/.
389. ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". git.kernel.org. 2008-02-15. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=101142c37be8e5af9b847860219217e6b958c739.
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391. ↑ Jonathan Corbet (29 October 2007). "Notes from a container". LWN.net. http://lwn.net/Articles/256389/. "The original 'containers' name was considered to be too generic – this code is an important part of a container solution, but it's far from the whole thing. So containers have now been renamed 'control groups' (or 'cgroups') and merged for 2.6.24."
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393. ↑ "git » linux-kernel » commit 3146b39". blitiri.com.ar. 2007-10-02. http://blitiri.com.ar/git/r/linux-kernel/c/da0a81e98c06aa0d1e05b9012c2b2facb1807e12/.
394. ↑ "Linux 2.6.24.6". permalink.gmane.org. 2008-05-02. http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/674469.
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396. ↑ "Linux_2_6_23 - Linux Kernel Newbies". https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_23.
397. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `2.6.22.19 release`
398. ↑ 398.0 398.1 "Linux_2_6_22 - Linux Kernel Newbies". https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_22.
399. ↑ "Openswan-2.6.39.tar.gz: .../Kernel/2.6.22/Saref.patch | Fossies Archi…". http://fossies.org/linux/misc/openswan-2.6.39.tar.gz:a/openswan-2.6.39/patches/kernel/2.6.22/saref.patch.
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404. ↑ "Linux_2_6_20 - Linux Kernel Newbies". https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_20.
405. ↑ corbet (2007-01-02). "Linux 2.6.20-rc3". LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/216045/.
406. ↑ "Re: Linux 2.6.20.10". Linux.derkeiler.com. 2007-04-27. http://linux.derkeiler.com/Mailing-Lists/Kernel/2007-04/msg10710.html.
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408. ↑ "Serial ATA (SATA) Linux hardware/driver status report". http://linux-ata.org/driver-status.html#ahci.
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410. ↑ "Linux_2_6_19 - Linux Kernel Newbies". https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_19#GFS2.
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413. ↑ "Linux_2_6_18 - Linux Kernel Newbies". https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_18.
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422. ↑ "Linux_2_6_15 - Linux Kernel Newbies". https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_15.
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425. ↑ "Linux_2_6_14 - Linux Kernel Newbies". https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_14.
426. ↑ "Greg KH: Re: Linux 2.6.14.5". LKML. https://lkml.org/lkml/2005/12/26/133.
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428. ↑ Fox, Richard (2014-08-26) (in en). Linux with Operating System Concepts. CRC Press. pp. 450. ISBN 978-1-4822-3589-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=VG8LBAAAQBAJ&dq=initramfs+2.6.13&pg=PA450.
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433. ↑ "Linux_2_6_12 - Linux Kernel Newbies". https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_12.
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439. ↑ "Linux 2.6.7 [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/89720/.
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449. ↑ "Linux_2_6_2 - Linux Kernel Newbies". https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_2.
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467. ↑ Petersen, Marc-Christian (25 February 2004). "Linux 2.2.26 aka "2.2 is not dead" released". LKML (Mailing list).
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478. ↑ "1. The Linux/x86 Boot Protocol — The Linux Kernel documentation". https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/v6.6/arch/x86/boot.html.
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488. ↑ "Linux Kernel Version History: 0.98 series kernels". http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/docs/history/0.98.html.
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495. ↑ "0.96c second patch - kernel/git/history/history.git - Linux kernel historic tree". https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/history/history.git/commit/?h=0.96c-patch2.
496. ↑ "Linux Kernel Version History: 0.95 series kernels". http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/docs/history/0.95.html.
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500. ↑ 500.0 500.1 500.2 500.3 500.4 500.5 "linux-0.12 is available - refs/tags/v0.12 - pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nico/archive - Git at Google". https://kernel.googlesource.com/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/nico/archive/+/refs/tags/v0.12.
501. ↑ 501.0 501.1 501.2 "Linux-0.11 (December 8, 1991) - kernel/git/history/history.git - Linux kernel historic tree". https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/history/history.git/commit/?h=0.99&id=b65b60f4acd7efbbccd3d2411e9e5bca520a7574.
502. ↑ 502.0 502.1 502.2 "Linux 0.10 (November 11, 1991 ???) - kernel/git/history/history.git - Linux kernel historic tree". https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/history/history.git/commit/?h=0.99&id=fa1ec1000cf9954b8e78216c11b0c3f86336d488.
503. ↑ 503.0 503.1 503.2 503.3 "Linux: The 0.02 and 0.03 Releases | KernelTrap". 2008-03-11. http://kerneltrap.org/node/14037.
504. ↑ "Happy 25th once again to Linux, 'the little OS that definitely could'" (in en). 2016-10-05. https://www.pcworld.com/article/3128189/happy-25th-once-again-to-linux-the-little-os-that-definitely-could.html.
505. ↑ 505.0 505.1 505.2 505.3 505.4 "Linux-0.01 (September 17, 1991) - kernel/git/history/history.git - Linux kernel historic tree". https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/history/history.git/commit/?h=0.97.3&id=bb441db1a90a1801ef4e6546417a8d907c55d92f.
506. ↑ Mauerer, Wolfgang (2010). Professional Linux Kernel Architecture. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 490. ISBN 9781118079911. https://books.google.com/books?id=-6zvRFEfQ24C&pg=PT490.

## External links

* Official Linux kernel website
* Active kernel releases, on the official Linux kernel website
* Linux versions changelog, in Linux Kernel Newbies
* Kernel coverage at LWN.net

* v
* t
* e

Linux kernel

Organization|

| Kernel|

* Linux Foundation
* Linux Mark Institute
* Linus's law
* Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate
* Tux
* SCO disputes
* Linaro
* GNU GPL v2
* menuconfig
* Supported computer architectures
* Kernel names
* Criticism

|

Support|

* Developers
* The Linux Programming Interface
* kernel.org
* LKML
* Linux conferences
* Users
* Linux User Group (LUG)

Technical|

| Debugging|

* CRIU
* ftrace
* kdump
* Linux kernel oops
* SystemTap
* BPF

|

Startup|

* vmlinux
* System.map
* dracut
* initrd
* initramfs

ABIs|

* Linux Standard Base
* x32 ABI

APIs|

| Of
userspace|

| FS,
daemons|

* devfs
* devpts
* debugfs
* procfs
* sysfs
* systemd
* udev
* Kmscon

|

Wrapper
libraries|

* C standard library
* glibc
* uClibc
* Bionic
* libhybris
* dietlibc
* EGLIBC
* klibc
* musl
* Newlib
* libcgroup
* libdrm
* libalsa
* libevdev
* libusb

kernel|

| System Call
Interface|

* POSIX
* ioctl
* select
* open
* read
* close
* sync
* …
* Linux-only
* futex
* epoll
* splice
* dnotify
* inotify
* readahead
* …

|

In-kernel|

* ALSA
* Crypto API
* DRM
* kernfs
* Memory barrier
* New API
* RCU
* Video4Linux

Components|

* Kernel modules
* BlueZ
* cgroups
* Console
* bcache
* Device mapper
* dm-cache
* dm-crypt
* DRM
* EDAC
* evdev
* Kernel same-page merging (KSM)
* LIO
* Framebuffer
* LVM
* KMS driver
* Netfilter
* Netlink
* nftables
* Network scheduler
* perf
* SLUB
* zram
* zswap

* Process and I/O schedulers:
* O(n) scheduler
* O(1) scheduler
* Completely Fair Scheduler (CFQ)
* Brain Fuck Scheduler
* Noop scheduler
* SCHED_DEADLINE

* Security Modules: AppArmor
* Exec Shield
* grsecurity
* PaX
* seccomp
* SELinux
* Smack
* Tomoyo Linux
* Linux PAM

* Device drivers
* 802.11
* graphics
* Raw device

* initramfs
* KernelCare
* kexec
* kGraft
* kpatch
* Ksplice

Variants|

* Mainline
* Linux kernel
* Linux-libre
* High-performance computing
* INK
* Compute Node Linux
* SLURM
* Real-time computing
* RTLinux
* RTAI
* Xenomai
* Carrier Grade Linux
* MMU-less
* μClinux
* PSXLinux

| Virtualization|

* Hypervisor
* KVM
* Xen
* OS-level virtualization
* Linux-VServer
* Lguest
* LXC
* OpenVZ
* Other
* L4Linux
* ELinOS
* User-mode Linux
* MkLinux
* coLinux

|

Adoption|

| Range
of use|

* Desktop
* Embedded
* Gaming
* Thin client:
* LTSP
* Thinstation
* Server:
* LAMP
* LYME-LYCE
* Devices

|

Adopters|

* List of Linux adopters
* GENIVI Alliance
* Proprietary software for Linux

* Category
* Commons
* Book
* Wikiversity
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Timelines of computing

Computing|

* before 1950
* 1950–1979
* 1980s
* 1990s
* 2000s
* 2010s

Software|

| Open-source software|

* 1970s
* 1980s
* 1990s
* 2000s
* 2010s
* 2020s

|

Programming languages|

Hypertext technology|

Operating systems|

* DOS family
* Windows
* Linux

Virtualization development|

Malware|

Computer science|

* Artificial intelligence
* Quantum computing

Internet|

* Web browsers
* Internet conflicts

Men in computing|

* John Vincent Atanasoff
* Charles Babbage
* John Backus
* George Boole
* Vint Cerf
* John Cocke
* Stephen Cook
* J. Presper Eckert
* David A. Huffman
* Bob Kahn
* Brian Kernighan
* Andrew Koenig
* Donald Knuth
* Joseph Kruskal
* Douglas McIlroy
* John von Neumann
* Dennis Ritchie
* Guido van Rossum
* Bjarne Stroustrup
* Ken Thompson
* Linus Torvalds
* Alan Turing
* Paul Vixie
* Larry Wall
* Stephen Wolfram
* Steve Wozniak

Women in computing|

* Kathleen Antonelli
* Jean Bartik
* Adele Goldstine
* Lois Haibt
* Betty Holberton
* Ada Lovelace
* Margaret Hamilton
* Grace Hopper
* Nancy Leveson
* Marlyn Meltzer
* Klara Dan von Neumann
* Frances Spence
* Ruth Teitelbaum

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