Linux kernel version history

Short description: Version history of the Linux kernel

This article is missing information about features of versions before 2021 and after 2022. Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the talk page. (May 2023)

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This article documents the version history of the Linux kernel. The Linux kernel is a free and open-source, monolithic, Unix-like operating system kernel. It was conceived and created in 1991 by Linus Torvalds.[1]

Linux kernels have different support levels depending on the version. Usually, each stable version continues to backport bug fixes from the mainline until the next stable version is released. However, if a stable version has been designated a long-term support (LTS) kernel, it will be maintained for extra few years.[2] After that, a few versions got declared Super-Long-Term Support (SLTS) will then be maintained by the Civil Infrastructure Platform (CIP) for many more years.[3]

<timeline> Define $width = 1500 Define $warning = 1400 # $width - 100 ImageSize = width:$width height:420 PlotArea = left:45 right:10 bottom:65 top:10 DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/1991 till:$now TimeAxis = orientation:hor Alignbars = justify Legend = position:bottom columns:3

1.     1.       1.         1.           1.             1.               1.                 1.                   1.                     1.                       1.                         1.                           1.                             1.                               1.                                 1.                                   1.                                     1.                                       1.                                         1.                                           1.                                             1.                                               1.                                                 1.                                                   1.                                                     1.                                                       1.                                                         1.                                                           1.                                                             1.                                                               1.                                                                 1.                                                                   1.                                                                     1.                                                                       1.                                                                         1.                                                                           1.                                                                             1.                                                                               1.                                                                                 1.                                                                                   1.                                                                                     1.                                                                                       1.                                                                                         1.                                                                                           1.                                                                                             1.                                                                                               1.                                                                                                 1.                                                                                                   1.                                                                                                     1.   2. Color definitions #
1.       1.         1.           1.             1.               1.                 1.                   1.                     1.                       1.                         1.                           1.                             1.                               1.                                 1.                                   1.                                     1.                                       1.                                         1.                                           1.                                             1.                                               1.                                                 1.                                                   1.                                                     1.                                                       1.                                                         1.                                                           1.                                                             1.                                                               1.                                                                 1.                                                                   1.                                                                     1.                                                                       1.                                                                         1.                                                                           1.                                                                             1.                                                                               1.                                                                                 1.                                                                                   1.                                                                                     1.                                                                                       1.                                                                                         1.                                                                                           1.                                                                                             1.                                                                                               1.                                                                                                 1.                                                                                                   1.                                                                                                     1.

Colors =

id:Major		value:rgb(0.6,0.6,0.6)
id:Minor		value:rgb(0.8,0.8,0.8)
id:DEV		value:rgb(0.8,0.8,0.8)	Legend:Development
id:SUPPORT		value:rgb(0.6,0.9,0.6)	Legend:Supported
id:LTS		value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9)	Legend:LTS

ScaleMajor = gridcolor:Major unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/1991 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:Minor unit:month increment:3 start:01/01/1991

1. hiding bar axis thingies

BarData=

bar:6.0
bar:5.0
bar:4.0
bar:3.0
bar:2.6
bar:2.4
bar:2.2
bar:2.0
bar:1.0

PlotData=

##################################################
# 1.x filled bar ver:0.01-0.99.15                #
##################################################
bar:1.0 width:25 from:17/09/1991 till:13/03/1994 color:DEV mark:(line,black)

##################################################
# 1.x filled bar ver:1.0-patch9                  #
##################################################
bar:1.0 width:25 from:13/03/1994 till:16/04/1994 color:SUPPORT mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 1.x filled bar ver:1.1.0-1.1.95                #
##################################################
bar:1.0 width:25 from:06/04/1994 till:02/03/1995 color:SUPPORT mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 1.x filled bar ver:1.2.0-1.2.13                #
##################################################
bar:1.0 width:25 from:07/03/1995 till:02/08/1995 color:SUPPORT mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 1.x filled bar ver:1.3.0-1.3.100               #
##################################################
bar:1.0 width:25 from:12/06/1995 till:10/05/1996 color:SUPPORT mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 1.x important versions   ver:0.01-1.3.100      #
##################################################
bar:1.0 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:17/09/1991 text:"0.01" shift:(-12,0)
at:03/02/1994 text:"0.99.15" shift:(-20,-10)
at:13/03/1994 text:"1.0" shift:(-12,0)
at:06/04/1994 text:"1.1.0" shift:(12,0)
at:07/03/1995 text:"1.2.0" shift:(-12,-10)
at:12/06/1995 text:"1.3.0" shift:(12,0)
at:10/05/1996 text:"1.3.100" shift:(18,0)

##################################################
# pre2.0 betavers. pre2.0.1 - pre2.0.14          #
##################################################
bar:2.0 width:25 from:12/05/1996 till:09/06/1996 color:DEV mark:(line,black)

##################################################
# pre2.0 line & text for first & last version    #
##################################################
bar:2.0 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:12/05/1996 text:"pre2.0.1" shift:(-18,0)

##################################################
# 2.0 filled bar                                 #
##################################################
bar:2.0 width:25 from:09/06/1996 till:14/06/1999 color:SUPPORT mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 2.0 "LTS" filled bar                           #
##################################################
bar:2.0 width:25 from:14/06/1999 till:08/02/2004 color:LTS  mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 2.0 line & text for first version every year   #
##################################################
bar:2.0 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:09/06/1996 text:"2.0" shift:(10,0)
at:14/01/1997 text:"2.0.28" shift:(18,0)
at:04/06/1998 text:"2.0.34" shift:(18,0)
at:14/06/1999 text:"2.0.37" shift:(18,0)
at:09/01/2001 text:"2.0.39" shift:(18,0)
at:08/02/2004 text:"2.0.40" shift:(18,0)

##################################################
# 2.0 line for all other versions                #
##################################################
bar:2.0 mark:(line,white)
at: 03/07/1996 # 2.0.1
at: 05/07/1996 # 2.0.2
at: 06/07/1996 # 2.0.3
at: 08/07/1996 # 2.0.4
at: 10/07/1996 # 2.0.5
at: 12/07/1996 # 2.0.6
at: 15/07/1996 # 2.0.7
at: 25/07/1996 # 2.0.8
at: 26/07/1996 # 2.0.9
at: 27/07/1996 # 2.0.10
at: 05/08/1996 # 2.0.11
at: 09/08/1996 # 2.0.12
at: 16/08/1996 # 2.0.13
at: 20/08/1996 # 2.0.14
at: 25/08/1996 # 2.0.15
at: 31/08/1996 # 2.0.16
at: 02/09/1996 # 2.0.17
at: 05/09/1996 # 2.0.18
at: 11/09/1996 # 2.0.19
at: 13/09/1996 # 2.0.20
at: 20/09/1996 # 2.0.21
at: 08/10/1996 # 2.0.22
at: 18/10/1996 # 2.0.23
at: 30/10/1996 # 2.0.24
at: 08/11/1996 # 2.0.25
at: 22/11/1996 # 2.0.26
at: 01/12/1996 # 2.0.27
at: 07/02/1997 # 2.0.29
at: 08/04/1997 # 2.0.30
at: 17/10/1997 # 2.0.31
at: 18/11/1997 # 2.0.32
at: 16/12/1997 # 2.0.33
at: 13/07/1998 # 2.0.35
at: 16/11/1998 # 2.0.36
at: 25/08/1999 # 2.0.38

##################################################
# 2.1(dev) betavers. 2.1.0 - 2.2.0pre9          #
##################################################
bar:2.2 width:25 from:30/09/1996 till:26/01/1999 color:DEV mark:(line,black)

##################################################
# 2.1(dev) line & text for first & last version  #
##################################################
bar:2.2 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:30/09/1996 text:"2.1.0" shift:(-12,0)
at:21/01/1999 text:"2.2.0pre9" shift:(-20,-10)

##################################################
# 2.2 filled bar                                 #
##################################################
bar:2.2 width:25 from:26/01/1999 till:25/03/2001 color:SUPPORT  mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 2.0 "LTS" filled bar                           #
##################################################
bar:2.2 width:25 from:25/03/2001 till:08/02/2004 color:LTS  mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 2.2 line & text for first version every year   #
##################################################
bar:2.2 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:26/01/1999 text:"2.2.0" shift:(15,0)
at:04/01/2000 text:"2.2.14" shift:(18,0)
at:25/03/2001 text:"2.2.19" shift:(18,0)
at:20/05/2002 text:"2.2.21" shift:(18,0)
at:05/03/2003 text:"2.2.24" shift:(18,0)
at:24/02/2004 text:"2.2.26" shift:(18,0)

##################################################
# 2.2 line for all other versions                #
##################################################
bar:2.2 mark:(line,white)
at:28/01/1999 # 2.2.1
at:23/02/1999 # 2.2.2
at:09/03/1999 # 2.2.3
at:23/03/1999 # 2.2.4
at:29/03/1999 # 2.2.5
at:16/04/1999 # 2.2.6
at:28/04/1999 # 2.2.7
at:11/05/1999 # 2.2.8
at:13/05/1999 # 2.2.9
at:14/06/1999 # 2.2.10
at:09/08/1999 # 2.2.11
at:26/08/1999 # 2.2.12
at:20/10/1999 # 2.2.13
at:04/05/2000 # 2.2.15
at:07/06/2000 # 2.2.16
at:04/09/2000 # 2.2.17
at:11/12/2000 # 2.2.18
at:02/11/2001 # 2.2.20
at:16/09/2002 # 2.2.22
at:29/11/2002 # 2.2.23
at:17/03/2003 # 2.2.25

##################################################
# 2.3(dev) betavers. 2.3.0 - 2.3.99pre9          #
##################################################
bar:2.4 width:25 from:11/05/1999 till:04/01/2001 color:DEV mark:(line,black)

##################################################
# 2.3(dev) line & text for first & last version  #
##################################################
bar:2.4 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:11/05/1999 text:"2.3.0" shift:(-12,0)
at:23/05/2000 text:"2.3.99pre9" shift:(-23,-10)

##################################################
# 2.4 filled bar                                 #
##################################################
bar:2.4 width:25 from:04/01/2001 till:13/08/2006 color:SUPPORT  mark:(line,SUPPORT)

# Last release is 2.4.37.11 released 18/12/2010.
# According to http://lkml.org/lkml/2010/9/6/15, one year without update would mean end of life.
# But as with the 2.0,2.2 and 2.6 columns, the column ends with the last base release.
# EOL confirmed in http://lwn.net/Articles/491245/.

##################################################
# 2.4 LTS filled bar                             #
##################################################
bar:2.4 width:25 from:13/08/2006 till:18/12/2010 color:LTS  mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 2.4 line & text for first version every year   #
##################################################
bar:2.4 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:04/01/2001 text:"2.4.0" shift:(15,0)
at:25/02/2002 text:"2.4.18" shift:(18,0)
at:13/06/2003 text:"2.4.21" shift:(-16,-10)
at:05/01/2004 text:"2.4.24" shift:(18,0)
at:19/01/2005 text:"2.4.29" shift:(18,0)
at:11/08/2006 text:"2.4.33" shift:(18,0)
at:26/07/2007 text:"2.4.35" shift:(-16,-10)
at:01/01/2008 text:"2.4.36" shift:(18,0)
at:02/12/2008 text:"2.4.37" shift:(18,0)
at:18/12/2010 text:"2.4.37.11" shift:(27,0)

##################################################
# 2.4 line for all other versions                #
##################################################
bar:2.4 mark:(line,white)
at:30/01/2001 # 2.4.1
at:22/02/2001 # 2.4.2
at:30/03/2001 # 2.4.3
at:28/04/2001 # 2.4.4
at:26/05/2001 # 2.4.5
at:04/07/2001 # 2.4.6
at:20/07/2001 # 2.4.7
at:11/08/2001 # 2.4.8
at:16/08/2001 # 2.4.9
at:23/09/2001 # 2.4.10
at:09/10/2001 # 2.4.11
at:11/10/2001 # 2.4.12
at:24/10/2001 # 2.4.13
at:05/11/2001 # 2.4.14
at:23/11/2001 # 2.4.15
at:26/11/2001 # 2.4.16
at:21/12/2001 # 2.4.17
at:03/08/2002 # 2.4.19
at:28/11/2002 # 2.4.20
at:25/08/2003 # 2.4.22
at:28/11/2003 # 2.4.23
at:18/02/2004 # 2.4.25
at:14/04/2004 # 2.4.26
at:07/08/2004 # 2.4.27
at:17/11/2004 # 2.4.28
at:04/04/2005 # 2.4.30
at:01/06/2005 # 2.4.31
at:16/11/2005 # 2.4.32
at:23/12/2006 # 2.4.34

##################################################
# 2.5(dev) betavers. 2.5.0-2.5.75 (2.4.15=2.5.0) #
##################################################
bar:2.6 width:25 from:23/11/2001 till:18/12/2003 color:DEV mark:(line,black)

##################################################
# 2.5(dev) line & text for first & last version  #
##################################################
bar:2.6 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:23/11/2001 text:"2.5.0" shift:(-12,0)
at:10/07/2003 text:"2.5.75" shift:(-15,-10)

##################################################
# 2.6 filled bar                                 #
##################################################
bar:2.6 width:25 from:18/12/2003 till:03/08/2011 color:SUPPORT  mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 2.6 LTS filled bar                             #
##################################################
bar:2.6 width:25 from:03/08/2011 till:12/03/2016 color:LTS  mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 2.6 line & text for first and "LTS" releases   #
##################################################
bar:2.6 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:18/12/2003 text:"2.6.0" shift:(-9,0)
at:09/01/2004 text:"2.6.1" shift:(15,-10)
at:02/03/2005 text:"2.6.11" shift:(17,0)
at:20/03/2006 text:"2.6.16" shift:(17,0)
at:09/10/2008 text:"2.6.27" shift:(-17,0)
at:03/12/2009 text:"2.6.32" shift:(-15,0)
at:24/02/2010 text:"2.6.33" shift:(-13,-10)
at:16/05/2010 text:"2.6.34" shift:(19,0)
at:01/08/2010 text:"2.6.35" shift:(19,-10)
at:19/05/2011 text:"2.6.39"  shift:(18,0)     # Last 2.6.x
at:03/08/2011 text:"2.6.39.4" shift:(21,-10)  # Last 2.6.39.x
at:12/03/2016 text:"2.6.32.71" shift:(25,0)   # Last 2.6.32.x (LTS)

##################################################
# 2.6 line for all other versions                #
##################################################
bar:2.6 mark:(line,white)
at:04/02/2004 # 2.6.2
at:18/02/2004 # 2.6.3
at:11/03/2004 # 2.6.4
at:04/04/2004 # 2.6.5
at:10/05/2004 # 2.6.6
at:16/06/2004 # 2.6.7
at:14/08/2004 # 2.6.8
at:18/10/2004 # 2.6.9
at:24/12/2004 # 2.6.10
at:17/06/2005 # 2.6.12
at:29/08/2005 # 2.6.13
at:28/10/2005 # 2.6.14
at:03/01/2006 # 2.6.15
at:18/06/2006 # 2.6.17
at:20/09/2006 # 2.6.18
at:29/11/2006 # 2.6.19
at:04/02/2007 # 2.6.20
at:26/04/2007 # 2.6.21
at:08/07/2007 # 2.6.22
at:09/10/2007 # 2.6.23
at:24/01/2008 # 2.6.24
at:17/04/2008 # 2.6.25
at:13/07/2008 # 2.6.26
at:24/12/2008 # 2.6.28
at:23/03/2009 # 2.6.29
at:10/06/2009 # 2.6.30
at:09/09/2009 # 2.6.31
at:20/10/2010 # 2.6.36
at:05/01/2011 # 2.6.37
at:15/03/2011 # 2.6.38

##################################################
# 3.0 rc                                         #
##################################################
bar:3.0 width:25 from:29/05/2011 till:22/07/2011 color:DEV mark:(line,black)

##################################################
# 3.0 rc                                         #
##################################################
bar:3.0 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:29/05/2011 text:"3.0-rc1" shift:(-18,0)

##################################################
# 3.x filled bar                                 #
##################################################
bar:3.0 width:25 from:22/07/2011 till:11/05/2015 color:SUPPORT  mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 3.x LTS filled bar                             #
##################################################
bar:3.0 width:25 from:11/05/2015 till:11/06/2020 color:LTS  mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 3.x line & text for LTS releases               #
##################################################
bar:3.0 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:22/07/2011 text:"3.0" shift:(10,0)
at:05/01/2012 text:"3.2" shift:(10,-10)
at:21/05/2012 text:"3.4" shift:(10,0)
at:30/06/2013 text:"3.10" shift:(-10,-10)
at:03/11/2013 text:"3.12" shift:(12,0)
at:03/08/2014 text:"3.16" shift:(12,-10) # Last 3.16.85 (LTS)
at:11/05/2015 text:"3.19.8" shift:(18,0)
at:11/06/2020 text:"3.16.85" shift:(-20,0)

##################################################
# 3.x line for all other versions                #
##################################################
bar:3.0 mark:(line,white)
at:24/10/2011 # 3.1
at:19/03/2012 # 3.3
at:21/07/2012 # 3.5
at:01/10/2012 # 3.6
at:11/12/2012 # 3.7
at:19/02/2013 # 3.8
at:29/04/2013 # 3.9
at:02/09/2013 # 3.11
at:20/01/2014 # 3.13
at:31/03/2014 # 3.14
at:08/06/2014 # 3.15
at:05/10/2014 # 3.17
at:07/12/2014 # 3.18
at:08/02/2015 # 3.19

##################################################
# 4.0 rc                                         #
##################################################
bar:4.0 width:25 from:22/02/2015 till:12/04/2015 color:DEV mark:(line,black)

##################################################
# 4.0 rc                                         #
##################################################
bar:4.0 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:22/02/2015 text:"4.0-rc1" shift:(-15,0)

##################################################
# 4.x filled bar                                 #
##################################################
bar:4.0 width:25 from:12/04/2015 till:19/03/2019 color:SUPPORT  mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 4.x LTS filled bar                             #
##################################################
bar:4.0 width:25 from:19/03/2019 till:$now color:LTS  mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 4.x line & text for LTS releases               #
##################################################
bar:4.0 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:12/04/2015 text:"4.0" shift:(10,-10)
at:22/06/2015 text:"4.1" shift:(10,0)
at:10/01/2016 text:"4.4" shift:(10,0)
at:11/12/2016 text:"4.9" shift:(10,0)
at:12/11/2017 text:"4.14" shift:(12,0)
at:22/10/2018 text:"4.19" shift:(-12,-10)
at:19/03/2019 text:"4.20.17" shift:(20,0)

##################################################
# 4.x line for all other versions                #
##################################################
bar:4.0 mark:(line,white) align:center fontsize:S
at:30/08/2015 # 4.2
at:01/11/2015 # 4.3
at:13/03/2016 # 4.5
at:15/05/2016 # 4.6
at:24/07/2016 # 4.7
at:25/09/2016 # 4.8
at:19/02/2017 # 4.10
at:30/04/2017 # 4.11
at:02/07/2017 # 4.12
at:03/09/2017 # 4.13
at:28/01/2018 # 4.15
at:01/04/2018 # 4.16
at:03/06/2018 # 4.17
at:12/08/2018 # 4.18
at:23/12/2018 # 4.20

##################################################
# 5.0 rc                                         #
##################################################
bar:5.0 width:25 from:06/01/2019 till:03/03/2019 color:DEV mark:(line,black)

##################################################
# 5.0 rc                                         #
##################################################
bar:5.0 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:06/01/2019 text:"5.0-rc1" shift:(-15,0)

##################################################
# 5.x filled bar                                 #
##################################################
bar:5.0 width:25 from:03/03/2019 till:27/10/2022 color:SUPPORT  mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 5.x LTS filled bar                             #
##################################################
bar:5.0 width:25 from:27/10/2022 till:$now color:LTS  mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 5.x line & text for LTS releases               #
##################################################
bar:5.0 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:03/03/2019 text:"5.0" shift:(10,0)
at:24/11/2019 text:"5.4" shift:(10,0)
at:13/12/2020 text:"5.10" shift:(12,0)
at:31/10/2021 text:"5.15" shift:(12,0)
at:27/10/2022 text:"5.19.17" shift:(20,0)

##################################################
# 5.x line for all other versions                #
##################################################
bar:5.0 mark:(line,white) align:center fontsize:S
at:05/05/2019 # 5.1
at:07/07/2019 # 5.2
at:15/09/2019 # 5.3
at:26/01/2020 # 5.5
at:29/03/2020 # 5.6
at:31/05/2020 # 5.7
at:02/08/2020 # 5.8
at:11/10/2020 # 5.9
at:14/02/2021 # 5.11
at:25/04/2021 # 5.12
at:27/06/2021 # 5.13
at:29/08/2021 # 5.14
at:09/01/2022 # 5.16
at:20/03/2022 # 5.17
at:22/05/2022 # 5.18
at:31/07/2022 # 5.19

##################################################
# 6.0 rc                                         #
##################################################
bar:6.0 width:25 from:14/08/2022 till:$now color:DEV mark:(line,black)

##################################################
# 6.0 rc                                         #
##################################################
bar:6.0 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:14/08/2022 text:"6.0-rc1" shift:(-15,0)

##################################################
# 6.x filled bar                                 #
##################################################
bar:6.0 width:25 from:02/10/2022 till:$now color:SUPPORT mark:(line,SUPPORT)

##################################################
# 6.x line & text for LTS releases               #
##################################################
bar:6.0 mark:(line,black) align:center fontsize:S
at:02/10/2022 text:"6.0" shift:(10,-10)
at:11/12/2022 text:"6.1" shift:(10,0)

##################################################
# 6.x line for all other versions                #
##################################################
bar:6.0 mark:(line,white) align:center fontsize:S
at:19/02/2023 # 6.2

TextData =

fontsize:S
textcolor:black
pos:($warning,20)
text:Updated $now

1. Ref: http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/

</timeline>

## Contents

* 1 Releases 6.x.y
* 2 Releases 5.x.y
* 3 Releases 4.x.y
* 4 Releases 3.x.y
* 5 Releases 2.6.x.y
* 6 Releases up to 2.6.0
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 External links

## Releases 6.x.y

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Colors =

id:Minor		value:rgb(0.8,0.8,0.8)
id:Major		value:rgb(0.6,0.6,0.6)
id:DEV		value:rgb(0.8,0.8,0.8)	Legend:Development
id:SUPPORT		value:rgb(0.6,0.9,0.6)	Legend:Supported
id:LTS		value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9)	Legend:LTS

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at:$now color:red width:0.2

PlotData =

width:14 textcolor:black shift:(5,-5) anchor:from fontsize:M

bar:6.4
color:DEV	from:07/05/2023	till:$now text:6.4.x
# https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/refs/tags

bar:6.3
color:DEV	from:06/03/2023	till:23/04/2023 text:6.3.x
color:SUPPORT	from:24/04/2023	till:$now
# https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/refs/tags

bar:6.2
color:DEV	from:25/12/2022	till:18/02/2023 text:6.2.x
color:SUPPORT	from:19/02/2023	till:17/05/2023
# https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/refs/tags

bar:6.1
color:DEV	from:17/10/2022	till:10/01/2023 text:6.1.x
color:LTS	from:11/01/2023	till:31/12/2026
# https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/refs/tags

bar:6.0
color:DEV	from:15/08/2022	till:01/10/2022 text:6.0.x
color:SUPPORT	from:02/10/2022	till:12/01/2023
# https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/refs/tags

</timeline>

Version  | Original release date  | Last release  | Maintainer  | EOL | Prominent features  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|

| TBA  |  | Linus Torvalds  |  |  |
6.3  | 23 April 2023[2] |  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  |  |  |
6.2  | 19 February 2023[2] | 6.2.16[4] | May 2023[5] |  | EOL 17 May 2023
6.1  | 11 December 2022[6] | 6.1.34[4] | December 2026[2] |

* Multi-Gen LRU page reclaiming[7] (not yet enabled by default)
* Btrfs performance improvements[8]
* Support for more sound hardware
* Improved support for game controllers[9]

| This is the first release to support writing kernel modules in Rust.[10]
23rd LTS release
Used in Debian 12 "Bookworm"[11]
6.0  | 2022[12] | 6.0.19[13] | January 2023[13] |

* performance improvements on Intel Xeon ‘Ice Lake’, AMD Ryzen ‘Threadripper’, AMD EPYC[14]
* new hardware support including Intel, AMD, Qualcomm[15]

| Named "Hurr durr I'ma [sic] ninja sloth"[16]
{{{2}}}

## Releases 5.x.y

<timeline>

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Colors =

id:Minor		value:rgb(0.8,0.8,0.8)
id:Major		value:rgb(0.6,0.6,0.6)
id:DEV		value:rgb(0.8,0.8,0.8)	Legend:Development
id:SUPPORT		value:rgb(0.6,0.9,0.6)	Legend:Supported
id:LTS		value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9)	Legend:LTS
id:CIP     value:rgb(1,0.7,0.4)	Legend:CIP

BackgroundColors = canvas:white ScaleMinor = gridcolor:Minor unit:year increment:1 start:01/07/2019 ScaleMajor = gridcolor:Major unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/2020

LineData =

at:$now color:red width:0.2

PlotData =

width:14 textcolor:black shift:(5,-5) anchor:from fontsize:M

bar:5.19
color:DEV	from:06/06/2022	till:31/07/2022	text:5.19.x
color:SUPPORT	from:31/07/2022		till:24/10/2022
bar:5.18
color:DEV	from:03/04/2022	till:22/05/2022	text:5.18.x
color:SUPPORT	from:22/05/2022		till:01/08/2022
bar:5.17
color:DEV	from:23/01/2022	till:20/03/2022	text:5.17.x
color:SUPPORT	from:20/03/2022		till:01/06/2022
bar:5.16
color:DEV	from:14/11/2021	till:09/01/2022	text:5.16.x
color:SUPPORT	from:09/01/2022		till:01/04/2022
bar:5.15
color:DEV	from:12/09/2021	till:31/10/2021	text:5.15.x
color:LTS	from:31/10/2021		till:01/10/2026
bar:5.14
color:DEV	from:11/07/2021	till:29/08/2021	text:5.14.x
color:SUPPORT from:29/08/2021  till:21/11/2021
bar:5.13
color:DEV	from:09/05/2021	till:27/06/2021	text:5.13.x
color:SUPPORT	from:27/06/2021  till:19/09/2021
bar:5.12
color:DEV	from:28/02/2021	till:25/04/2021	text:5.12.x
color:SUPPORT	from:25/04/2021  till:20/07/2021
bar:5.11
color:DEV	from:27/12/2020	till:14/02/2021	text:5.11.x
color:SUPPORT	from:14/02/2021 till:19/05/2021
bar:5.10
color:DEV	from:25/10/2020	till:13/12/2020	text:5.10.x
color:LTS	from:13/12/2020		till:01/01/2027
color:CIP from:01/01/2027  	till:01/01/2031
bar:5.9
color:DEV	from:16/08/2020	till:11/10/2020	text:5.9.x
color:SUPPORT	from:11/10/2020	till:21/12/2020
bar:5.8
color:DEV	from:14/06/2020	till:02/08/2020	text:5.8.x
color:SUPPORT	from:02/08/2020	till:01/11/2020
bar:5.7
color:DEV	from:12/04/2020	till:31/05/2020	text:5.7.x
color:SUPPORT	from:31/05/2020	till:27/08/2020
bar:5.6
color:DEV	from:09/02/2020	till:29/03/2020	text:5.6.x
color:SUPPORT	from:29/03/2020	till:17/06/2020
bar:5.5
color:DEV	from:08/12/2019	till:26/01/2020	text:5.5.x
color:SUPPORT	from:26/01/2020	till:21/04/2020
bar:5.4
color:DEV	from:30/09/2019	till:24/11/2019	text:5.4.x
color:LTS	from:24/11/2019	till:01/01/2026
# https://www.kernel.org/category/releases.html
bar:5.3
color:DEV	from:21/07/2019	till:15/09/2019	text:5.3.x
color:SUPPORT	from:15/09/2019	till:18/12/2019
bar:5.2
color:DEV	from:19/05/2019	till:07/07/2019	text:5.2.x
color:SUPPORT	from:07/07/2019	till:11/10/2019
bar:5.1
color:DEV	from:17/03/2019	till:05/05/2019	text:5.1.x
color:SUPPORT	from:05/05/2019	till:28/07/2019
bar:5.0
color:DEV	from:06/01/2019	till:03/03/2019	text:5.0.x
color:SUPPORT	from:03/03/2019	till:04/06/2019
# https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/refs/tags

</timeline>

Version  | Original release date  | Last release  | Maintainer  | EOL | Prominent features  | Notes

|
|
|
|
|
|

5.19  | Linus Torvalds  | October 2022[17] |

* Initial support for LoongArch[18][19]
* Support for Big TCP[18][19]
* More secure encrypted virtualization with AMD SEV-SNP and Intel TDX[18][19]
* Armv9 Scalable Matrix Extension support[19]
* Introduce Intel In-Field Scan driver to run targeted low level diagnostics outside of the CPU's architectural error detection capabilities[18]
* a.out support removed[20]

5.18  | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[2] | August 2022[21] |

* Support for Indirect Branch Tracking[22] on Intel CPUs[23]
* User events[24]
* fprobe, for probing multiple functions with a single probe handler[25]
* Headers rearchitecturing preparations for faster compilation times[26]
* Stricter memcpy() compile-time bounds checking[27]
* Switch to C11[28]

5.17  | June 2022[29] |

* BPF CO-RE support[30][31]
* Random number generator improvements[32]
* New Real-Time Linux Analysis (RTLA) tool[33]
* Support giving names to anonymous memory[34]
* Mitigate straight-line speculation attacks[35]

| Named Superb Owl[36]
5.16  | April 2022[37] |

* New futex_waitv() system call for faster game performance[38]
* Memory folios infrastructure for a faster memory management[39]
* Add support for AMX instructions[40]
* Improve write congestion[41]

5.15  | 5.15.117[4] | October 2026[2] |

* New NTFS file system implementation
* ksmbd, an in-kernel SMB 3 server
* Migrate memory pages to persistent memory in lieu of discard[42]
* DAMON, a data access monitor
* Introduce process_mrelease(2) system call[43]

| 22nd LTS release; used in

* Ubuntu 22.04 LTS,
* Slackware 15,[44]
* UEK 7[45]

Named Trick or Treat[46]

5.14  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | November 2021[47] |  | Used in RHEL 9.x and derivatives[48] (Redhat ignores LTS-Kernel, own kernel-backports) and SLE 15 SP4/openSUSE Leap 15.4
5.13  | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin  | September 2021[49] |  | Named Opossums on Parade
5.12  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | July 2021[50] |
5.11  | May 2021[51] |  | Named "💕 Valentine's Day Edition 💕"[52]
5.10  | 5.10.184[4] | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[2] | December 2026[2][53]

January 2031[54]

|  | 21st LTS release; used in Debian 11 "Bullseye"[55]

3rd SLTS release (which CIP[56] is planning[54] to support until January 2031); 5.10.19 is named Dare mighty things[57]

5.9  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | December 2020[58] |  |
5.8  | November 2020[59] |  |
5.7  | August 2020[60] |  |
5.6  | June 2020[61] |  |
5.5  | April 2020[62] |  |
5.4  | 5.4.247[4] | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[2] | December 2025[2] |  | 20th LTS release, used in Ubuntu 20.04 LTS
5.4-rc2 is named Nesting Opossum[63]

5.4-rc5 is named Kleptomaniac Octopus[64]

5.3  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | December 2019[65] |  |
5.2  | October 2019[66] |  | 5.2-rc2 is named Golden Lions[67][68]

5.2 is named Bobtail Squid[69]

5.1  | July 2019[70] |

* io_uring API, a new way to do asynchronous I/O (AIO),[71] the older API/interface "aio" had problems and performance issues.

5.0  | June 2019[72] |  |
{{{2}}}

## Releases 4.x.y

<timeline>

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Colors =

id:Minor		value:rgb(0.8,0.8,0.8)
id:Major		value:rgb(0.6,0.6,0.6)
id:DEV		value:rgb(0.8,0.8,0.8)	Legend:Development
id:SUPPORT		value:rgb(0.6,0.9,0.6)	Legend:Supported
id:LTS		value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9)	Legend:LTS
id:CIP     value:rgb(1,0.7,0.4)	Legend:CIP

BackgroundColors = canvas:white ScaleMinor = gridcolor:Minor unit:year increment:1 start:02/07/2015 ScaleMajor = gridcolor:Major unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/2016

LineData =

at:$now color:red width:0.2

PlotData =

width:14 textcolor:black shift:(5,-5) anchor:from fontsize:M

bar:4.20
color:DEV	from:04/11/2018	till:23/12/2018	text:4.20.x
color:SUPPORT	from:23/12/2018	till:19/03/2019
bar:4.19
color:DEV	from:26/08/2018	till:22/10/2018	text:4.19.x
color:LTS	from:22/10/2018 till:01/01/2025
color:CIP from:01/01/2025 till:01/01/2029
bar:4.18
color:DEV	from:17/06/2018	till:12/08/2018	text:4.18.x
color:SUPPORT	from:12/08/2018	till:21/11/2018
bar:4.17
color:DEV	from:15/04/2018	till:03/06/2018	text:4.17.x
color:SUPPORT	from:03/06/2018	till:24/08/2018
bar:4.16
color:DEV	from:11/02/2018	till:01/04/2018	text:4.16.x
color:SUPPORT	from:01/04/2018	till:26/06/2018
bar:4.15
color:DEV	from:26/11/2017	till:28/01/2018	text:4.15.x
color:SUPPORT	from:28/01/2018	till:19/04/2018
bar:4.14
color:DEV	from:16/09/2017	till:12/11/2017	text:4.14.x
color:LTS	from:12/11/2017	till:01/02/2024
bar:4.13
color:DEV	from:15/07/2017	till:03/09/2017	text:4.13.x
color:SUPPORT	from:03/09/2017	till:24/11/2017
bar:4.12
color:DEV	from:13/05/2017	till:02/07/2017	text:4.12.x
color:SUPPORT	from:02/07/2017	till:20/09/2017
bar:4.11
color:DEV	from:05/03/2017	till:30/04/2017	text:4.11.x
color:SUPPORT	from:30/04/2017	till:21/07/2017
bar:4.10
color:DEV	from:25/12/2016	till:19/02/2017	text:4.10.x
color:SUPPORT	from:19/02/2017	till:20/05/2017
bar:4.9
color:DEV	from:15/10/2016	till:11/12/2016	text:4.9.x
color:LTS	from:11/12/2016		till:07/01/2023
bar:4.8
color:DEV	from:07/08/2016	till:02/10/2016	text:4.8.x
color:SUPPORT	from:02/10/2016	till:09/01/2017
bar:4.7
color:DEV	from:29/05/2016	till:24/07/2016	text:4.7.x
color:SUPPORT	from:24/07/2016	till:22/10/2016
bar:4.6
color:DEV	from:26/03/2016	till:15/05/2016	text:4.6.x
color:SUPPORT	from:15/05/2016	till:16/08/2016
bar:4.5
color:DEV	from:24/01/2016	till:13/03/2016	text:4.5.x
color:SUPPORT	from:13/03/2016	till:07/06/2016
bar:4.4
color:DEV	from:15/11/2015	till:10/01/2016	text:4.4.x
color:LTS	from:10/01/2016	till:01/03/2022
color:CIP from:01/03/2022 till:01/01/2027
# https://www.kernel.org/category/releases.html
bar:4.3
color:DEV	from:12/09/2015	till:01/11/2015	text:4.3.x
color:SUPPORT	from:01/11/2015	till:19/02/2016
bar:4.2
color:DEV	from:05/07/2015	till:30/08/2015	text:4.2.x
color:SUPPORT	from:30/08/2015	till:14/12/2015
bar:4.1
color:DEV	from:27/04/2015	till:21/06/2015	text:4.1.x
color:LTS	from:21/06/2015	till:27/05/2018
bar:4.0
color:DEV	from:22/02/2015	till:12/04/2015	text:4.0.x
color:SUPPORT	from:12/04/2015	till:21/07/2015
# https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/refs/tags

</timeline>

Version  | Original release date  | Last release  | Maintainer  | EOL | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

4.20  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | March 2019[73] | Named Shy Crocodile[74]
4.19  | 4.19.286[4] | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[2] | December 2024[2][75]

January 2029[54]

| 19th LTS release. Used in Debian 10 "Buster".[76] Second SLTS release (which CIP is planning[54] to support until January 2029), and first with ARM64 support.[77] Named "People's Front"[78]
4.18  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | November 2018[79] | RHEL 8.x (Redhat ignores LTS-Kernel, own kernel-backports)
4.17  | August 2018[80] | Named Merciless Moray[81]
4.16  | June 2018[82] |
4.15  | April 2018[83] | Used in Ubuntu 18.04 LTS
4.14  | 4.14.318[4] | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[2] | January 2024[2][84] | 18th LTS release

4.14.1 is named Petit Gorille[85]

4.13  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | November 2017[86] |
4.12  | September 2017[87] |
4.11  | July 2017[88] |
4.10  | May 2017[89] | 4.10-rc5 was named Anniversary Edition[90]

4.10-rc6 was named Fearless Coyote[91]

4.9  | 4.9.337[4] | Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[2] | 17th LTS release. Used in Debian 9 "Stretch".[92] Named Roaring Lionus[93][94]
4.8  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | January 2017[95] |
4.7  | October 2016[96] | Named Psychotic Stoned Sheep[97]
4.6  | August 2016[98] | Named Charred Weasel[99]
4.5  | June 2016[100] |
4.4

4.4.302-cip76[101]

| Greg Kroah-Hartman & Sasha Levin[2] (until February 2022[102])

Nobuhiro Iwamatsu & Pavel Machek[54]

| January 2027[54] | 16th LTS release, used in Slackware 14.2.[103] Canonical provided extended support until April 2021.[104] As the first kernel selected for Super Long Term Support (SLTS), the Civil Infrastructure Platform will provide support until at least 2026, possibly until 2036.[3] Used in Ubuntu 16.04 LTS
4.3  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | February 2016[105] | Named Blurry Fish Butt[106][107]
4.2  | December 2015[108] | Canonical provided extended support until July 2016.[109][110]
4.1  | 4.1.52[111] | May 2018[111] | 15th LTS release. 4.1.1 was named Series 4800[112]
4.0  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | July 2015[113] | Named "Hurr durr I'ma [sic] sheep"[114] (Internet poll)
{{{2}}}

## Releases 3.x.y

The jump from 2.6.x to 3.x wasn't because of a breaking update, but rather the first release of a new versioning scheme introduced as a more convenient system.[115]

<timeline>

ImageSize = width:699 height:376 PlotArea = right:0 left:0 bottom:32 top:24 AlignBars = justify DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/01/2011 till:01/07/2020 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal Legend = left:5 top:15 columnwidth:115

Colors =

id:Minor		value:rgb(0.8,0.8,0.8)
id:Major		value:rgb(0.6,0.6,0.6)
id:DEV		value:rgb(0.8,0.8,0.8)	Legend:Development
id:SUPPORT		value:rgb(0.6,0.9,0.6)	Legend:Supported
id:LTS		value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9)	Legend:LTS

BackgroundColors = canvas:white ScaleMinor = gridcolor:Minor unit:year increment:1 start:01/07/2011 ScaleMajor = gridcolor:Major unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/2012

PlotData =

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bar:3.19
color:DEV	from:20/12/2014	till:08/02/2015	text:3.19.x
color:SUPPORT	from:08/02/2015	till:11/05/2015
bar:3.18
color:DEV	from:19/10/2014	till:07/12/2014	text:3.18.x
color:LTS	from:07/12/2014	till:16/05/2019
bar:3.17
color:DEV	from:16/08/2014	till:05/10/2014	text:3.17.x
color:SUPPORT	from:05/10/2014	till:08/01/2015
bar:3.16
color:DEV	from:15/06/2014	till:03/08/2014	text:3.16.x
color:LTS	from:03/08/2014	till:11/06/2020
bar:3.15
color:DEV	from:13/04/2014	till:08/06/2014	text:3.15.x
color:SUPPORT	from:08/06/2014	till:14/08/2014
bar:3.14
color:DEV	from:02/02/2014	till:30/03/2014	text:3.14.x
color:LTS	from:30/03/2014	till:11/09/2016
bar:3.13
color:DEV	from:22/11/2013	till:19/01/2014	text:3.13.x
color:SUPPORT	from:19/01/2014	till:22/04/2014
bar:3.12
color:DEV	from:16/09/2013	till:03/11/2013	text:3.12.x
color:LTS	from:03/11/2013	till:09/05/2017
bar:3.11
color:DEV	from:14/07/2013	till:02/09/2013	text:3.11.x
color:SUPPORT	from:02/09/2013	till:29/11/2013
bar:3.10
color:DEV	from:11/05/2013	till:30/06/2013	text:3.10.x
color:LTS	from:30/06/2013	till:04/11/2017
bar:3.9
color:DEV	from:03/03/2013	till:28/04/2013	text:3.9.x
color:SUPPORT	from:28/04/2013	till:20/07/2013
bar:3.8
color:DEV	from:21/12/2012	till:18/02/2013	text:3.8.x
color:SUPPORT	from:18/02/2013	till:11/05/2013
bar:3.7
color:DEV	from:14/10/2012	till:10/12/2012	text:3.7.x
color:SUPPORT	from:10/12/2012	till:27/02/2013
bar:3.6
color:DEV	from:02/08/2012	till:30/09/2012	text:3.6.x
color:SUPPORT	from:30/09/2012	till:17/12/2012
bar:3.5
color:DEV	from:02/06/2012	till:21/07/2012	text:3.5.x
color:SUPPORT	from:21/07/2012	till:13/10/2012
bar:3.4
color:DEV	from:31/03/2012	till:20/05/2012	text:3.4.x
color:LTS	from:20/05/2012	till:26/10/2016
bar:3.3
color:DEV	from:19/01/2012	till:18/03/2012	text:3.3.x
color:SUPPORT	from:18/03/2012	till:01/06/2012
bar:3.2
color:DEV	from:07/11/2011	till:04/01/2012	text:3.2.x
color:LTS	from:04/01/2012	till:01/06/2018
bar:3.1
color:DEV	from:07/08/2011	till:24/10/2011	text:3.1.x
color:SUPPORT	from:24/10/2011	till:18/01/2012
bar:3.0
color:DEV	from:29/05/2011	till:21/07/2011	text:3.0.x
color:LTS	from:21/07/2011	till:22/10/2013

</timeline>

Version  | Original release date  | Last release  | Maintainer  | EOL | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

3.19  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | May 2015[116] | Canonical provided extended support until July 2016.[109][117]
3.18  | 14th LTS release, named Diseased Newt[118]

Hartman stated that he will release irregular updates to the 3.18 tree.[119] Starting with 3.18.140, this version will no longer be maintained on kernel.org, but on AOSP

3.17  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | January 2015[120]
3.16  | 3.16.85[121] | Ben Hutchings[2][122] (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) | 13th LTS release. Was used in Debian 8 "Jessie".[123] Canonical provided extended support until April 2016.[109][124]

3.16.1 was named Museum of Fishiegoodies[125]

3.15  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | August 2014[126]
3.14  | Greg Kroah-Hartman[2] | August 2016[127] | 12th LTS release, named Shuffling Zombie Juror[128]
3.13  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | April 2014[129] | Canonical provided extended support until April 2016.[109][130] Named One Giant Leap for Frogkind[131] (NASA LADEE launch photo)[132] Used in Ubuntu 14.04 LTS
3.12  | 3.12.74[133] | May 2017[134][133] | 11th LTS release, named Suicidal Squirrel[135]
3.11  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | November 2013[136] | Canonical provided extended support until August 2014.[109] Named Linux for Workgroups after the 20 years of Windows 3.11[137]
3.10  | 3.10.108[138] | Willy Tarreau[2][139] (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman) | November 2017[138] | 10th LTS release,
3.10.6 was named TOSSUG Baby Fish[140][141][142] used in Slackware 14.1[143]

RHEL 7.x

3.9  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | July 2013[144] | 3.9.6 was named Black Squirrel Wakeup Call[145]
3.8  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | May 2013[146] | Canonical provided extended support until August 2014.[109][147]

Named Unicycling Gorilla[148][149]
3.8.5 was named Displaced Humerus Anterior[150]

3.7  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | March 2013[151][152] | Named Terrified Chipmunk[153][154]
3.6  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | December 2012[155]
3.5  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | October 2012[156] | Canonical provided extended support until April 2014.[109][157]
3.4  | 3.4.113[158] | October 2016[159] | 9th LTS release
3.3  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | June 2012[160]
3.2  | 3.2.102[161] | Ben Hutchings[2][162] | May 2018[163] | 8th LTS release, used in Ubuntu 12.04 LTS[164] and optionally in 12.04 ESM,[165] Debian 7 "Wheezy" and Slackware 14.0.[2][162] Canonical promised to (at least) provide long-term support until April 2017;[109] Support has continued for months after.

3.2 to 3.5 was named Saber-toothed Squirrel[166]

3.1  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | January 2012[167] | provided the base for real-time tree
3.1-rc2 was named Wet Seal
3.1 was named Divemaster Edition[168] (Linus' diving activities)
3.0  | Greg Kroah-Hartman[169] | October 2013[170][169] | 7th LTS release
Named Sneaky Weasel[171][172]
{{{2}}}

## Releases 2.6.x.y

Versions 2.6.16 and 2.6.27 of the Linux kernel were unofficially supported in a long-term support (LTS) fashion,[173] before a 2011 working group in the Linux Foundation started a formal long-term support initiative.[174][175]

<timeline> ImageSize = width:699 height:552 PlotArea = right:0 left:0 bottom:32 top:24 AlignBars = justify DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy Period = from:01/07/2001 till:01/04/2017 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal Legend = left:5 top:15 columnwidth:115

Colors =

id:Minor		value:rgb(0.8,0.8,0.8)
id:Major		value:rgb(0.6,0.6,0.6)
id:DEV		value:rgb(0.8,0.8,0.8)	Legend:Development
id:SUPPORT		value:rgb(0.6,0.9,0.6)	Legend:Supported
id:LTS		value:rgb(0.6,0.8,0.9)	Legend:LTS

BackgroundColors = canvas:white ScaleMinor = gridcolor:Minor unit:year increment:1 start:01/07/2002 ScaleMajor = gridcolor:Major unit:year increment:1 start:01/01/2002

PlotData =

width:14 textcolor:black shift:(5,-5) anchor:from fontsize:M

bar:2.6.39
color:DEV	from:29/03/2011	till:18/05/2011	text:2.6.39.x
color:SUPPORT	from:18/05/2011	till:03/08/2011
bar:2.6.38
color:DEV	from:18/01/2011	till:14/03/2011	text:2.6.38.x
color:SUPPORT	from:14/03/2011	till:03/06/2011
bar:2.6.37
color:DEV	from:01/11/2010	till:04/01/2011	text:2.6.37.x
color:SUPPORT	from:04/01/2011	till:27/03/2011
bar:2.6.36
color:DEV	from:15/08/2010	till:20/10/2010	text:2.6.36.x
color:SUPPORT	from:20/10/2010	till:17/02/2011
bar:2.6.35
color:DEV	from:30/05/2010	till:01/09/2010	text:2.6.35.x
color:LTS	from:01/09/2010	till:13/03/2012
bar:2.6.34
color:DEV	from:08/03/2010	till:16/05/2010	text:2.6.34.x
color:LTS	from:16/05/2010	till:10/02/2014
bar:2.6.33
color:DEV	from:17/12/2009	till:24/02/2010	text:2.6.33.x
color:LTS	from:24/02/2010	till:07/11/2011
bar:2.6.32
color:DEV	from:27/09/2009	till:02/12/2009	text:2.6.32.x
color:LTS	from:02/12/2009	till:12/11/2016
bar:2.6.31
color:DEV	from:24/06/2009	till:09/09/2009	text:2.6.31.x
color:SUPPORT	from:09/09/2009	till:05/07/2010
bar:2.6.30
color:DEV	from:07/04/2009	till:09/06/2009	text:2.6.30.x
color:SUPPORT	from:09/06/2009	till:03/12/2009
bar:2.6.29
color:DEV	from:10/01/2009	till:23/03/2009	text:2.6.29.x
color:SUPPORT	from:23/03/2009	till:02/07/2009
bar:2.6.28
color:DEV	from:23/10/2008	till:24/12/2008	text:2.6.28.x
color:SUPPORT	from:24/12/2008	till:02/05/2009
bar:2.6.27
color:DEV	from:28/07/2008	till:09/10/2008	text:2.6.27.x
color:LTS	from:09/10/2008	till:17/03/2012
bar:2.6.26
color:DEV	from:03/05/2008	till:13/07/2008	text:2.6.26.x
color:SUPPORT	from:13/07/2008	till:10/11/2008
bar:2.6.25
color:DEV	from:10/02/2008	till:16/04/2008	text:2.6.25.x
color:SUPPORT	from:16/04/2008	till:10/11/2008
bar:2.6.24
color:DEV	from:23/10/2007	till:24/01/2008	text:2.6.24.x
color:SUPPORT	from:24/01/2008	till:06/05/2008
bar:2.6.23
color:DEV	from:22/07/2007	till:09/10/2007	text:2.6.23.x
color:SUPPORT	from:09/10/2007	till:25/02/2008
bar:2.6.22
color:DEV	from:12/05/2007	till:08/07/2007	text:2.6.22.x
color:SUPPORT	from:08/07/2007	till:25/02/2008
bar:2.6.21
color:DEV	from:20/02/2007	till:25/04/2007	text:2.6.21.x
color:SUPPORT	from:25/04/2007	till:04/08/2007
bar:2.6.20
color:DEV	from:13/12/2006	till:04/02/2007	text:2.6.20.x
color:SUPPORT	from:04/02/2007	till:17/10/2007
bar:2.6.19
color:DEV	from:04/10/2006	till:29/11/2006	text:2.6.19.x
color:SUPPORT	from:29/11/2006	till:02/03/2007
bar:2.6.18
color:DEV	from:05/07/2006	till:19/09/2006	text:2.6.18.x
color:SUPPORT	from:19/09/2006	till:23/02/2007
bar:2.6.17
color:DEV	from:02/04/2006	till:17/06/2006	text:2.6.17.x
color:SUPPORT	from:17/06/2006	till:13/10/2006
bar:2.6.16
color:DEV	from:16/01/2006	till:19/03/2006	text:2.6.16.x
color:LTS	from:19/03/2006	till:21/07/2008
bar:2.6.15
color:DEV	from:11/11/2005	till:02/01/2006	text:2.6.15.x
color:SUPPORT	from:02/01/2006	till:27/03/2006
bar:2.6.14
color:DEV	from:12/09/2005	till:27/10/2005	text:2.6.14.x
color:SUPPORT	from:27/10/2005	till:30/01/2006
bar:2.6.13
color:DEV	from:28/06/2005	till:28/08/2005	text:2.6.13.x
color:SUPPORT	from:28/08/2005	till:15/12/2005
bar:2.6.12
color:DEV	from:17/03/2005	till:17/06/2005	text:2.6.12.x
color:SUPPORT	from:17/06/2005	till:29/08/2005
bar:2.6.11
color:DEV	from:11/01/2005	till:02/03/2005	text:2.6.11.x
color:SUPPORT	from:02/03/2005	till:11/06/2005
bar:2.6
color:DEV	from:13/07/2003	till:18/12/2003	text:2.6.x
color:SUPPORT	from:18/12/2003	till:24/12/2004
# https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/
# https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/testing/
# https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.6/pre-releases/
# https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/refs/tags
bar:2.5
color:DEV	from:08/11/2001	till:10/07/2003	text:2.5.x
# https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.5/
# https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.5/testing/

</timeline>

Version  | Original release date  | Last release  | Maintainer  | EOL | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

2.6.39  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | August 2011[176] | last stable release of the 2.6 kernel series
2.6.38  | June 2011[177] | named Flesh-Eating Bats with Fangs[178]
2.6.37  | March 2011[179]
2.6.36  | February 2011[180]
2.6.35  | 2.6.35.14[181] | Andi Kleen[182] | March 2012[182] | 6th LTS release
2.6.35.7 was named Yokohama
2.6.34  | 2.6.34.15[183] | Paul Gortmaker[184] | February 2014[183][184] | 5th LTS release
It was named Sheep on Meth[185][186]

2.6.33  | Greg Kroah-Hartman[187] | November 2011[188] | 4th LTS release. It was the base for real-time-tree, replaced by 3.0.x.[187]
2.6.32  | 2.6.32.71[189] | Willy Tarreau[2][190] (formerly Greg Kroah-Hartman)[191][192] | March 2016[2] | 3rd LTS release, used in Debian 6 Squeeze.[193] Canonical also provided support until April 2015.[109]

RHEL 6.x

2.6.31  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | July 2010[194]
2.6.30  | October 2009[195] | 2.6.30-rc4–2.6.30-rc6 was named

Vindictive Armadillo[196][197]
Releases between 2.6 and 2.9 were named 2.Man-Eating Seals of Antiquity[198]

2.6.29  | July 2009[199] | Named Temporary Tasmanian Devil[200][201]
2.6.28  | May 2009[202] | 2.6.28-rc1–2.6.28-rc6 was named Killer Bat of Doom[203][204]

2.6.28 was named Erotic Pickled Herring[205]

2.6.27  | 2.6.27.62[206] | March 2012[207] | 2nd LTS release
2.6.27.3 was named Trembling Tortoise[208]
2.6.26  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | November 2008[209] | 2.6.26–2.6.27 was named Rotary Wombat[210]

2.6.25  | November 2008[211] | Named Funky Weasel is Jiggy wit it[212]
2.6.24  | May 2008[213] | 2.6.23-rc4–2.6.23-rc6 was named Pink Farting Weasel[214]

2.6.23-rc7–2.6.23–2.6.24 was named Arr Matey! A Hairy Bilge Rat![215] (TLAPD 2007)
2.6.24.1 was named Err Metey! A Heury Beelge-a Ret![216]

2.6.23  | February 2008[217]
2.6.22  | February 2008[218] | 2.6.22-rc3–2.6.22-rc4 was named Jeff Thinks I Should Change This, But To What?

2.6.22-rc5–2.6.22 was named Holy Dancing Manatees, Batman![219]

2.6.21  | August 2007[220] | Named Nocturnal Monster Puppy[221]
2.6.20  | 2.6.20.21[222] | October 2007[222] | Named Homicidal Dwarf Hamster[223][224]
2.6.19  | March 2007[225] | Named Avast! A bilge rat! (TLAPD 2006)[226]
2.6.18  | February 2007[227]

2.6.18: RHEL 5.x

2.6.17  | October 2006[228] | 2.6.17-rc5 was named Lordi Rules[229] (Eurovision 2006 winners)[230]

2.6.17-rc6–2.6.17 was named Crazed Snow-Weasel[231]

2.6.16  | 2.6.16.62[232] | 1st LTS release
2.6.16.28-rc2 was named Stable Penguin
2.6.15  | Greg Kroah-Hartman  | May 2006[233] | Named Sliding Snow Leopard[234]
2.6.14  | January 2006[235] | Named Affluent Albatross[236]
2.6.13  | December 2005[237] | Named Woozy Numbat[238][239]
2.6.12  | 2.6.12.6[240][241] | August 2005[240]
2.6.11  | 2.6.11.12[242] | June 2005[242]
2.6  | Linus Torvalds  | December 2004[243] | 2.6.2–2.6.4 was named Feisty Dunnart[244]

2.6.5–2.6.9 was named Zonked Quokka[245]

2.6.9: RHEL 4.x

{{{2}}}

## Releases up to 2.6.0

Version  | Original release date  | Last release  | Maintainer  | EOL | Notes

|
|
|
|
|

2.4  | 2.4.37.11[246] | Willy Tarreau (formerly Marcelo Tosatti)  | December 2011[246] | Named Greased Turkey[247]
last stable release of the 2.4 kernel series.

2.4.9: RHEL 2.1
2.4.21: RHEL 3.x

2.2  | 2.2.26[248] | Marc-Christian Petersen (formerly Alan Cox)  | Made unofficially obsolete with the 2.2.27-rc2[249][250][251] | Named Brown Paper Bag[252]
2.0  | 2.0.40[253] | David Weinehall  | officially made obsolete with the kernel 2.2.0 release[254] | Larry Ewing created the Tux mascot in 1996
pre2.0  | 1996  | pre2.0.14  | Linus Torvalds  | EOL |
1.3  | 1995  | Greased Weasel[255]
1.2  | 1995  | 1.2.13  | Linux '95[256]
1.1  | 1994  | 1.1.95  |
1.0  | 1994  | 1.0.9  |
0.99  | 1992  | 0.99.15j[257] | The Linux 0.99 tar.bz2 archive grew from 426 kB to 1009 kB on the way to 1.0.
0.98  | 1992  | 0.98.6[258] |
0.97  | 1992  | 0.97.6[259] |
0.96  | 1992  | 0.96c.2[260] |
0.95  | 1992  | 0.95c+[261] |
0.10  | 1991  | 0.12  |
0.02  | 1991  |  | first "usable"; for wider distribution[262]
0.01  | 1991  | 0.03  |
{{{2}}}

## See also

* Linux adoption
* Linux kernel
* History of Linux
* Timeline of free and open-source software

## References

1. ↑ Richardson, Marjorie (1 November 1999). "Interview: Linus Torvalds". Linux Journal. http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/3655.
2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 "Active kernel releases". Kernel.org. 7 February 2023. https://www.kernel.org/category/releases.html.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Kernel Maintenance". https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/civilinfrastructureplatform/cipkernelmaintenance.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 "The Linux Kernel Archives". Kernel.org. https://www.kernel.org/. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
5. ↑ Kroah-Hartman, Greg (2023-05-17). "Linux 6.2.16". https://lore.kernel.org/all/2023051744-drainable-footwear-49bd@gregkh/.
6. ↑ Torvalds, Linus (11 December 2022). "Linux 6.1". LKML (Mailing list).
7. ↑ "mm: multi-gen LRU: design doc". https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=8be976a0937a.
8. ↑ "Linux Kernel 6.1 Released, This is What’s New". https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2022/12/linux-kernel-6-1-released-new-features.
9. ↑ "Linux kernel 6.1 is out now". https://www.gamingonlinux.com/2022/12/linux-kernel-61-is-out-now/.
10. ↑ Larabel, Michael (2022-10-03). "The Initial Rust Infrastructure Has Been Merged Into Linux 6.1" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/news/Rust-Is-Merged-Linux-6.1.
11. ↑ "Debian 12 -- Release Notes". https://www.debian.org/releases/stable/amd64/release-notes/ch-whats-new.en.html.
12. ↑ "Linux 6.0". https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/CAHk-=wiaGf66EQOq1FwM6p9c3mGOjzm9stGeUTfC5Txx4yoxgg@mail.gmail.com/T/#u.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Linux 6.0.19 - Greg Kroah-Hartman". https://lore.kernel.org/lkml/1673522302104114@kroah.com/.
14. ↑ "Linux Kernel 6.0 Released, This is What’s New". https://www.omgubuntu.co.uk/2022/10/linux-kernel-6-released-new-features.
15. ↑ "Linux 6.0 Supporting New Intel/AMD Hardware, Performance Improvements & Much More". https://www.phoronix.com/review/linux-60-features.
16. ↑ "Makefile - kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/tree/Makefile?h=v6.0.
17. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `5.19`
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 "Linux_5.19 - Linux Kernel Newbies". https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_5.19.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 "Linux 5.19 Features: AMD SEV-SNP + Zen 4 Prep, Intel TDX + IFS, LoongArch, Big TCP, Apple M1 NVMe" (in en). https://www.phoronix.com/review/linux-519-features.
20. ↑ "A way out for a.out [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/888741/.
21. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `5.18`
22. ↑ "Indirect Branch Tracking - 006 - ID:655258 | 12th Generation Intel® Core™ Processors". https://edc.intel.com/content/www/us/en/design/ipla/software-development-platforms/client/platforms/alder-lake-desktop/12th-generation-intel-core-processors-datasheet-volume-1-of-2/006/indirect-branch-tracking/.
23. ↑ "Indirect branch tracking for Intel CPUs [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/889475/.
24. ↑ "user_events: User-based Event Tracing — The Linux Kernel documentation". https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/trace/user_events.html.
25. ↑ "Fprobe - Function entry/exit probe — The Linux Kernel documentation". https://www.kernel.org/doc/html/latest/trace/fprobe.html.
26. ↑ "The fast kernel headers tree [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/880175/.
27. ↑ "Strict memcpy() bounds checking for the kernel [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/864521/.
28. ↑ "Moving the kernel to modern C [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/885941/.
29. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `5.17`
30. ↑ "BPF CO-RE reference guide". https://nakryiko.com/posts/bpf-core-reference-guide/#the-missing-manual.
31. ↑ "A different approach to BPF loops [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/877062/.
32. ↑ "Random number generator enhancements for Linux 5.17 and 5.18". https://www.zx2c4.com/projects/linux-rng-5.17-5.18/.
33. ↑ Daniel. "And now Linux has a Real-Time Linux Analysis (RTLA) tool! – Daniel's page" (in en-US). https://bristot.me/and-now-linux-has-a-real-time-linux-analysis-rtla-tool/.
34. ↑ "Not-so-anonymous virtual memory areas [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/867818/.
35. ↑ "Blocking straight-line speculation — eventually [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/877845/.
36. ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?h=v5.17&id=f443e374ae131c168a065ea1748feac6b2e76613.
37. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `5.16`
38. ↑ "Short subjects: Realtime, Futexes, and ntfs3 [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/866112/.
39. ↑ "Clarifying memory management with page folios [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/849538/.
40. ↑ "Advanced Matrix Extension (AMX) - x86 - WikiChip" (in en). https://en.wikichip.org/wiki/x86/amx.
41. ↑ "Replacing congestion_wait() [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/873672/.
42. ↑ "Top-tier memory management [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/857133/.
43. ↑ "Hastening process cleanup with process_mrelease() [LWN.net"]. https://lwn.net/Articles/864184/.
44. ↑ "Slackware 15 Release Announcement". http://slackware.com/announce/15.0.php.
45. ↑ "Release Notes for Unbreakable Enterprise Kernel Release 7". https://docs.oracle.com/en/operating-systems/uek/7/relnotes7.0/.
46. ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=8bb7eca972ad531c9b149c0a51ab43a417385813.
47. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `5.14`
48. ↑ "What's new in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 beta". https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-us/red_hat_enterprise_linux/9-beta/html-single/9.0_release_notes/index.
49. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `5.13`
50. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `5.12`
51. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `5.11`
52. ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2021-02-14. https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=f40ddce88593482919761f74910f42f4b84c004b.
53. ↑ Larabel, Michael (2020-10-26). "Linux 5.10 Is The Next LTS Kernel". Phoronix. https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Linux-5.10-LTS-Kernel.
54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 54.4 54.5 "CIP maintenance". https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/civilinfrastructureplatform/start#kernel_maintainership.
55. ↑ "Bullseye kernel will be Linux 5.10 LTS". https://wiki.debian.org/DebianBullseye.
56. ↑ "Civil Infrastructure Platform". https://wiki.linuxfoundation.org/civilinfrastructureplatform/start.
57. ↑ "kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree". 2021-02-26. https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/commit/?h=linux-5.10.y&id=7b43ec8a0cc6fefdd63a1443edef0d2693ff99a2.
58. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `5.9`
59. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `5.8`
60. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `5.7`
61. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `5.6`
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76. ↑ "Buster kernel will be Linux 4.19 LTS". https://wiki.debian.org/DebianBuster.
77. ↑ Meanor, Maemalynn (25 February 2019). "Civil Infrastructure Platform Announces New Super Long Term Support Kernel that Advances Automation, Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence". The Linux Foundation. https://www.linuxfoundation.org/press-release/2019/02/civil-infrastructure-platform-announces-new-super-long-term-support-kernel-that-advances-automation-machine-learning-and-artificial-intelligence/.
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84. ↑ "Linux 4.14 Will Be The Next LTS Kernel Branch (Confirmed)". 7 September 2017. https://fossbytes.com/linux-4-14-next-lts-kernel/.
85. ↑ "kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree". 2017-11-21. https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/commit/Makefile?h=linux-4.14.y&id=780a781dd6f1af9dfac15b8eeba1cb678c9fc380.
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88. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `latest 4.11`
89. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `latest 4.10`
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91. ↑ "Kernel release status". 2017-02-01. https://lwn.net/Articles/713279/.
92. ↑ "Stretch kernel will be Linux 4.9 LTS". https://wiki.debian.org/DebianStretch.
93. ↑ "The 4.9 kernel has been released". https://lwn.net/Articles/708765/.
94. ↑ "Linus Torvalds". https://plus.google.com/u/0/+LinusTorvalds/posts/BXFdMkUECrx.
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103. ↑ "Slackware 14.2 announcement". http://slackware.osuosl.org/slackware-14.2/ANNOUNCE.14_2.
104. ↑ "Ubuntu kernel lifecycle and enablement stack". https://ubuntu.com/kernel/lifecycle#support-16-04.
105. ↑ Nestor, Marius (20 February 2016). "Linux Kernel 4.3.6 Is the Last in the Series, Users Urged to Move to Linux 4.4". Softpedia. SoftNews NET SRL. http://news.softpedia.com/news/linux-kernel-4-3-6-is-the-last-in-the-series-users-urged-to-move-to-linux-4-4-500675.shtml.
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107. ↑ "Linus Torvalds - Google+ - Pictures from the latest dive trip with Linus Torvalds and Miika Turkia". 2015-10-03. https://plus.google.com/+LinusTorvalds/posts/QNVC4hpcioK.
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112. ↑ "Greg KH: Re: Linux 4.1.1". LKML. 2015-06-29. https://lkml.org/lkml/2015/6/29/492.
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122. ↑ Hutchings, Ben (2 May 2016). "Add 3.16 as a longterm release". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 9 May 2016.
123. ↑ Guerrero Lopez, Ana. "Jessie will ship Linux 3.16". Debian Project (Bits from Debian). https://bits.debian.org/2014/07/kernel-version-for-jessie.html.
124. ↑ Henriques, Luis (30 October 2014). "Linux 3.16.y.z extended stable support". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 3 November 2014.
125. ↑ "kernel/git/stable/linux.git - Linux kernel stable tree". 2014-08-14. https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux.git/commit/Makefile?h=linux-3.16.y&id=9a35988df62b6ce3b69d640da44a3ead96f63182.
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131. ↑ "Linux 3.12-rc1". kernel.org. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=272b98c6455f00884f0350f775c5342358ebb73f.
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137. ↑ Vaughan, Steven J. (2013-07-16). "Linux 3.11: Linux for Workgroups". ZDNet. http://www.zdnet.com/linux-3-11-linux-for-workgroups-7000018091/.
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139. ↑ Tarreau, Willy (14 June 2016). "[PATCH kernel.org] change 3.10 EOL and maintainer". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 14 June 2016.
140. ↑ "Baby Fish - Taipei Open Source Software User Group". tossug.org. 2013-08-13. http://www.tossug.org/baby-fish.
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145. ↑ jake (2013-06-13). "Stable kernels 3.9.6, 3.4.49, and 3.0.82". LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/554241/.
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147. ↑ Walker-Morgan, DJ (15 May 2013). "Canonical to maintain Linux 3.8 until August 2014". The H Open. Heinz Heise. http://www.h-online.com/open/news/item/Canonical-to-maintain-Linux-3-8-until-August-2014-1863580.html.
148. ↑ Leemhuis, Thorsten (2013-02-19). "What's new in Linux 3.8 - The H Open: News and Features". h-online.com. http://www.h-online.com/open/features/What-s-new-in-Linux-3-8-1804240.html.
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152. ↑ Stahie, Silviu (1 March 2013). "Linux Kernel 3.7.10 Officially Reaches End of Life, Kernel.org Website Updated". Softpedia. http://news.softpedia.com/news/Linux-Kernel-3-7-10-Officially-Reaches-End-of-Life-Kernel-org-Website-Updated-333675.shtml.
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156. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `3.5.7 release`
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172. ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". 2011-05-30. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=55922c9d1b84b89cb946c777fddccb3247e7df2c.
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174. ↑ Larabel, Michael (26 October 2011). "Linux Foundation Backs Long-Term Support Kernels". Phoronix Media. https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=MTAwNjA.
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180. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `2.6.36.4 release`
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186. ↑ "Linux-Kernel Archive: Sheep on Meth is out with wings (?) - compat-wireless for linux-2.6.35-rc1". http://lkml.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/1006.0/00507.html.
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190. ↑ Tarreau, Willy (5 March 2012). "Re: Linux 2.6.32.58". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 12 February 2014.
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203. ↑ "Killer bat of doom". LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/304616/.
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214. ↑ corbet (2007-08-29). "Kernel release status". LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/247236/.
215. ↑ "git » linux-kernel » commit 3146b39". blitiri.com.ar. 2007-10-02. http://blitiri.com.ar/git/r/linux-kernel/c/da0a81e98c06aa0d1e05b9012c2b2facb1807e12/.
216. ↑ "Linux 2.6.24.6". permalink.gmane.org. 2008-05-02. http://permalink.gmane.org/gmane.linux.kernel/674469.
217. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `2.6.23.17 release`
218. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `2.6.22.19 release`
219. ↑ "Openswan-2.6.39.tar.gz: .../Kernel/2.6.22/Saref.patch | Fossies Archi…". http://fossies.org/linux/misc/openswan-2.6.39.tar.gz:a/openswan-2.6.39/patches/kernel/2.6.22/saref.patch.
220. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `2.6.21.7 release`
221. ↑ "Linux 2.6.22-rc3". git.kernel.org. 2007-05-25. https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=c420bc9f09a0926b708c3edb27eacba434a4f4ba.
222. ↑ 222.0 222.1 Tarreau, Willy (17 October 2007). "Linux 2.6.20.21". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 22 February 2015.
223. ↑ corbet (2007-01-02). "Linux 2.6.20-rc3". LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/216045/.
224. ↑ "Re: Linux 2.6.20.10". Linux.derkeiler.com. 2007-04-27. http://linux.derkeiler.com/Mailing-Lists/Kernel/2007-04/msg10710.html.
225. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `2.6.19.7 release`
226. ↑ "Shield Patch". http://people.redhat.com/mingo/exec-shield/exec-shield-nx-2.6.19.patch.
227. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `2.6.18.8 release`
228. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `2.6.17.14 release`
229. ↑ "kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git - Linux kernel source tree". git.kernel.org. 2006-05-25. https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/torvalds/linux.git/commit/?id=a8bd60705aa17a998516837d9c1e503ad4cbd7fc&id2=4f3a151a11da3351e2149a401d4ee18426938de7.
230. ↑ "Lordi Rules". blog.x-way.org. 2006-05-25. https://blog.x-way.org/Misc/2006/05/25/Lordi-Rules.html.
231. ↑ OSDir.com (2006-06-19). "Linux v2.6.17 "Crazed Snow-Weasel"". ospedia.osdir.com. http://ospedia.osdir.com/Article8886.phtml.
232. ↑ Bunk, Adrian (21 July 2008). "Linux 2.6.16.62". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 22 February 2015.
233. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `2.6.15.7 release`
234. ↑ "Re: Linux 2.6.16.7". linux.derkeiler.com. 2006-04-17. http://linux.derkeiler.com/Mailing-Lists/Kernel/2006-04/msg03059.html.
235. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `2.6.14.7 release`
236. ↑ "Greg KH: Re: Linux 2.6.14.5". LKML. https://lkml.org/lkml/2005/12/26/133.
237. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `2.6.13.5 release`
238. ↑ "'Woozy Numbat' released!". CIOL. 2004-12-30. http://www.ciol.com/ciol/news/35712/woozy-numbat-released.
239. ↑ "Linux 2.6.10 Kernel Hits The Street". Informationweek. 2004-12-29. http://www.informationweek.com/linux-2610-kernel-hits-the-street/56700166.
240. ↑ 240.0 240.1 Wright, Chris (29 August 2005). "Linux 2.6.12.6". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 28 February 2015.
241. ↑ "Linux_2_6_12 - Linux Kernel Newbies". https://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_12.
242. ↑ 242.0 242.1 Wright, Chris (12 June 2005). "Linux 2.6.11.12". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 28 February 2015.
243. ↑ Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `2.6.10 release`
244. ↑ "kpatchup 0.02 kernel patching script". LWN.net. https://lwn.net/Articles/74029/.
245. ↑ "mikas blog » Blog Archive » Zonked Quokka and USB". michael-prokop.at. 2004-09-14. http://michael-prokop.at/blog/2004/09/14/usb/.
246. ↑ 246.0 246.1 Tarreau, Willy (18 December 2010). "Linux 2.4.37.11". LKML (Mailing list). Retrieved 14 September 2011.
247. ↑ "Linux-Kernel Archive: Re: 2.4.15-greased-turkey ???". lkml.indiana.edu. 2001-11-23. http://lkml.indiana.edu/hypermail/linux/kernel/0111.2/1610.html.
248. ↑ "LATEST-IS-2.2.26". http://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.2/LATEST-IS-2.2.26.
249. ↑ Petersen, Marc-Christian (13 January 2005). "Linux 2.2.27-rc2". http://kerneltrap.org/node/4533.
250. ↑ Petersen, Marc-Christian (25 February 2004). "Linux 2.2.26 aka "2.2 is not dead" released". LKML (Mailing list).
251. ↑ McAllister, Neil (24 January 2013). "Kernel hacker Alan Cox quits Linux, Intel". https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/01/24/alan_cox_quits_linux_development/.
252. ↑ "LWN Kernel development, February 4, 1999". https://lwn.net/1999/0204/kernel.php3.
253. ↑ "LATEST-IS-2.0.40". http://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/v2.0/LATEST-IS-2.0.40.
254. ↑ Weinehall, David (8 February 2004). "[ANNOUNCE] Linux-kernel 2.0.40 aka 'The Moss-covered Tortoise'". http://kerneltrap.org/node/2279.
255. ↑ Stephen Shankland (1 November 2000). "Test version of new Linux kernel available". CNET News. http://news.cnet.com/2100-1001-247983.html.
256. ↑ "Linus Torvalds Releases Linux 1.2.0". http://www.linuxjournal.com/article/2682.
257. ↑ "Linux Kernel Version History: 0.99 series kernels". http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/docs/history/0.99.html.
258. ↑ "Linux Kernel Version History: 0.98 series kernels". http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/docs/history/0.98.html.
259. ↑ "Linux Kernel Version History: 0.97 series kernels". http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/docs/history/0.97.html.
260. ↑ "Linux Kernel Version History: 0.96 series kernels". http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/docs/history/0.96.html.
261. ↑ "Linux Kernel Version History: 0.95 series kernels". http://www.oldlinux.org/Linux.old/docs/history/0.95.html.
262. ↑ "Happy 25th once again to Linux, 'the little OS that definitely could'" (in en). 2016-10-05. https://www.pcworld.com/article/3128189/happy-25th-once-again-to-linux-the-little-os-that-definitely-could.html.

## External links

* Official Linux kernel website
* Active kernel releases, on the official Linux kernel website
* Linux versions changelog, in Linux Kernel Newbies
* Linux Kernel Version History: Consolidated list

* v
* t
* e

Linux kernel

Organization|

| Kernel|

* Linux Foundation
* Linux Mark Institute
* Linus's law
* Tanenbaum–Torvalds debate
* Tux
* SCO disputes
* Linaro
* GNU GPL v2
* menuconfig
* Supported computer architectures
* Kernel names
* Criticism

|

Support|

* Developers
* The Linux Programming Interface
* kernel.org
* LKML
* Linux conferences
* Users
* Linux User Group (LUG)

Technical|

| Debugging|

* CRIU
* ftrace
* kdump
* Linux kernel oops
* SystemTap
* BPF

|

Startup|

* vmlinux
* System.map
* dracut
* initrd
* initramfs

ABIs|

* Linux Standard Base
* x32 ABI

APIs|

| Of
userspace|

| FS,
daemons|

* devfs
* devpts
* debugfs
* procfs
* sysfs
* systemd
* udev
* Kmscon

|

Wrapper
libraries|

* C standard library
* glibc
* uClibc
* Bionic
* libhybris
* dietlibc
* EGLIBC
* klibc
* musl
* Newlib
* libcgroup
* libdrm
* libalsa
* libevdev
* libusb

kernel|

| System Call
Interface|

* POSIX
* ioctl
* select
* open
* read
* close
* sync
* …
* Linux-only
* futex
* epoll
* splice
* dnotify
* inotify
* readahead
* …

|

In-kernel|

* ALSA
* Crypto API
* DRM
* kernfs
* Memory barrier
* New API
* RCU
* Video4Linux

Components|

* Kernel modules
* BlueZ
* cgroups
* Console
* bcache
* Device mapper
* dm-cache
* dm-crypt
* DRM
* EDAC
* evdev
* Kernel same-page merging (KSM)
* LIO
* Framebuffer
* LVM
* KMS driver
* Netfilter
* Netlink
* nftables
* Network scheduler
* perf
* SLUB
* zram
* zswap

* Process and I/O schedulers:
* O(n) scheduler
* O(1) scheduler
* Completely Fair Scheduler (CFQ)
* Brain Fuck Scheduler
* Noop scheduler
* SCHED_DEADLINE

* Security Modules: AppArmor
* Exec Shield
* grsecurity
* PaX
* seccomp
* SELinux
* Smack
* Tomoyo Linux
* Linux PAM

* Device drivers
* 802.11
* graphics
* Raw device

* initramfs
* KernelCare
* kexec
* kGraft
* kpatch
* Ksplice

Variants|

* Mainline
* Linux kernel
* Linux-libre
* High-performance computing
* INK
* Compute Node Linux
* SLURM
* Real-time computing
* RTLinux
* RTAI
* Xenomai
* Carrier Grade Linux
* MMU-less
* μClinux
* PSXLinux

| Virtualization|

* Hypervisor
* KVM
* Xen
* OS-level virtualization
* Linux-VServer
* Lguest
* LXC
* OpenVZ
* Other
* L4Linux
* ELinOS
* User-mode Linux
* MkLinux
* coLinux

|

Adoption|

| Range
of use|

* Desktop
* Embedded
* Gaming
* Thin client:
* LTSP
* Thinstation
* Server:
* LAMP
* LYME-LYCE
* Devices

|

Adopters|

* List of Linux adopters
* GENIVI Alliance
* Proprietary software for Linux

* Category
* Commons
* Book
* Wikiversity
* Portal

* v
* t
* e

Timelines of computing

Computing|

* before 1950
* 1950–1979
* 1980s
* 1990s
* 2000s
* 2010s

Software|

| Open-source software|

* 1970s
* 1980s
* 1990s
* 2000s
* 2010s
* 2020s

|

Programming languages|

Hypertext technology|

Operating systems|

* DOS family
* Windows
* Linux

Virtualization development|

Malware|

Computer science|

* Artificial intelligence
* Quantum computing

Internet|

* Web browsers
* Internet conflicts

Men in computing|

* John Vincent Atanasoff
* Charles Babbage
* John Backus
* George Boole
* Vint Cerf
* John Cocke
* Stephen Cook
* J. Presper Eckert
* David A. Huffman
* Bob Kahn
* Brian Kernighan
* Andrew Koenig
* Donald Knuth
* Joseph Kruskal
* Douglas McIlroy
* John von Neumann
* Dennis Ritchie
* Guido van Rossum
* Bjarne Stroustrup
* Ken Thompson
* Linus Torvalds
* Alan Turing
* Paul Vixie
* Larry Wall
* Stephen Wolfram
* Steve Wozniak

Women in computing|

* Kathleen Antonelli
* Jean Bartik
* Adele Goldstine
* Lois Haibt
* Betty Holberton
* Ada Lovelace
* Margaret Hamilton
* Grace Hopper
* Nancy Leveson
* Marlyn Meltzer
* Klara Dan von Neumann
* Frances Spence
* Ruth Teitelbaum

0.00

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