RMS Titanic

The Titanic shortly before her fatal voyage.

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The RMS Titanic was a British ocean liner operated by White Star Line that infamously sank on April 15, 1912 after striking an iceberg during her maiden voyage. Of the estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, more than 1,500 died, making this one of history's deadliest maritime disasters during peacetime.

This tragedy shocked the world and triggered major improvements in maritime safety. It turns out that having an adequate number of lifeboats on a ship might potentially save lives. Who knew? Owing to her legendary status as an ocean liner doomed on her maiden voyage as well as being often cited as a cautionary tale on human hubris and arrogance, the Titanic still has a major place in popular consciousness even today. Part of that is due to the discovery of the ship's wreck in 1985 and also due to the 1997 James Cameron film, which currently holds the record for the world's third-highest grossing movie.[1] Despite her being the most infamous maritime tragedy and consequently the by-word for any and all ship sinkings, her fate had only been dwarfed by even deadlier peacetime ship disasters.

Unfortunately, the ship and the circumstances surrounding her sinking also serve as magnets for all sort of cranks and conspiracy theorists. Theories include the idea that the sinking was an inside job or that the Titanic (and/or her sister ship, the Olympic) didn't even sink at all.

## Contents

* 1 Background
* 1.1 Engineering
* 1.2 Lifeboats
* 2 The sinking
* 2.1 The collision
* 3 Conspiracy nuttery
* 3.1 Switch theory
* 3.2 It was an inside job
* 3.3 Other conspiracies and myths
* 4 Legacy
* 5 See also
* 6 External links
* 7 Notes
* 8 References

## Background[edit]

The White Star Line was involved in fierce competition with its direct British rival, the Cunard Line, for the highly profitable transatlantic passenger trade in the 19th century. In the early 20th century, the Cunard Line launched the RMS Lusitania and RMS Mauritania with financing from the British government.[2]

To compete, the WSL decided to create a new class of ocean liners called the Olympic Class that would be noted for their size, comfort, and luxury rather than their speed.[note 1] The first of the three vessels to be completed was the RMS Olympic which was the only one of the three vessels to have a successful career in spite of many incidents.[3]

### Engineering[edit]

In spite of the tragedy, the Titanic was a marvel of engineering that surpassed any ship built at the time. Compared to the Lusitania, the Titanic's watertight compartments were vertical, and this meant that the ship only obtained a small list during the sinking. Meanwhile, the longitudinal compartments of the Lusitania caused a great list, making it impossible to launch the life boats from the high side.[4]

The lower decks of the ship were divided into 16 watertight compartments, with the ship being able to remain afloat if up to four of any of these compartments flooded. The iceberg damaged five of the compartments and the bulkheads (watertight walls meant to prevent the water from flooding the rest of the ship) were not tall enough to contain the water, as the compartments only went up to E Deck.[5] The compartments were sealed by watertight doors and those doors below the water level could be closed by pressing an electro-magnet at the bridge while the others above the water line would have to be closed manually. Firemen and trimmers could escape the watertight compartments through a ladder.[6]

### Lifeboats[edit]

The Titanic had the capacity for 48 lifeboats, but it only carried 20, though that was still more lifeboats than it was required by law at the time. The reason for this is that at the time, lifeboats were only seen as a method of ferrying passengers between ships and not as a life-saving measure of last resort.[7] The officers were also unaware that the lifeboats were tested to handle being lowered at full capacity. They thought the lowering mechanism would collapse if the lifeboats were filled to full capacity. Consequently, many lifeboats were launched with many empty seats.[8]

## The sinking[edit]

Illustration of the sinking.

Overall, compared to other maritime disasters such as the RMS Lusitania,[9], HMHS Britannic,[10] and the MV Wilhelm Gustloff,[11] the sinking of the Titanic was not the result of a war crime and the ship remained mostly stable during most of the sinking though unfortunately it also resulted in the passengers getting a false sense of security.

### The collision[edit]

On 14 April 1912, the Titanic struck an iceberg at 23:40 ship time[note 2] in a zone called Iceberg Alley and opening up six small slits over 300 feet (91 metres), dooming the ship in the process.[12][13]

The collision was aided by freak weather in a moonless night. The sea was calm and thus there was no break of waves at the base of icebergs and a process called super refraction[note 3] resulted in the horizon appearing higher than normal and disguised the iceberg's outline from the ship's lookouts. This also caused the Titanic's distress rockets to appear lower to the nearby SS Californian and to scramble the Morse Code.[14] Also when First Officer Murdoch ordered the steersmman, Robert Hitchins, to turn to port he panicked and turned the till the wrong direction. Worse, the owner of the ship, Bruce Ismay, ordered the captain to go "Slow Ahead" and this created great pressure over the damaged hull, causing the ship to sink faster. This information was suppressed because it would have rendered the WSL's insurance claims null, and would have bankrupted the company. Gasp! A real conspiracy, praise Goat![15][16]

The collision itself is an interesting analysis of the laws of the physics. The ocean liner was moving at 22 knots (41 km/h; 25 mph), and such a momentum cannot be quickly reversed. Also the large mass and momentum of the ship meant that when it collided with the iceberg, the hull steel and the wrought iron rivets failed, due to “brittle fracture”. This particular case of brittle fracture is caused by high speeds, low temperature, high impact loading and high sulfur content. These factors were all present at the time of collision.[17]

The idea that the ship could have survived in a head-on collision with the iceberg is also very naïve. The mass and momentum of the ship would have caused such an impact shock that would shake the whole ship, splitting apart the seams and popping the rivets. Considering the tragedy that the six small slits caused, that amount of damage would have caused the ship to sink even faster.[18]

## Conspiracy nuttery[edit]

THE TITANIC WAS AN INSIDE JOB.

Since reaching the bottom of the sea and particularly since the wreck was discovered, Titanic has drawn a lot of nut jobs and attention seekers.[19]

### Switch theory[edit]

Started by Robin Gardiner in his 1998 book Titanic: The Ship that Never Sank?, the theory claims that the Titanic was switched with her sister ship, the Olympic, as part of an insurance fraud. This theory has its roots in the fact that the Olympic was damaged while sailing from Southampton to New York in September 1911, and had to be sent to Harland & Wolff's shipyard for repairs. The theory then claims that the ship was considered too damaged and someone decided to have the Olympic and Titanic swapped, then to have the damaged Olympic purposely sunk it to claim the insurance money.[20]

The theory falls apart, as J. Kent Layton writes, "the switch conspiracy founders — quite literally — on its financial merits alone." because the Olympic's insurance was not generous enough to cover the expenses of the conspiracy. And it would have been very expensive indeed as the White Star Line would have to do massive bribes to everyone involved in the conspiracy. This list would have included the workers at Harland & Wolff, the Board of Trade inspectors, and the upper management of Harland & Wolff and White Star Line. The worst part is that any of these individuals could then decide to extort more money.[21]

Beyond that, the Titanic and the Olympic were not copies, they just used the same template, hence the term "class" to denote a series of vessels, in this case Olympic-class, which was made up of the Olympic, Titanic and Britannic; only the Olympic went on to have an extensive service career before she was scrapped. The most notable difference was in the A Deck promenade which in the Olympic was a wide-open veranda, while in the Titanic the forward section (closer to the bow) of the A Deck was enclosed with windows so that the passengers were better protected against the elements. There were also many other external and internal differences.[22]

### It was an inside job[edit]

This theory claims that J.P. Morgan, owner of International Mercantile Company (which itself owned White Star Line), planned the Titanic disaster to kill off rival millionaires Jacob Astor, Isidor Straus, and Benjamin Guggenheim, who all died aboard. The basis of the theory is that Morgan originally planned to sail on the Titanic only to cancel at the last moment and that he somehow managed to sink the ship to kill his rivals because they opposed the creation of the Federal Reserve.[23]

This theory has also been embraced by QAnon as part of their grand conspiracy of Jewish control.[24] And as if that wasn't enough, conspiracy theorist and antisemite Stew Peters somehow shoehorned the OceanGate submersible tragedy into the Jew-mongering mix by claiming that the submarine was deliberately sabotaged to prevent the submersible's passengers from discovering that the Titanic was sunk by a “controlled demolition” instead of an iceberg,[25] never mind the fact that there have been countless expeditions to the wreck which have been thoroughly documented and studied; even a controlled demolition would have been far more devastating both to the Titanic and her passengers than an iceberg collision.

And come to think of it, if J.P. Morgan–even if he really was that greedy and corrupt as a business tycoon–wanted to snuff out his rivals, it would have been far cleaner and way less expensive for him to hire a hitman to take out the Strausses and Ben Guggenheim than to just have his latest investment scuttled just as she was launched and score a thousand more souls worth of collateral damage whilst he's at it.[citation NOT needed]

### Other conspiracies and myths[edit]

* Some conspiracy theorists claim that a German U-Boat sunk the Titanic[26] by claiming that the ship seen in the horizon during the sinking was a submarine, rather than the SS Californian. Also it's possible that the cranks were confusing the Titanic with the RMS Lusitania.
* There is the idea that an uncontrollable fire in coal bunker Nº 6 severely weakened the ship's hull[27] and in 2017 a new documentary named Titanic: The New Evidence stated there was an attempt at covering up this theory because some photographs have gathering dust in an attic[28] The Irish docudrama Saving the Titanic advanced said theory, even if it could've been just a blemish in the photograph and not a warped section of the hull as those so-called "experts" insinuate.
* Another conspiracy is that the ship was doomed by the curse of an Egyptian mummy,[29] which is very impressive considering the Titanic never carried any such artifacts in its cargo hold.[30]
* A myth is that the Titanic's number (390904) read "NO POPE" when seeing its reflection in the water which is false because the number painted on the ship's hull was 401 and her Board of Trade Designation was 131,428.[31]
* The myth of the Bostwick gates preventing third class passengers from accessing the upper decks is wrong. A careful analysis of the Titanic's deckplans shows that the only time that Bostwick gates were used was to segregate third-class passengers from crew areas such as in E Deck in which there was a bostwick gate preventing trimmers and seamen from walking up the stairs to the third class open area in D Deck.[32]
* A common myth was that J. Bruce Ismay, the president of White Star Line who owned the Titanic, was a "coward" who first pressured the captain into "making a record crossing" - that supposedly caused the accident - then dressed himself as a woman in order to cut his way to a life boat. He actually behaved better than many crew and passengers, helping lifting and lowering many life boats before entering one of last of them to be lowered, having seen no one around to help. The ship's captain, an experienced man on his last voyage before retirement, wouldn't have deferred to Ismay on the running of the ship. There's a personal reason why these rumors were spread: William Randolph Hearst was then the owner of the largest American newspaper chain, and saw a motif for revenge on a former business associate he had fallen out with (Ismay had been an agent for Hearst) - as well as some passengers who wanted extra insurance money.[33] Knowing Hearst's penchant for yellow journalism, this isn't completely out of his league.
* A few authors claim that neither the Olympic or the Titanic sunk at all, with the Titanic being restored as the Imperator passenger ship and the sinking, victims and wreck being faked as well. All this for... insurance money.[34]

## Legacy[edit]

The Titanic tragedy proved to be of legendary status amongst the general population, as its cautionary tale of hubris and greed became the backdrop for countless works of fiction and documentaries milking the ship's infamy for what its worth, such as the famed 1958 docudrama A Night to Remember, the 1997 romantic tragedy epic Titanic and even a Nazi propaganda movie in 1943 also simply named Titanic.[note 4] Some noted that the Titan submersible implosion in 2023 bore eerie similarities to Titanic in terms of perceived arrogance on part of OceanGate founder Stockton Rush who was, ironically enough, among those killed in the implosion.

However, the Titanic tragedy was dwarfed by even worse (and sadly overshadowed) maritime catastrophes, most notably the sinking of the Japanese-built and Philippine-registered passenger ferry MV Doña Paz in 1987, whose death toll reached 4,385 people and only 26 survivors after it collided with the oil tanker Vector. The sheer ineptitude on part of the crews of both Doña Paz and Vector certainly made Titanic and her crew look far more professional in comparison: investigations and survivor testimony point that Doña Paz lacked a functioning radio,[35] its crew was alleged to be incompetent and did not act accordingly when the collision happened, and the Vector was found to be un-seaworthy, lacking a certified captain, lookout or even a license to operate.[36] It did not help matters that Doña Paz was filled to the brim with more passengers than neither the ship's manifest had taken to account nor the ship herself was designed to carry.

## See also[edit]

* RMS Lusitania, another famous ocean liner that sunk with great loss of life
* Tutankhamun's curse \- a different mummy's curse

## External links[edit]

* If you have the time you can watch a real time animation of Titanic's sinking up to date with the latest evidence or just watch the last fifteen minutes

## Notes[edit]

1. ↑ Such business strategies would later be called, funnily enough, as the blue ocean strategy, where new market segments are created rather than directly taking on the competition. A contemporary example would be that of Nintendo of all things, where they have a similar business strategy of prioritising novel gameplay gimmicks over raw hardware power.
2. ↑ Due to the Titanic moving westward and Earth's curvature, the ship's clocks were adjusted to the new time zones at midnight. Due to the events of the sinking, the clocks were not adjusted at midnight between days 14-15
3. ↑ A thermal inversion in which warm air lies above cold air causing light to bend
4. ↑ As an aside, the Nazi Titanic flick had its own share of troubled production, as Joseph Goebbels had this brilliant idea of producing a lavish film production while Germany was in the middle of deadly war. It was banned in its home country as the scenes of death and despair reminded people too much of the suffering the German public had in the hands of both the Nazis and the invading Allies, though interestingly, the film was practically devoid of any antisemitic rhetoric as expected with the Nazis, instead mocking and aping at perceived greed on part of British and American bankers.

## References[edit]

1. ↑ See the Wikipedia article on List of highest-grossing films.
2. ↑ Encyclopedia Britannica - RMS Lusitania
3. ↑ Encyclopedia Britannica - RMS Olympic
4. ↑ RMS Lusitania: Conception and Design
5. ↑ NatGeo: Sinking of the Titanic
6. ↑ Titanic's watertight doors and bulkheads
7. ↑ Dispelling myths: Titanic lifeboats
8. ↑ Titanic lifeboats- History
9. ↑ Study: Titanic, Lusitania Disaster survival differences
10. ↑ Britannic and Titanic: A story of two ships
11. ↑ MV Wilhelm Gustloff: Encyclopedia Britannica
12. ↑ Titanic was sunk by six slits, no big gash
13. ↑ Discover Ireland - RMS Britannic, Olympic and Titanic
14. ↑ Titanic sank due to "mirage" caused by freak weather
15. ↑ Businesswoman reveals family secret
16. ↑ Family's Titanic secret revealed
17. ↑ Why did the Titanic sink?
18. ↑ Would the Titanic survived a head on collision with the iceberg?
19. ↑ The craziest Titanic conspiracy theories, explained
20. ↑ The Titanic "Switch theory" exposed
21. ↑ Relevant excerpt from Layton's book
22. ↑ Differences between Olympic and Titanic
23. ↑ The J P Morgan conspiracy
24. ↑ Fact checking QAnon conspiracies
25. ↑ "The RNC is partnering with the Republican Jewish Coalition and Rumble — a virulently antisemitic platform — for the third GOP debate"
26. ↑ Did a German U-Boat sunk the Titanic
27. ↑ That theory about a sinking the Titanic isn't exactly new
28. ↑ Was the "hidden truth" of Titanic "covered up for decades"?
29. ↑ Craziest Titanic Conspiracies
30. ↑ Titanic carried a cursed mummy - false
31. ↑ Snopes:Titanic "no pope"- false
32. ↑ Titanic Deck Plans
33. ↑ Titanic myths: Bruce Ismay's cowardice
34. ↑ The Titanic: The Fraud that Keeps on Giving
35. ↑ "7 of the World's Deadliest Shipwrecks". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-08-07.
36. ↑ "Tanker Rams Ferry, 1,500 Feared Dead". Philippine Daily Inquirer. December 22, 1987.