Redistricting in North Carolina

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Redistricting
State-by-state
redistricting procedures
Majority-minority districts
Congressional district demographics
United States census,
2020

## Contents

* 1 Background
* 1.1 Federal requirements for congressional redistricting
* 1.2 Federal requirements for state legislative redistricting
* 1.3 State-based requirements
* 1.4 Methods
* 1.5 Gerrymandering
* 1.6 Recent court decisions
* 2 State process
* 2.1 How incarcerated persons are counted for redistricting
* 3 District maps
* 3.1 Congressional districts
* 3.2 State legislative maps
* 4 Redistricting after the 2020 census
* 4.1 Enacted congressional district maps
* 4.2 Enacted state legislative district maps
* 4.2.1 Reactions
* 5 Redistricting after the 2010 census
* 5.1 Congressional district map challenges
* 5.1.1 Federal court challenges
* 5.1.1.1 Cooper v. Harris
* 5.1.1.2 Common Cause v. Rucho
* 5.1.2 State court challenges
* 5.2 State legislative district map challenges
* 5.2.1 Federal court challenges
* 5.2.2 State court challenges
* 6 Political impacts of redistricting
* 6.1 Competitiveness
* 6.1.1 Congress
* 6.1.2 State legislatures
* 6.1.3 Partisan composition
* 6.1.4 House
* 6.1.5 Senate
* 6.2 Race and ethnicity
* 6.2.1 Demographics
* 7 State legislation and ballot measures
* 7.1 Redistricting legislation
* 7.2 Redistricting ballot measures
* 8 Recent news
* 9 See also
* 10 External links
* 11 Footnotes

Redistricting is the process by which new congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn. Each of North Carolina's 13 United States representatives and 170 state legislators are elected from political divisions called districts. United States senators are not elected by districts, but by the states at large. District lines are redrawn every 10 years following completion of the United States census. The federal government stipulates that districts must have nearly equal populations and must not discriminate on the basis of race or ethnicity.[1][2][3][4]

HIGHLIGHTS

* Following the 2020 United States Census, North Carolina was apportioned 14 congressional districts, one more than the number it had after the 2010 census.

* North Carolina's House of Representatives comprises 120 districts; North Carolina's State Senate comprises 50 districts.

* In North Carolina, the state legislature is responsible for drawing both congressional and state legislative district lines. District maps cannot be vetoed by the governor.

* In 2019, as a result a court order, the state adopted a new congressional district map. To learn more, see here.

* Also in 2019, in response to a separate court order, the state adopted new state legislative district maps. To learn more, see here.

On Nov. 4, the North Carolina General Assembly voted to enact a congressional map. The map passed the North Carolina State Senate 27-22 on Nov. 2, and the North Carolina House of Representatives 65-49 on Nov. 4.[5] This map takes effect for North Carolina's 2022 congressional elections. On Nov. 4, the North Carolina General Assembly voted to enact legislative maps. The house map passed the North Carolina House of Representatives 67-49 on Nov. 2, and the North Carolina State Senate 25-21 on Nov. 4.[6] The senate map passed 26-19 in the North Carolina State Senate on Nov. 3 and 65-49 in the North Carolina House of Representatives on Nov. 4.[7] These maps take effect for North Carolina's 2022 legislative elections. Click here for more information on maps enacted after the 2020 census.

See the sections below for further information on the following topics:

1. Background: This section summarizes federal requirements for redistricting at both the congressional and state legislative levels. In addition, recent court decisions affecting redistricting policy are summarized.
2. State process: This section provides details about the redistricting process in North Carolina, identifying the entities responsible for redistricting and delineating state-imposed requirements.
3. District maps: This section provides information about current congressional and state legislative district maps.
4. Issues: This section discusses issues that intersect with redistricting policy, including electoral competitiveness and the consideration of race and ethnicity in electoral policy.
5. Historical information: This section provides summaries of the redistricting processes that occurred in North Carolina following the 2010 census
6. State legislation and ballot measures: This section lists state legislation and state and local ballot measures relevant to redistricting policy.

## Background[edit]

This section includes background information on federal requirements for congressional redistricting, state legislative redistricting, state-based requirements, redistricting methods used in the 50 states, gerrymandering, and recent court decisions.

What is redistricting and what does it entail?

### Federal requirements for congressional redistricting[edit]

According to Article I, Section 4 of the United States Constitution, the states and their legislatures have primary authority in determining the "times, places, and manner" of congressional elections. Congress may also pass laws regulating congressional elections.[8][9]

“  | The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators.[10] |  ”

|
|

—United States Constitution

Article I, Section 2 of the United States Constitution stipulates that congressional representatives be apportioned to the states on the basis of population. There are 435 seats in the United States House of Representatives. Each state is allotted a portion of these seats based on the size of its population relative to the other states. Consequently, a state may gain seats in the House if its population grows or lose seats if its population decreases, relative to populations in other states. In 1964, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Wesberry v. Sanders that the populations of House districts must be equal "as nearly as practicable."[11][12][13]

The equal population requirement for congressional districts is strict. According to All About Redistricting, "Any district with more or fewer people than the average (also known as the 'ideal' population), must be specifically justified by a consistent state policy. And even consistent policies that cause a 1 percent spread from largest to smallest district will likely be unconstitutional."[13]

### Federal requirements for state legislative redistricting[edit]

The United States Constitution is silent on the issue of state legislative redistricting. In the mid-1960s, the United States Supreme Court issued a series of rulings in an effort to clarify standards for state legislative redistricting. In Reynolds v. Sims, the court ruled that "the Equal Protection Clause [of the United States Constitution] demands no less than substantially equal state legislative representation for all citizens, of all places as well as of all races." According to All About Redistricting, "it has become accepted that a [redistricting] plan will be constitutionally suspect if the largest and smallest districts [within a state or jurisdiction] are more than 10 percent apart."[13]

### State-based requirements[edit]

In addition to the federal criteria noted above, individual states may impose additional requirements on redistricting. Common state-level redistricting criteria are listed below.

1. Contiguity refers to the principle that all areas within a district should be physically adjacent. A total of 49 states require that districts of at least one state legislative chamber be contiguous (Nevada has no such requirement, imposing no requirements on redistricting beyond those enforced at the federal level). A total of 23 states require that congressional districts meet contiguity requirements.[13][14]
2. Compactness refers to the general principle that the constituents within a district should live as near to one another as practicable. A total of 37 states impose compactness requirements on state legislative districts; 18 states impose similar requirements for congressional districts.[13][14]
3. A community of interest is defined by FairVote as a "group of people in a geographical area, such as a specific region or neighborhood, who have common political, social or economic interests." A total of 24 states require that the maintenance of communities of interest be considered in the drawing of state legislative districts. A total of 13 states impose similar requirements for congressional districts.[13][14]
4. A total of 42 states require that state legislative district lines be drawn to account for political boundaries (e.g., the limits of counties, cities, and towns). A total of 19 states require that similar considerations be made in the drawing of congressional districts.[13][14]

### Methods[edit]

In general, a state's redistricting authority can be classified as one of the following:[15]

1. Legislature-dominant: In a legislature-dominant state, the legislature retains the ultimate authority to draft and enact district maps. Maps enacted by the legislature may or may not be subject to gubernatorial veto. Advisory commissions may also be involved in the redistricting process, although the legislature is not bound to adopt an advisory commission's recommendations.
2. Commission: In a commission state, an extra-legislative commission retains the ultimate authority to draft and enact district maps. A non-politician commission is one whose members cannot hold elective office. A politician commission is one whose members can hold elective office.
3. Hybrid: In a hybrid state, the legislature shares redistricting authority with a commission.

### Gerrymandering[edit]

In 1812, Massachusetts Governor Elbridge Gerry signed into law a state Senate district map that, according to the Encyclopædia Britannica, "consolidated the Federalist Party vote in a few districts and thus gave disproportionate representation to Democratic-Republicans." The word gerrymander was coined by The Boston Gazette to describe the district.

See also: Gerrymandering

The term gerrymandering refers to the practice of drawing electoral district lines to favor one political party, individual, or constituency over another. When used in a rhetorical manner by opponents of a particular district map, the term has a negative connotation but does not necessarily address the legality of a challenged map. The term can also be used in legal documents; in this context, the term describes redistricting practices that violate federal or state laws.[1][16]

For additional background information about gerrymandering, click "[Show more]" below.

Show more

The phrase racial gerrymandering refers to the practice of drawing electoral district lines to dilute the voting power of racial minority groups. Federal law prohibits racial gerrymandering and establishes that, to combat this practice and to ensure compliance with the Voting Rights Act, states and jurisdictions can create majority-minority electoral districts. A majority-minority district is one in which a racial group or groups comprise a majority of the district's populations. Racial gerrymandering and majority-minority districts are discussed in greater detail in this article.[17]

The phrase partisan gerrymandering refers to the practice of drawing electoral district maps with the intention of favoring one political party over another. In contrast with racial gerrymandering, on which the Supreme Court of the United States has issued rulings in the past affirming that such practices violate federal law, the high court had not, as of November 2017, issued a ruling establishing clear precedent on the question of partisan gerrymandering. Although the court has granted in past cases that partisan gerrymandering can violate the United States Constitution, it has never adopted a standard for identifying or measuring partisan gerrymanders. Partisan gerrymandering is described in greater detail in this article.[18][19]

### Recent court decisions[edit]

See also: Redistricting cases heard by the Supreme Court of the United States

The Supreme Court of the United States has, in recent years, issued several decisions dealing with redistricting policy, including rulings relating to the consideration of race in drawing district maps, the use of total population tallies in apportionment, and the constitutionality of independent redistricting commissions. The rulings in these cases, which originated in a variety of states, impact redistricting processes across the nation.

For additional background information about these cases, click "[Show more]" below.

Show more

#### Gill v. Whitford (2018)[edit]

See also: Gill v. Whitford

In Gill v. Whitford, decided on June 18, 2018, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the plaintiffs—12 Wisconsin Democrats who alleged that Wisconsin's state legislative district plan had been subject to an unconstitutional gerrymander in violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments—had failed to demonstrate standing under Article III of the United States Constitution to bring a complaint. The court's opinion, penned by Chief Justice John Roberts, did not address the broader question of whether partisan gerrymandering claims are justiciable and remanded the case to the district court for further proceedings. Roberts was joined in the majority opinion by Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, Samuel Alito, Sonia Sotomayor, and Elena Kagan. Kagan penned a concurring opinion joined by Ginsburg, Breyer, and Sotomayor. Associate Justice Clarence Thomas penned an opinion that concurred in part with the majority opinion and in the judgment, joined by Associate Justice Neil Gorsuch.[20]

#### Cooper v. Harris (2017)[edit]

See also: Cooper v. Harris

In Cooper v. Harris, decided on May 22, 2017, the Supreme Court of the United States affirmed the judgment of the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, finding that two of North Carolina's congressional districts, the boundaries of which had been set following the 2010 United States Census, had been subject to an illegal racial gerrymander in violation of Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act. Justice Elena Kagan delivered the court's majority opinion, which was joined by Justices Clarence Thomas, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, and Sonia Sotomayor (Thomas also filed a separate concurring opinion). In the court's majority opinion, Kagan described the two-part analysis utilized by the high court when plaintiffs allege racial gerrymandering as follows: "First, the plaintiff must prove that 'race was the predominant factor motivating the legislature's decision to place a significant number of voters within or without a particular district.' ... Second, if racial considerations predominated over others, the design of the district must withstand strict scrutiny. The burden shifts to the State to prove that its race-based sorting of voters serves a 'compelling interest' and is 'narrowly tailored' to that end." In regard to the first part of the aforementioned analysis, Kagan went on to note that "a plaintiff succeeds at this stage even if the evidence reveals that a legislature elevated race to the predominant criterion in order to advance other goals, including political ones." Justice Samuel Alito delivered an opinion that concurred in part and dissented in part with the majority opinion. This opinion was joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and Justice Anthony Kennedy.[21][22][23]

#### Evenwel v. Abbott (2016)[edit]

See also: Evenwel v. Abbott

Evenwel v. Abbott was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 2016. At issue was the constitutionality of state legislative districts in Texas. The plaintiffs, Sue Evenwel and Edward Pfenninger, argued that district populations ought to take into account only the number of registered or eligible voters residing within those districts as opposed to total population counts, which are generally used for redistricting purposes. Total population tallies include non-voting residents, such as immigrants residing in the country without legal permission, prisoners, and children. The plaintiffs alleged that this tabulation method dilutes the voting power of citizens residing in districts that are home to smaller concentrations of non-voting residents. The court ruled 8-0 on April 4, 2016, that a state or locality can use total population counts for redistricting purposes. The majority opinion was penned by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg.[24][25][26][27]

#### Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission (2016)[edit]

Justice Stephen Breyer penned the majority opinion in Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission.

See also: Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission

Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 2016. At issue was the constitutionality of state legislative districts that were created by the commission in 2012. The plaintiffs, a group of Republican voters, alleged that "the commission diluted or inflated the votes of almost two million Arizona citizens when the commission intentionally and systematically overpopulated 16 Republican districts while under-populating 11 Democrat districts." This, the plaintiffs argued, constituted a partisan gerrymander. The plaintiffs claimed that the commission placed a disproportionately large number of non-minority voters in districts dominated by Republicans; meanwhile, the commission allegedly placed many minority voters in smaller districts that tended to vote Democratic. As a result, the plaintiffs argued, more voters overall were placed in districts favoring Republicans than in those favoring Democrats, thereby diluting the votes of citizens in the Republican-dominated districts. The defendants countered that the population deviations resulted from legally defensible efforts to comply with the Voting Rights Act and obtain approval from the United States Department of Justice. At the time of redistricting, certain states were required to obtain preclearanceA jurisdiction subject to preclearance needed to get approval from the U.S. Department of Justice before changing election laws or district maps. from the U.S. Department of Justice before adopting redistricting plans or making other changes to their election laws—a requirement struck down by the United States Supreme Court in Shelby County v. Holder (2013). On April 20, 2016, the court ruled unanimously that the plaintiffs had failed to prove that a partisan gerrymander had taken place. Instead, the court found that the commission had acted in good faith to comply with the Voting Rights Act. The court's majority opinion was penned by Justice Stephen Breyer.[28][29][30]

#### Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission (2015)[edit]

See also: Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission was a case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in 2015. At issue was the constitutionality of the Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission, which was established by state constitutional amendment in 2000. According to Article I, Section 4 of the United States Constitution, "the Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof." The state legislature argued that the use of the word "legislature" in this context is literal; therefore, only a state legislature may draw congressional district lines. Meanwhile, the commission contended that the word "legislature" ought to be interpreted to mean "the legislative powers of the state," including voter initiatives and referenda. On June 29, 2015, the court ruled 5-4 in favor of the Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission, finding that "redistricting is a legislative function, to be performed in accordance with the state's prescriptions for lawmaking, which may include the referendum and the governor's veto." The majority opinion was penned by Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg and joined by Justices Anthony Kennedy, Stephen Breyer, Elena Kagan, and Sonia Sotomayor. Chief Justice John Roberts and Justices Clarence Thomas, Antonin Scalia, and Samuel Alito dissented.[31][32][33][34]

## State process[edit]

See also: State-by-state redistricting procedures

In North Carolina, the state legislature is responsible for drawing both congressional and state legislative district lines. District maps cannot be vetoed by the governor. State legislative redistricting must take place in the first regular legislative session following the United States Census. There are no explicit deadlines in place for congressional redistricting.[35]

State law establishes the following requirements for state legislative districts:[35]

* Districts must be contiguous and compact.
* Districts "must cross county lines as little as possible." If counties are grouped together, the group should include as few counties as possible.
* Communities of interest should be taken into account.

There are no similar restrictions in place regarding congressional districts.[35]

### How incarcerated persons are counted for redistricting[edit]

See also: How incarcerated persons are counted for redistricting

States differ on how they count incarcerated persons for the purposes of redistricting. In North Carolina, incarcerated persons are counted in the correctional facilities they are housed in.

## District maps[edit]

### Congressional districts[edit]

See also: United States congressional delegations from North Carolina

Click the above image to enlarge it.
The congressional district map approved by the General Assembly of North Carolina in February 2016

Click the above image to enlarge it.
Source: The National Atlas of the United States of America

North Carolina comprises 13 congressional districts. The first map to the right depicts North Carolina's congressional district lines as drawn by the state legislature in 2016, following a court order. The second map depicts the original congressional map approved by state lawmakers following the 2010 United States Census. The table below lists North Carolina's current House representatives.

Office

| Name | Party | Date assumed office | Date term ends

|
|
|
|

U.S. House North Carolina District 1 | G.K. Butterfield | Democratic  | July 20, 2004 | January 3, 2023 | U.S. House North Carolina District 2 | Deborah Ross | Democratic  | January 3, 2021 | January 3, 2023 | U.S. House North Carolina District 3 | Gregory Murphy | Republican  | September 17, 2019 | January 3, 2023 | U.S. House North Carolina District 4 | David Price | Democratic  | January 7, 1997 | January 3, 2023 | U.S. House North Carolina District 5 | Virginia Foxx | Republican  | January 4, 2005 | January 3, 2023 | U.S. House North Carolina District 6 | Kathy Manning | Democratic  | January 3, 2021 | January 3, 2023 | U.S. House North Carolina District 7 | David Rouzer | Republican  | January 6, 2015 | January 3, 2023 | U.S. House North Carolina District 8 | Richard Hudson | Republican  | January 3, 2013 | January 3, 2023 | U.S. House North Carolina District 9 | Dan Bishop | Republican  | September 17, 2019 | January 3, 2023 | U.S. House North Carolina District 10 | Patrick T. McHenry | Republican  | January 4, 2005 | January 3, 2023 | U.S. House North Carolina District 11 | Madison Cawthorn | Republican  | January 3, 2021 | January 3, 2023 | U.S. House North Carolina District 12 | Alma Adams | Democratic  | November 12, 2014 | January 3, 2023 | U.S. House North Carolina District 13 | Ted Budd | Republican  | January 3, 2017 | January 3, 2023

### State legislative maps[edit]

See also: North Carolina State Senate and North Carolina House of Representatives

North Carolina comprises 50 state Senate districts and 120 state House districts. State senators are elected every two years in partisan elections. State representatives are elected every two years in partisan elections. To access the state legislative district maps approved during the 2020 redistricting cycle, click here.

## Redistricting after the 2020 census[edit]

See also: Redistricting in North Carolina after the 2020 census

North Carolina was apportioned 14 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives. This represented a net gain of one seat as compared to apportionment after the 2010 census.[36]

### Enacted congressional district maps[edit]

See also: Congressional district maps implemented after the 2020 census

On Nov. 4, the North Carolina General Assembly voted to enact a congressional map. The map passed the North Carolina State Senate 27-22 on Nov. 2, and the North Carolina House of Representatives 65-49 on Nov. 4.[37] This map takes effect for North Carolina's 2022 congressional elections.

### Enacted state legislative district maps[edit]

See also: State legislative district maps implemented after the 2020 census

On Nov. 4, the North Carolina General Assembly voted to enact legislative maps. The house map passed the North Carolina House of Representatives 67-49 on Nov. 2, and the North Carolina State Senate 25-21 on Nov. 4.[38] The senate map passed 26-19 in the North Carolina State Senate on Nov. 3 and 65-49 in the North Carolina House of Representatives on Nov. 4.[39] These maps take effect for North Carolina's 2022 legislative elections.

#### Reactions[edit]

Rep. Destin Hall (R), chair of the House Redistricting Committee, said: "This is the most transparent process in the history of this state. We voluntarily chose to be out in public and not use election data, even though by law we didn't have to do that. We chose to do that because that's the right thing to do."[40] Sen. Ralph Hise (R), co-chairman of the Senate Redistricting and Elections Committee, said: "I feel that we have complied with the law" in drawing the maps.[41]

Rep. Kandie Smith (D) criticized the maps, saying: "When I look at these congressional maps - they stink. People don't want gerrymandering. That's what we have, People don't want us packing. That's what we're doing. People don't want us to separate people with the same interest. That's what we're doing."[40] Sen. Jay Chaudhuri (D) said: "Is it going to come down to litigation being filed? Yes — and what the courts have to say about it."[41]

## Redistricting after the 2010 census[edit]

See also: Redistricting in North Carolina after the 2010 census

Following the 2010 United States Census, North Carolina neither gained nor lost congressional seats. In 2010, Republicans won control of both chambers of the state legislature. Consequently, Republicans dominated the 2010 redistricting process.[42]

On July 27, 2011, the General Assembly of North Carolina approved congressional and state legislative redistricting plans.[42]

On November 1, 2011, the United States Department of Justice precleared these plans. The legislature made technical corrections to the new congressional and state legislative district maps on November 7, 2011. The U.S. Department of Justice precleared the amended maps on December 8, 2011.[35]

According to The Almanac of American Politics, following the 2012 election, the first to take place under the new maps, Democrats won four of the state's 13 congressional seats, although they "won a majority of the state's votes in House races."[42]

### Congressional district map challenges[edit]

#### Federal court challenges[edit]

##### Cooper v. Harris[edit]

See also: Cooper v. Harris

On June 27, 2016, the U.S. Supreme Court announced it would hear the state's appeal of a U.S. District Court ruling that struck down two of the state's congressional district maps as racial gerrymanders. On May 22, 2017, the court upheld the lower court's determination that Districts 1 and 12 constituted an illegal racial gerrymander. Associate Justice Elena Kagan wrote the court's majority opinion, which was joined by Associate Justices Clarence Thomas, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, and Sonia Sotomayor (Thomas also filed a separate concurring opinion).[43][44][23]

“  | We uphold the District Court's conclusions that racial considerations predominated in designing both District 1 and District 12. For District 12, that is all we must do, because North Carolina has made no attempt to justify race-based districting there. For District 1, we further uphold the District Court's decision that [Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act] gave North Carolina no good reason to reshuffle voters because of their race. We accordingly affirm the judgment of the District Court.[10] |  ”

|
|

—Associate Justice Elena Kagan

Associate Justice Samuel Alito wrote an opinion that concurred with the majority opinion in part and dissented in part. This opinion was joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and Associate Justice Anthony Kennedy.[23]

“  | Reviewing the evidence outlined above, two themes emerge. First, District 12's borders and racial composition are readily explained by political considerations and the effects of the legislature's political strategy on the demographics of District 12. Second, the majority largely ignores this explanation, as did the court below, and instead adopts the most damning interpretation of all available evidence.[10] |  ”

|
|

—Associate Justice Samuel Alito

Associate Justice Neil Gorsuch did not participate in the case.[23]

For full details on this case, see this article.

##### Common Cause v. Rucho[edit]

See also: Common Cause v. Rucho and Rucho v. Common Cause

On August 27, 2018, a three-judge panel of the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina ruled that North Carolina's congressional district map constituted an illegal partisan gerrymander. The court ruled 2-1 on the matter, with Judges James Wynn and Earl Britt forming the majority. Wynn wrote the majority opinion. Judge William Osteen wrote an opinion that concurred in part and dissented in part.[45]

The court ruled that no elections occurring after November 6, 2018, could be conducted using the congressional map it struck down. The court did not, however, order an immediate remedy. Instead, it asked the parties to the suit to submit briefs by August 31, 2018, "addressing whether this Court should allow the State to conduct any future elections using the 2016 Plan."[45]

On September 4, 2018, the district court announced it would not order changes to the map before November’s election, finding that “imposing a new schedule for North Carolina's congressional elections would, at this late juncture, unduly interfere with the State's electoral machinery and likely confuse voters and depress turnout.” On October 1, 2018, the defendants appealed the district court's decision to the United States Supreme Court, which agreed to take up the case and scheduled oral argument for March 26, 2019. On June 27, 2019, the high court issued a joint ruling in this case and Lamone v. Benisek, finding that partisan gerrymandering claims present political questions that fall beyond the jurisdiction of the federal judiciary. The high court ruled 5-4, with Chief Justice John Roberts penning the majority opinion, joined by Associate Justices Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, Neil Gorsuch, and Brett Kavanaugh. Associate Justice Elena Kagan penned a dissent, joined by Associate Justices Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, and Sonia Sotomayor. The high court remanded the case to the lower court with instructions to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction. See Rucho v. Common Cause for more information.[46][47]

#### State court challenges[edit]

The congressional district map approved by the General Assembly of North Carolina in November 2019.
Click the image to enlarge.

On September 27, 2019, opponents of the state's congressional district plan filed suit in state superior court, alleging that the district plan enacted by the state legislature in 2016 constituted a partisan gerrymander in violation of state law. The plaintiffs asked that the court bar the state from using the maps in the 2020 election cycle. On October 28, 2019, a three-judge panel of the state superior court granted this request, enjoining further application of the 2016 maps. In its order, the court wrote, "The loss to Plaintiffs' fundamental rights guaranteed by the North Carolina Constitution will undoubtedly be irreparable if congressional elections are allowed to proceed under the 2016 congressional districts." The court did not issue a full decision on the merits, stating that "disruptions to the election process need not occur, nor may an expedited schedule for summary judgment or trial even be needed, should the General Assembly, on its own initiative, act immediately and with all due haste to enact new congressional districts." The same three-judge panel, comprising Judges Paul C. Ridgeway, Joseph N. Crosswhite, and Alma L. Hinton, struck down the state's legislative district plan on similar grounds on September 3, 2019.[48]

On November 14, 2019, the state House approved a remedial district plan (HB1029) by a vote of 55-46 .The vote split along party lines, with all Republicans voting in favor of the bill and all Democrats voting against it. The state Senate approved the bill on November 15, 2019, by a vote of 24-17. This vote also split along party lines. An image of the remedial map can be accessed here.[49][50]

Democrats opposed the remedial plan and announced their intention to challenge it in court. Eric Holder, former U.S. Attorney General and chair of the National Democratic Redistricting Committee, said, "The congressional map passed by Republicans in the North Carolina legislature simply replaces one partisan gerrymander with a new one. This new map fails to respond to the court’s order by continuing to split communities of interest, packing voters in urban areas, and manipulating the district lines to provide Republicans with an unfair partisan advantage." Meanwhile, Republican Representative Patrick McHenry dismissed these criticisms: "Eric Holder and (former President) Barack Obama have raised a lot of money for this outcome, and they’ve pursued a really aggressive legal strategy for their partisan outcomes, and right now they’re calling it partisan gerrymandering, but what they’re seeking is partisan gerrymandering for the left. We basically have a Wild West of redistricting. This will be the fourth map in six cycles, and I think that is so confusing for voters and has a major negative impact on voters."[51]

On November 20, 2019, the court issued an order delaying the congressional candidate filing period for the 2020 election cycle pending resolution of the case. The filing period had originally been set to open on December 2, 2019, and close on December 20, 2019. The court scheduled a hearing for December 2, 2019, to consider both the plaintiffs' and the defendants' motions for summary judgment. On December 2, 2019, the court ruled unanimously that elections in 2020 would take place under the remedial maps. The court did not issue a final decision on the merits, saying it would need more time to evaluate the maps and the relevant factual and constitutional issues. The court ordered that candidate filing open immediately. The plaintiffs announced that they would not appeal the decision. Holder said, "After nearly a decade of voting in some of the most gerrymandered districts in the country, courts have put new maps in place that are an improvement over the status quo, but the people still deserve better."[52][53]

### State legislative district map challenges[edit]

#### Federal court challenges[edit]

On June 5, 2017, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a unanimous per curiam ruling affirming a U.S. District Court decision that 28 state legislative district maps had been subject to an illegal racial gerrymander. However, the district court was directed to reconsider its order for special elections in 2017, with the high court finding that the district court had not conducted the proper analysis in determining its remedy.[54]

On July 31, 2017, the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina issued an order denying plaintiff's request for a special election using a new district map in 2017.[55] The court ordered state lawmakers to enact a new district map by September 1, 2017, for use in the 2018 general election.[55]

On August 30, 2017, the remedial House and Senate district plans (HB 927 and SB 691, respectively) became law.[56][57][58][59]

On October 26, 2017, the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina issued an order appointing Nate Persily as a special master "to assist the Court in further evaluating and, if necessary, redrawing" the revised maps.[60]

On December 1, 2017, Persily made his final recommendations. The district court panel overseeing the case adopted Persily's recommendations on January 19, 2018. On January 21, 2018, state Republican lawmakers filed a motion requesting that the court stay its order pending an appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States.[61][62]

On February 6, 2018, the Supreme Court issued a partial stay of the district court's order. The stay applied to five revised state House districts in Wake and Mecklenburg counties (four in Wake County, one in Mecklenburg). The four remaining district maps adopted by the district court (in Hoke, Cumberland, Guilford, Sampson, and Wayne counties) were permitted to stand.[63][64][65]

On June 28, 2018, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a per curiam ruling in North Carolina v. Covington, affirming in part and remanding in part the district court decision (i.e., allowing the court's order to stand as it applied to districts in Hoke, Cumberland, Guilford, Sampson, and Wayne counties but overturning the district court's decision as it applied to districts in Wake and Mecklenburg counties).[66][67][68][69]

For full details on this process, click "[Show more]" below.

Show more

On August 11, 2016, the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina ruled that North Carolina's state legislative district map constituted an illegal racial gerrymanderThe term gerrymandering refers to the practice of drawing electoral district lines to favor one political party, individual, or constituency over another. Federal law prohibits racial gerrymandering: the practice or drawing electoral district lines to dilute the voting power of racial minority groups.. The court found that the General Assembly of North Carolina had placed too many minority voters into a small number of districts, thereby diluting the impact of their votes. The court determined that nine state Senate districts and 19 state House districts had been subject to an unconstitutional racial gerrymander. The court ruled that the existing map could be used for the 2016 general election. However, the court ordered state lawmakers to draft a new map during their next legislative session.[70][71]

The Senate district map used by the General Assembly of North Carolina in April 2017. Districts ordered to be redrawn: 4, 5, 14, 20, 21, 28, 32, 38, and 40.
Click the image to enlarge.

On November 29, 2016, the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina ordered the state to conduct special elections for the state legislature in 2017 using new state legislative district maps. The court ordered state lawmakers to redraw state legislative district maps by March 15, 2017. In its ruling, the court wrote the following:[72][73]

The House district map used by the General Assembly of North Carolina in April 2017. Districts ordered to be redrawn: 5, 7, 12, 21, 24, 29, 31, 32, 33, 38, 42, 43, 48, 57, 58, 60, 99, 102, and 107.
Click the image to enlarge.

“  |  While special elections have costs, those costs pale in comparison to the injury caused by allowing citizens to continue to be represented by legislators elected pursuant to a racial gerrymander. The court recognizes that special elections typically do not have the same level of voter turnout as regularly scheduled elections, but it appears that a special election here could be held at the same time as many municipal elections, which should increase turnout and reduce costs.[10] |  ”

|
|

—United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina

State Representative David Lewis (R) and State Senator Bob Rucho (R) issued a press release on November 29, 2016, criticizing the order:>

“  |  This politically motivated decision, which would effectively undo the will of millions of North Carolinians just days after they cast their ballots, is a gross overreach that blatantly disregards the constitutional guarantee for voters to duly elect their legislators to biennial terms.[10] |  ”

|
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—Representative David Lewis (R) and Senator Bob Rucho (R)

The North Carolina Democratic Party (NCDP) voiced its support of the special elections following the federal order:[74]

“  |  The North Carolina Democratic Party applauds the federal court's order to redraw these gerrymandered legislative districts. Our elected officials should fairly represent our state, and redrawn districts will help level the playing field.[10] |  ”

|
|

—NCDP Executive Director Kimberly Reynolds

On December 30, 2016, Republican legislators petitioned the United States Supreme Court to intervene and stay (i.e., suspend) the district court's decision. On January 10, 2017, the high court issued an order halting the special elections pending appeals.[75][76][77]

North Carolina State Senate President Pro tem Phil Berger (R) and North Carolina House Speaker Timothy K. Moore (R) said in a joint statement on the U.S. Supreme Court temporarily blocking the order that:[78]

“  |  [We] … are grateful the U.S. Supreme Court has quashed judicial activism and rejected an attempt to nullify the votes of North Carolinians in the 2016 legislative elections.[10] |  ”

|
|

—Representative Tim Moore (R) and Senator Phil Berger (R)

Senate Minority Leader Dan Blue (D) said in a town hall in March 2017 that he was confident the special elections would happen in 2017. He said the following:[78]

“  |  I’m confident, and most of the lawyers who practice in this area [of law] …are confident that the [U.S.] Supreme Court, when they look at the case, because it has been appealed up there, will uphold the findings of the federal court that this is unconstitutional. The case law says they have no choice.[10] |  ”

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—Senator Dan Blue (D)

On June 5, 2017, the Supreme Court of the United States issued a unanimous per curiam ruling affirming the decision of the district court, which had earlier determined that the aforementioned 28 districts had been subject to an illegal racial gerrymander. However, the district court was directed to reconsider its order for special elections in 2017, with the high court finding that the district court had not undertaken the proper analysis in determining its remedy:[79]

“  | Relief in redistricting cases is "fashioned in the light of well-known principles of equity." A district court therefore must undertaken an 'equitable weighing process' to select a fitting remedy for the legal violations it has identified, taking account of "what is necessary, what is fair, and what is workable." ... Rather than undertaking such an analysis in this case, the District Court addressed the balance of equities in only the most cursory fashion. ... For that reason, we cannot have confidence that the court adequately grappled with the interests on both sides of the remedial question before us.[10] |  ”

|
|

—Supreme Court of the United States

On July 31, 2017, the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina issued an order denying the plaintiff's request for a special election using a new district map in 2017.[55]

“  | We do not disagree with Legislative Defendants that there are many benefits to a time line that allows for the General Assembly (1) to receive public feedback on the criteria to be used in drawing the remedial districts and proposed remedial districting plans applying those criteria; (2) to revise the proposed plans based on that feedback; and (3) to engage in robust deliberation. Although we appreciate that Legislative Defendants could have been gathering this information over the past months and weeks, Plaintiffs’ two-week schedule does not provide the General Assembly with adequate time to meet their commendable goal of obtaining and considering public input and engaging in robust debate and discussion. Therefore, we prefer to give the legislature some additional time to engage in a process substantively identical to the one they have proposed.[10] |  ”

|
|

—United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina

The court ordered state lawmakers to enact a new district map by September 1, 2017, for use in the 2018 general election. State lawmakers had proposed a November 15, 2017, deadline; the court ruled that this "deadline would interfere with the ability of potential candidates to prepare for the upcoming 2018 election."[55]

On August 10, 2017, the House and Senate redistricting committees adopted criteria for the new state legislative district map. These criteria included the following:[80][81][82]

1. Districts must have approximately equal populations.
2. Districts must be contiguous (i.e., all parts of a district must be connected).
3. Districts must adhere to county groupings.
4. Districts must be compact.
5. Lawmakers should minimize the splitting of precincts when drawing districts.
6. Lawmakers should take into account existing municipal boundaries when drawing districts.
7. Lawmakers can take into account political considerations and election data when drawing districts.
8. Lawmakers can make efforts to avoid pairing incumbents within the same district.
9. Lawmakers cannot take race into consideration when drawing districts.

State Democrats criticized some of these criteria. Representative Henry Michaux, Jr. (D), referring to the rule that prevents lawmakers from considering race, said, "How are you going to prove to the court that you did not violate their order in terms of racial gerrymandering? You cannot escape the fact that race has to be in there somewhere." David Lewis (R), chair of the House redistricting committee, said, "We do not believe it is appropriate given the court's order in this case for these committees to consider race when drawing districts." House Minority Leader Darren Jackson (D), referring to the criterion that permits lawmakers to consider incumbency, said "It just seems ridiculous to me that you get to say, 'We will protect the incumbents elected using unconstitutional maps." Lewis said, "Every result from where a line is drawn will be an inherently political thing. It is right and relevant to review past performance in drawing districts." Drafts of the new district maps were slated to be released in advance of expected public hearings on August 22 or 23.[80][81][83]

On August 19 and 20, 2017, the General Assembly of North Carolina released drafts of revised district maps for the state House and Senate, respectively. Public hearings on the maps took place on August 23, 2017, in seven different parts of the states: Raleigh, Charlotte, Fayetteville, Hudson, Jamestown, Weldon, and Washington.[84][85][86][87]

On August 28, 2017, the House passed HB 927, the House redistricting plan, and sent it to the Senate. HB 927 cleared the Senate on August 30, 2017, and became law. As enacted, the state House district map paired incumbents in three districts (i.e., incumbents who, under the prior plan, resided in separate districts):[88]

1. Representatives Jean Farmer-Butterfield (D) and Susan Martin (R) in District 24.
2. Representatives Jon Hardister and John Faircloth, both Republicans, in District 61.
3. Representatives Carl Ford and Larry Pittman, both Republicans, in District 83.

The House map enacted by the legislature on August 30, 2017, is displayed below. For further details, please click here.

The House district map adopted by the legislature on August 30, 2017.
Click the image to enlarge.

On August 28, 2017, the Senate passed SB 691, the Senate redistricting plan, and sent it to the House. SB 691 cleared the House on August 30, 2017, and was enacted into law. As enacted, the state Senate district map paired incumbents in four districts (i.e., incumbents who, under the prior plan, resided in separate districts):[89][90][91][92]

1. Senators Erica Smith-Ingram (D) and Bill Cook (R) in District 3; on August 29, Cook announced that he would not seek re-election in 2018.
2. Senators Chad Barefoot and John Alexander, both Republicans, in District 18; on August 20, Barefoot announced that he would not seek re-election in 2018.
3. Senators Joyce Krawiec and Dan Barrett, both Republicans, in District 31.
4. Senators Deanna Ballard and Shirley Randleman, both Republicans, in District 45.

The Senate map enacted by the legislature on August 30, 2017, is displayed below. For further details, please click here.

The Senate district map adopted by the legislature on August 30, 2017.
Click the image to enlarge.

On October 26, 2017, the United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina issued an order appointing Nate Persily as a special master "to assist the Court in further evaluating and, if necessary, redrawing" the revised maps. The court indicated that the redrawn maps for Senate Districts 21 and 28 and House Districts 21, 36, 37, 40, 41, 57, and 105 "either fail to remedy the identified constitutional violation or are otherwise legally unacceptable." The court did not provide a precise deadline in its order; it did, however, indicate that the "upcoming filing period for the 2018 election cycle" factored into its decision to appoint a special master.[93] North Carolina Democratic Party chairman Wayne Goodwin issued a statement via Twitter in support of the ruling: "This is a stunning rebuke of Republican legislators who refused to fix their racist maps and a collosal political failure from Speaker Moore and Senator Berger. They had a chance to fix their maps and doubled down instead — and now the courts will fix it for them." On October 30, 2017, Republican lawmakers filed a motion objecting to the appointment of Persily as special master; they argued that there was ample time for the state legislature to make any court-ordered amendments to the maps before the 2018 candidate filing period. GOP lawmakers also argued that Persily might be biased because he "has a history of commenting negatively on North Carolina districting matters and working on districting matters with organizations who are allied with the plaintiffs in this case."[94][95]

On November 13, 2017, Persily issued draft redistricting plans. In the order announcing the release of the draft plans, Persily noted that "these draft plans are provided at this early date to give the parties time to lodge objections and to make suggestions, as to unpairing incumbents or otherwise, that might be accommodated in the final plan," which was due to the court by December 1, 2017. Persily's proposed maps can be accessed here.[96]

On December 1, 2017, Persily issued his final recommendations, which he said "represent a limited response to a select number of districts that require alteration to comply with the law." Rep. David Lewis (R) and Sen. Ralph Hise (R), the chairmen of their chambers' respective redistricting committees, issued a statement criticizing Persily's recommendations: "By making many changes Democrats demanded, Mr. Persily has confirmed our worst suspicions: this entire ‘judicial process’ is little more than a thinly-veiled political operation where unelected judges, legislating from the bench, strip North Carolinians of their constitutional right to self-governance by appointing a left-wing California professor to draw districts handing Democrats control of legislative seats they couldn’t win at the ballot box." Wayne Goodwin, North Carolina Democratic Party (NCDP) chairman, defended Persily's recommendations: "The independent, non-partisan special master had one task – to fix Republicans’ unconstitutional racial gerrymander after Speaker Moore and Leader Berger refused. NCDP applauds the special master for doing just that, and for giving voters in the affected districts a chance to pick their representatives again instead of the other way around. Republicans made this bed and now they must lie in it, and their efforts to delegitimize the special master and our judicial system are dangerous and destructive." The district court panel overseeing the case issued an order adopting Persily's recommendations on January 19, 2018. On January 21, 2018, state Republican lawmakers filed a motion requesting that the court stay its order pending an appeal to the Supreme Court of the United States. On February 6, 2018, the Supreme Court issued a partial stay against the district court's order. The stay applied to five revised state House districts in Wake and Mecklenburg counties (four in Wake County, one in Mecklenburg). The four remaining district maps adopted by the district court (in Hoke, Cumberland, Guilford, Sampson, and Wayne counties) were permitted to stand. On June 28, 2018, the Supreme Court of the United States issued a per curiam ruling in North Carolina v. Covington, affirming in part and remanding in part the district court decision (i.e., allowing the court's order to stand as it applied to districts in Hoke, Cumberland, Guilford, Sampson, and Wayne counties but overturning the district court's decision as it applied to districts in Wake and Mecklenburg counties):[97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105]

“  | The only injuries [the maps' challengers'] established in this case were that they had been placed in their legislative districts on the basis of race. The District Court's remedial authority was accordingly limited to ensuring that the plaintiffs were relieved of the burden of voting in racially gerrymandering legislative districts. But the District Court's revision of the House districts in Wake and Mecklenburg Counties had nothing to do with that. Instead, the District Court redrew those districts because it found that the legislature's revision of them violated the North Carolina Constitution's ban on mid-decade redistricting, not federal law. ... The District Court's decision to override the legislature's remedial map on that basis was clear error. ... Once the District Court had ensured that the racial gerrymanders at issue in this case were remedied, its proper role in North Carolina's legislative redistricting process was at an end.[10] |  ”

|
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—Supreme Court of the United States (per curiam opinion)

#### State court challenges[edit]

On February 7, 2018, opponents of the 2017 maps adopted by the state legislature petitioned a state court to intervene and order that the Persily maps be implemented in Wake and Mecklenburg counties. On February 12, 2018, a panel of state superior court judges declined this request. On February 21, 2018, opponents filed another suit in state court challenging the legality of the remedial Wake County district maps (House Districts 36, 37, 40, and 41). The plaintiffs requested that the court intervene to prevent the map's use in future elections. On April 13, 2018, a panel of state superior court judges denied the plaintiffs' request for a stay against the challenged maps. The panel, comprising Judges Paul C. Ridgeway, Joseph N. Crosswhite, and Alma L. Hinton, while noting that the plaintiffs had "demonstrated a reasonable likelihood of success on the merits of their claims," said issuing a stay at this juncture "would interrupt voting by citizens already underway."[106][107][108][109]

On February 1, 2019, the court issued an order setting a July 15, 2019, start date for a trial on the merits of the claims lodged by the maps' opponents. The trial concluded on July 26, 2019.[110][111]

On September 3, the court issued its ruling, striking down the state's legislative district plan as an impermissible partisan gerrymander under the state constitution. In their ruling, Judges Ridgeway, Crosswhite, and Hinton wrote, "[The] 2017 Enacted Maps, as drawn, do not permit voters to freely choose their representative, but rather representatives are choosing voters based upon sophisticated partisan sorting. It is not the free will of the people that is fairly ascertained through extreme partisan gerrymandering. Rather, it is the carefully crafted will of the map drawer that predominates."[112]

Bob Phillips, executive director of Common Cause North Carolina, praised the court's decision: "The court has made clear that partisan gerrymandering violates our state's constitution and is unacceptable. Thanks to the court's landmark decision, politicians in Raleigh will no longer be able to rig our elections through partisan gerrymandering." Senate Majority Leader Phil Berger (R), although critical of the court's ruling, announced that state Republicans would not appeal the decision: "We disagree with the court's ruling as it contradicts the Constitution and binding legal precedent, but we intend to respect the court's decision and finally put this divisive battle behind us."[113]

The court ordered state lawmakers to draft remedial maps by September 18, 2019, for use in the 2020 election cycle. On September 17, 2019, the state legislature approved H1020 and SB 692, remedial district plans for the state House and Senate, respectively. On October 28, 2019, the court approved the remedial plans. The remedial House plan can be accessed here. The remedial Senate plan can be accessed here.[112][114]

On November 1, 2019, the plaintiffs petitioned the state supreme court to review eight remedial state House districts in the Forsyth-Yadkin and Columbus-Pender-Robeson county groupings, alleging that these districts remained impermissible partisan gerrymanders.[115]

## Political impacts of redistricting[edit]

### Competitiveness[edit]

There are conflicting opinions regarding the correlation between partisan gerrymandering and electoral competitiveness. In 2012, Jennifer Clark, a political science professor at the University of Houston, said, "The redistricting process has important consequences for voters. In some states, incumbent legislators work together to protect their own seats, which produces less competition in the political system. Voters may feel as though they do not have a meaningful alternative to the incumbent legislator. Legislators who lack competition in their districts have less incentive to adhere to their constituents’ opinions."[116]

In 2006, Emory University professor Alan Abramowitz and Ph.D. students Brad Alexander and Matthew Gunning wrote, "[Some] studies have concluded that redistricting has a neutral or positive effect on competition. ... [It] is often the case that partisan redistricting has the effect of reducing the safety of incumbents, thereby making elections more competitive."[117]

In 2011, James Cottrill, a professor of political science at Santa Clara University, published a study of the effect of non-legislative approaches (e.g., independent commissions, politician commissions) to redistricting on the competitiveness of congressional elections. Cottrill found that "particular types of [non-legislative approaches] encourage the appearance in congressional elections of experienced and well-financed challengers." Cottrill cautioned, however, that non-legislative approaches "contribute neither to decreased vote percentages when incumbents win elections nor to a greater probability of their defeat."[118]

In 2021, John Johnson, Research Fellow in the Lubar Center for Public Policy Research and Civic Education at Marquette University, reviewed the relationship between partisan gerrymandering and political geography in Wisconsin, a state where Republicans have controlled both chambers of the state legislature since 2010 while voting for the Democratic nominee in every presidential election but one since 1988. After analyzing state election results since 2000, Johnson wrote, "In 2000, 42% of Democrats and 36% of Republicans lived in a neighborhood that the other party won. Twenty years later, 43% of Democrats lived in a place Trump won, but just 28% of Republicans lived in a Biden-voting neighborhood. Today, Democrats are more likely than Republicans to live in both places where they are the overwhelming majority and places where they form a noncompetitive minority."[119]

#### Congress[edit]

See also: United States House of Representatives elections, 2016

In 2016, Ballotpedia analyzed the margins of victory in all 435 contests for the United States House of Representatives. Ballotpedia found that the average margin of victory was 36.6 percent. A total of 321 elections (73.8 percent of all House elections) were won by margins of victory of 20 percent or more. Sixteen elections (3.7 percent of all House elections) were won by margins of victory of less than 5 percent.

In North Carolina, seven of 13 elections for the United States House of Representatives were won by margins of victory of 20 percent or greater. The smallest margin of victory occurred in District 13, where Ted Budd (R) won by 12.2 percent. The greatest margin of victory occurred in District 1, where G.K. Butterfield (D) won by 39.7 percent. See the table below for full details.

Electoral margins of victory in 2016 United States House of Representatives elections, North Carolina

District  |  Winner  |  Margin of victory  |  Total votes cast  |  Top opponent
North Carolina District 1  |  G.K. Butterfield  |  39.7%  |  350,699  |  H. Powell Dew Jr.
North Carolina District 2  |  George Holding  |  13.4%  |  390,567  |  John McNeil
North Carolina District 3  |  Walter Jones  |  34.4%  |  323,701  |  Ernest Reeves
North Carolina District 4  |  David Price  |  36.4%  |  409,541  |  Sue Googe
North Carolina District 5  |  Virginia Foxx  |  16.8%  |  355,512  |  Josh Brannon
North Carolina District 6  |  Mark Walker  |  18.5%  |  351,150  |  Pete Glidewell
North Carolina District 7  |  David Rouzer  |  21.8%  |  347,706  |  J. Wesley Casteen
North Carolina District 8  |  Richard Hudson  |  17.5%  |  323,045  |  Thomas Mills
North Carolina District 9  |  Robert Pittenger  |  16.4%  |  332,493  |  Christian Cano
North Carolina District 10  |  Patrick McHenry  |  26.3%  |  349,744  |  Andy Millard
North Carolina District 11  |  Mark Meadows  |  28.2%  |  359,508  |  Rick Bryson
North Carolina District 12  |  Alma Adams  |  34%  |  349,300  |  Leon Threatt
North Carolina District 13  |  Ted Budd  |  12.2%  |  355,492  |  Bruce Davis

#### State legislatures[edit]

See also: Margin of victory in state legislative elections

In 2014, Ballotpedia conducted a study of competitive districts in 44 state legislative chambers between 2010, the last year in which district maps drawn after the 2000 census applied, and 2012, the first year in which district maps drawn after the 2010 census applied. Ballotpedia found that there were 61 fewer competitive general election contests in 2012 than in 2010. Of the 44 chambers studied, 25 experienced a net loss in the number of competitive elections. A total of 17 experienced a net increase. In total, 16.2 percent of the 3,842 legislative contests studied saw competitive general elections in 2010. In 2012, 14.6 percent of the contests studied saw competitive general elections. An election was considered competitive if it was won by a margin of victory of 5 percent or less. An election was considered mildly competitive if it was won by a margin of victory between 5 and 10 percent. For more information regarding this report, including methodology, see this article.

There were two competitive races for the North Carolina State Senate in 2012, compared to five in 2010. There were four mildly competitive state Senate elections in 2012, compared to six in 2010. This amounted to a net loss of two competitive elections.

There were nine competitive races for the North Carolina House of Representatives in 2012, compared to 10 in 2010. There were six mildly competitive state House elections in 2012, compared to 11 in 2010. This amounted to a net loss of six competitive elections.

#### Partisan composition[edit]

The tables below summarize the current partisan composition of the North Carolina House of Representatives and the North Carolina State Senate.

#### House[edit]

Party  |  As of November 2021

|

|  Democratic Party |  51
|  Republican Party |  69
|  Vacancies  |  0
Total |  120

#### Senate[edit]

Party  |  As of November 2021

|

|  Democratic Party |  22
|  Republican Party |  28
|  Vacancies  |  0
Total |  50

### Race and ethnicity[edit]

See also: Majority-minority districts

Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 mandates that electoral district lines cannot be drawn in such a manner as to "improperly dilute minorities' voting power."

“  | No voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure shall be imposed or applied by any State or political subdivision to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color.[10] |  ”

|
|

—Voting Rights Act of 1965[120]

States and other political subdivisions may create majority-minority districts in order to comply with Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act. A majority-minority district is a district in which minority groups compose a majority of the district's total population. As of 2015, North Carolina was home to three congressional majority-minority districts.[2][3][4]

Proponents of majority-minority districts maintain that these districts are a necessary hindrance to the practice of cracking, which occurs when a constituency is divided between several districts in order to prevent it from achieving a majority in any one district. In addition, supporters argue that the drawing of majority-minority districts has resulted in an increased number of minority representatives in state legislatures and Congress.[2][3][4]

Critics, meanwhile, contend that the establishment of majority-minority districts can result in packing, which occurs when a constituency or voting group is placed within a single district, thereby minimizing its influence in other districts. Because minority groups tend to vote Democratic, critics argue that majority-minority districts ultimately present an unfair advantage to Republicans by consolidating Democratic votes into a smaller number of districts.[2][3][4]

#### Demographics[edit]

See also: Demographics of congressional districts as of 2015 and Demographics of congressional districts as of 2015 (as percentages)

The tables below provide demographic information for each of North Carolina's congressional districts as of 2015. At that time, the population of the largest congressional district, North Carolina's 9th Congressional District, totaled 828,929, and the population of the smallest, North Carolina's 1st Congressional District, totaled 728,488, which represented a difference of 13.79 percent.[121]

Demographics of North Carolina's congressional districts (as percentages)

District  |  Hispanic or Latino of any race  |  White  |  Black or African American  |  American Indian and Alaska Native  |  Asian  |  Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander  |  Other  |  Multiple races
District 1, North Carolina | 8.84% | 34.72% | 52.03% | 0.69% | 1.54% | 0.06% | 0.06% | 2.06%
District 2, North Carolina | 11.28% | 64.51% | 16.29% | 0.87% | 4.00% | 0.10% | 0.23% | 2.73%
District 3, North Carolina | 6.99% | 70.17% | 18.33% | 0.26% | 1.35% | 0.04% | 0.25% | 2.61%
District 4, North Carolina | 12.13% | 47.63% | 30.85% | 0.50% | 6.07% | 0.09% | 0.33% | 2.41%
District 5, North Carolina | 8.76% | 74.88% | 12.75% | 0.30% | 1.82% | 0.04% | 0.30% | 1.15%
District 6, North Carolina | 6.07% | 73.18% | 15.96% | 0.21% | 2.28% | 0.02% | 0.17% | 2.11%
District 7, North Carolina | 10.23% | 68.93% | 16.35% | 1.84% | 0.80% | 0.01% | 0.04% | 1.80%
District 8, North Carolina | 9.38% | 61.30% | 19.66% | 7.02% | 0.92% | 0.00% | 0.16% | 1.56%
District 9, North Carolina | 8.90% | 70.75% | 13.23% | 0.27% | 4.68% | 0.00% | 0.15% | 2.02%
District 10, North Carolina | 6.35% | 78.41% | 11.62% | 0.33% | 1.50% | 0.00% | 0.19% | 1.60%
District 11, North Carolina | 5.96% | 86.19% | 3.14% | 1.65% | 1.21% | 0.03% | 0.38% | 1.45%
District 12, North Carolina | 14.05% | 28.75% | 48.89% | 0.34% | 5.15% | 0.01% | 0.39% | 2.43%
District 13, North Carolina | 8.41% | 68.73% | 18.11% | 0.12% | 2.45% | 0.00% | 0.19% | 1.99%
Source: United States Census Bureau, "American Fact Finder: 2015 1-year estimates," accessed May 23, 2017
Demographics of North Carolina's congressional districts

District  |  Hispanic or Latino of any race  |  White  |  Black or African American  |  American Indian and Alaska Native  |  Asian  |  Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander  |  Other  |  Multiple races  |  Total
District 1, North Carolina | 64,413 | 252,914 | 379,068 | 5,024 | 11,191 | 437 | 443 | 14,998 | 728,488
District 2, North Carolina | 89,775 | 513,651 | 129,692 | 6,899 | 31,880 | 762 | 1,842 | 21,699 | 796,200
District 3, North Carolina | 52,881 | 531,195 | 138,766 | 1,961 | 10,204 | 328 | 1,887 | 19,753 | 756,975
District 4, North Carolina | 98,365 | 386,308 | 250,211 | 4,025 | 49,236 | 698 | 2,691 | 19,529 | 811,063
District 5, North Carolina | 66,165 | 565,482 | 96,270 | 2,274 | 13,731 | 306 | 2,269 | 8,714 | 755,211
District 6, North Carolina | 45,774 | 551,476 | 120,231 | 1,617 | 17,187 | 120 | 1,281 | 15,874 | 753,560
District 7, North Carolina | 80,286 | 541,189 | 128,389 | 14,466 | 6,319 | 46 | 302 | 14,127 | 785,124
District 8, North Carolina | 70,346 | 459,793 | 147,496 | 52,657 | 6,914 | 0 | 1,218 | 11,679 | 750,103
District 9, North Carolina | 73,738 | 586,465 | 109,652 | 2,267 | 38,797 | 0 | 1,284 | 16,726 | 828,929
District 10, North Carolina | 47,724 | 589,567 | 87,342 | 2,452 | 11,303 | 0 | 1,462 | 12,059 | 751,909
District 11, North Carolina | 44,068 | 637,584 | 23,210 | 12,180 | 8,945 | 224 | 2,825 | 10,748 | 739,784
District 12, North Carolina | 111,545 | 228,235 | 388,188 | 2,700 | 40,913 | 46 | 3,073 | 19,264 | 793,964
District 13, North Carolina | 66,594 | 544,009 | 143,303 | 980 | 19,384 | 0 | 1,477 | 15,745 | 791,492
Source: United States Census Bureau, "American Fact Finder: 2015 1-year estimates," accessed May 23, 2017

## State legislation and ballot measures[edit]

### Redistricting legislation[edit]

See state election laws

The following is a list of recent redistricting bills that have been introduced in or passed by the North Carolina state legislature. To learn more about each of these bills, click the bill title. This information is provided by BillTrack50 and LegiScan.

Note: Due to the nature of the sorting process used to generate this list, some results may not be relevant to the topic. If no bills are displayed below, no legislation pertaining to this topic has been introduced in the legislature recently.

### Redistricting ballot measures[edit]

See also: Redistricting measures on the ballot and List of North Carolina ballot measures

Ballotpedia has tracked the following ballot measure(s) relating to redistricting in North Carolina.

1. North Carolina Legislative Membership, Amendment 1 (January 1964)
2. North Carolina Legislative Reapportionment, Amendment 2 (1962)
3. North Carolina Senatorial Districts, Amendment 3 (1954)

## Recent news[edit]

The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms Redistricting North Carolina. These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles.

Redistricting in North Carolina - Google News

## See also[edit]

* United States census, 2020
* Redistricting in North Carolina after the 2010 census
* Redistricting
* State-by-state redistricting procedures
* Majority-minority districts
* State legislative and congressional redistricting after the 2010 census
* Margin of victory in state legislative elections before and after the 2010 census
* Margin of victory analysis for the 2014 congressional elections

## External links[edit]

* All About Redistricting
* Dave's Redistricting
* FiveThirtyEight, "What Redistricting Looks Like In Every State"
* National Conference of State Legislatures, "Redistricting Process"
* FairVote, "Redistricting"

## Footnotes[edit]

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 All About Redistricting, "Why does it matter?" accessed April 8, 2015
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 newsked-initial-redistricting-maps-met-with-skepticism-and-dismay/Content?oid=2583046 Indy Week, "Cracked, stacked and packed: Initial redistricting maps met with skepticism and dismay," June 29, 2011 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; name "indy" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; name "indy" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; name "indy" defined multiple times with different content
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 The Atlantic, "How the Voting Rights Act Hurts Democrats and Minorities," June 17, 2013
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Redrawing the Lines, "The Role of Section 2 - Majority Minority Districts," accessed April 6, 2015
5. ↑ North Carolina General Assembly, "Senate Bill 740 / SL 2021-174," accessed November 5, 2021
6. ↑ North Carolina General Assembly, "House Bill 976 / SL 2021-175," accessed November 5, 2021
7. ↑ North Carolina General Assembly, "Senate Bill 739 / SL 2021-173," accessed November 5, 2021
8. ↑ The Heritage Guide to the Constitution, "Election Regulations," accessed April 13, 2015
9. ↑ Brookings, "Redistricting and the United States Constitution," March 22, 2011
10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.
11. ↑ Brennan Center for Justice, "A Citizen's Guide to Redistricting," accessed March 25, 2015
12. ↑ The Constitution of the United States of America, "Article 1, Section 2," accessed March 25, 2015
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 All About Redistricting, "Where are the lines drawn?" accessed April 9, 2015
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 FairVote, "Redistricting Glossary," accessed April 9, 2015
15. ↑ All About Redistricting, "Who draws the lines?" accessed June 19, 2017
16. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, "Gerrymandering," November 4, 2014
17. ↑ Congressional Research Service, "Congressional Redistricting and the Voting Rights Act: A Legal Overview," April 13, 2015
18. ↑ The Wall Street Journal, "Supreme Court to Consider Limits on Partisan Drawing of Election Maps," June 19, 2017
19. ↑ The Washington Post, "Supreme Court to hear potentially landmark case on partisan gerrymandering," June 19, 2017
20. ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, "Gill v. Whitford: Decision," June 18, 2018
21. ↑ Election Law Blog, "Breaking: SCOTUS to Hear NC Racial Gerrymandering Case," accessed June 27, 2016
22. ↑ Ballot Access News, "U.S. Supreme Court Accepts Another Racial Gerrymandering Case," accessed June 28, 2016
23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Supreme Court of the United States, "Cooper v. Harris: Decision," May 22, 2017
24. ↑ The Washington Post, "Supreme Court to hear challenge to Texas redistricting plan," May 26, 2015
25. ↑ The New York Times, "Supreme Court Agrees to Settle Meaning of ‘One Person One Vote,'" May 26, 2015
26. ↑ SCOTUSblog, "Evenwel v. Abbott," accessed May 27, 2015
27. ↑ Associated Press, "Supreme Court to hear Texas Senate districts case," May 26, 2015
28. ↑ SCOTUSblog, "The new look at 'one person, one vote,' made simple," July 27, 2015
29. ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, "Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission: Brief for Appellants," accessed December 14, 2015
30. ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, "Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission," April 20, 2016
31. ↑ The New York Times, "Court Skeptical of Arizona Plan for Less-Partisan Congressional Redistricting," March 2, 2015
32. ↑ The Atlantic, "Will the Supreme Court Let Arizona Fight Gerrymandering?" September 15, 2014
33. ↑ United States Supreme Court, "Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission: Opinion of the Court," June 29, 2015
34. ↑ The New York Times, "Supreme Court Upholds Creation of Arizona Redistricting Commission," June 29, 2015
35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 All About Redistricting, "North Carolina," accessed April 20, 2015
36. ↑ United States Census Bureau, "2020 Census Apportionment Results Delivered to the President," April 26, 2021
37. ↑ North Carolina General Assembly, "Senate Bill 740 / SL 2021-174," accessed November 5, 2021
38. ↑ North Carolina General Assembly, "House Bill 976 / SL 2021-175," accessed November 5, 2021
39. ↑ North Carolina General Assembly, "Senate Bill 739 / SL 2021-173," accessed November 5, 2021
40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 ABC 11, "Republican-led General Assembly approves new congressional maps for NC that could heavily favor GOP," November 4, 2021
41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Richmond County Daily Journal, "NC legislators finalize redistricting maps," November 5, 2021
42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Barone, M. & McCutcheon, C. (2013). The almanac of American politics 2014 : the senators, the representatives and the governors : their records and election results, their states and districts. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
43. ↑ Election Law Blog, "Breaking: SCOTUS to Hear NC Racial Gerrymandering Case," accessed June 27, 2016
44. ↑ Ballot Access News, "U.S. Supreme Court Accepts Another Racial Gerrymandering Case," accessed June 28, 2016
45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, "Common Cause v. Rucho: Memorandum Opinion," August 27, 2018
46. ↑ United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, "Common Cause v. Rucho: Order," September 12, 2018
47. ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, "Rucho v. Common Cause and Lamone v. Benisek: Opinion of the Court," June 27, 2019
48. ↑ North Carolina General Court of Justice – Superior Court Division – Wake County, "Harper v. Lewis: Order on Injunctive Relief," October 28, 2019
49. ↑ WRAL.com, "NC's congressional district redraw starts Tuesday," November 4, 2019
50. ↑ North Carolina General Assembly, "House Bill 1029 / SL 2019-249," accessed November 18, 2019
51. ↑ The News & Observer, "North Carolina lawmakers OK new 2020 congressional maps. Now it’s up to the courts." November 15, 2019
52. ↑ North Carolina General Court of Justice – Superior Court Division – Wake County, "Harper v. Lewis: Order," November 20, 2019
53. ↑ The News & Observer, "New congressional maps in North Carolina will stand for 2020, court rules," December 2, 2019
54. ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, "North Carolina v. Covington: Per Curiam," June 5, 2017
55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 55.3 United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, "Covington v. North Carolina: Order," July 31, 2017
56. ↑ The News and Observer, "See the proposed NC Senate map," August 20, 2017
57. ↑ General Assembly of North Carolina, "Senate Bill 691," accessed August 25, 2017
58. ↑ General Assembly of North Carolina, "House Calendar," August 25, 2017
59. ↑ General Assembly of North Carolina, "SB 691," accessed August 29, 2017
60. ↑ United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, "Covington v. North Carolina: Order," October 26, 2017
61. ↑ The News & Observer, "Republican lawmakers upset with Stanford professor’s plan to fix gerrymandering," December 1, 2017
62. ↑ Winston-Salem Journal, "'Special master' submits final N.C. redistricting maps," December 1, 2017
63. ↑ WRAL.com, "Redistricting hearing signals coming end to map-making saga," January 5, 2018
64. ↑ United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, "Covington v. North Carolina: Memorandum Opinion and Order," January 19, 2018
65. ↑ WRAL.com, "GOP legislators ask altered North Carolina maps be delayed," January 21, 2018
66. ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, "North Carolina, et al. v. Covington, Sandra L., et al.: Order in Pending Case," February 6, 2018
67. ↑ The New York Times, "Supreme Court Issues Partial Stay in North Carolina Voting Case," February 6, 2018
68. ↑ WRAL.com, "Supreme Court says some, but not all, new legislative districts can be used in 2018 elections," February 6, 2018
69. ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, "North Carolina v. Covington: Per Curiam," June 28, 2018
70. ↑ Election Law Blog, "Breaking: 3-Judge Court Unanimously Rules NC State Districts Unconstitutional Racial Gerrymander," August 11, 2016
71. ↑ United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, "Covington v. North Carolina," August 11, 2016
72. ↑ Governing, "North Carolina Ordered to Hold Special Elections After Redrawing Districts," November 30, 2016
73. ↑ Reuters, "Federal judges order North Carolina to redraw legislative districts," November 30, 2016
74. ↑ ABC 11, "Federal court orders North Carolina to redraw districts, hold elections in Fall of 2017," accessed April 17, 2017
75. ↑ The News and Observer, "GOP legislative leaders ask US Supreme Court to halt 2017 elections," December 30, 2016
76. ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, "State of North Carolina, et al. v. Sandra Little Covington, et al.: Emergency Application for Stay of Remedial order Pending Resolution of Direct Appeal in This Court," December 30, 2016
77. ↑ Election Law Blog, "Breaking: #SCOTUS Halts NC Special Elections Ordered after Finding of Racial Gerrymandering," January 10, 2017
78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 The Chronicle, "Blue: Special election will happen," accessed March 31, 2017
79. ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, "North Carolina v. Covington: Per Curiam," June 5, 2017
80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 The News and Observer, "NC legislators OK redistricting rules. Democrats aren’t happy." August 10, 2017
81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 WRAL.com, "Redistricting criteria call for partisan maps, no consideration of race," August 10, 2017
82. ↑ General Assembly of North Carolina, "House Select Committee on Redistricting – 8-10-2017," accessed August 11, 2017
83. ↑ Citizen-Times, "NC remapping rules include election results but not race," August 11, 2017
84. ↑ The News and Observer, "New map reveals part of NC Republicans’ redistricting plan," August 19, 2017
85. ↑ General Assembly of North Carolina, "Districts and Their Incumbents: NC House Plan," August 21, 2017
86. ↑ General Assembly of North Carolina, "August 22, 2017 Redistricting Public Hearing Sites," accessed August 23, 2017
87. ↑ The News and Observer, "Here’s what the public had to say about GOP redistricting plans," August 22, 2017
88. ↑ General Assembly of North Carolina, "HB 927," accessed August 30, 2017
89. ↑ The News and Observer, "See the proposed NC Senate map," August 20, 2017
90. ↑ General Assembly of North Carolina, "Senate Bill 691," accessed August 25, 2017
91. ↑ General Assembly of North Carolina, "House Calendar," August 25, 2017
92. ↑ General Assembly of North Carolina, "SB 691," accessed August 29, 2017
93. ↑ United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, "Covington v. North Carolina: Order," October 26, 2017
94. ↑ Greensboro News and Record, "GOP leaders object to using outside expert on redistricting maps," October 30, 2017
95. ↑ American Lens, "Special Master Imposed by Court on NC Redistricting," October 31, 2017
96. ↑ United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, "Covington v. North Carolina: Special Master's Draft Plan and Order," November 13, 2017
97. ↑ The News & Observer, "Republican lawmakers upset with Stanford professor’s plan to fix gerrymandering," December 1, 2017
98. ↑ Winston-Salem Journal, "'Special master' submits final N.C. redistricting maps," December 1, 2017
99. ↑ WRAL.com, "Redistricting hearing signals coming end to map-making saga," January 5, 2018
100. ↑ United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina, "Covington v. North Carolina: Memorandum Opinion and Order," January 19, 2018
101. ↑ WRAL.com, "GOP legislators ask altered North Carolina maps be delayed," January 21, 2018
102. ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, "North Carolina, et al. v. Covington, Sandra L., et al.: Order in Pending Case," February 6, 2018
103. ↑ The New York Times, "Supreme Court Issues Partial Stay in North Carolina Voting Case," February 6, 2018
104. ↑ WRAL.com, "Supreme Court says some, but not all, new legislative districts can be used in 2018 elections," February 6, 2018
105. ↑ Supreme Court of the United States, "North Carolina v. Covington: Per Curiam," June 28, 2018
106. ↑ The News & Observer, "After Supreme Court ruling, NC gerrymander challengers turn to state court for relief," February 7, 2018
107. ↑ The News & Observer, "Wake-Mecklenburg maps stand as GOP drew them as candidates file for office," February 12, 2018
108. ↑ The News & Observer, "Another redistricting lawsuit filed in NC — this one over Wake election districts," February 21, 2018
109. ↑ The News & Observer, "Wake redistricting challengers 'likely to succeed,' judges say – but elections go on," April 13, 2018
110. ↑ Associated Press, "State partisan gerrymandering trial set to begin in July," February 1, 2019
111. ↑ U.S. News and World Report, "North Carolina Trial Into Partisan Gerrymandering Wraps Up," July 26, 2019
112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 North Carolina General Court of Justice – Superior Court Division – Wake County, "Common Cause v. Lewis: Judgment," September 3, 2019
113. ↑ The Washington Post, "North Carolina court rules partisan state legislative districts unconstitutional," September 3, 2019
114. ↑ North Carolina General Court of Justice – Superior Court Division – Wake County, "Common Cause v. Lewis: Order," October 28, 2019
115. ↑ Common Cause North Carolina, "Plaintiffs in Common Cause v. Lewis file appeal asking NC Supreme Court to review eight NC House districts that remain partisan gerrymanders," November 1, 2019
116. ↑ The Daily Cougar, "Redistricting will affect November election," October 16, 2012
117. ↑ The Journal of Politics, "Incumbency, Redistricting, and the Decline of Competition in U.S. House Elections," February 2006
118. ↑ Polity, "The Effects of Non-Legislative Approaches to Redistricting on Competition in Congressional Elections," October 3, 2011
119. ↑ Marquette University Law School Faculty Blog, "Why Do Republicans Overperform in the Wisconsin State Assembly? Partisan Gerrymandering Vs. Political Geography," February 11, 2021
120. ↑ Yale Law School, The Avalon Project, "Voting Rights Act of 1965; August 6, 1965," accessed April 6, 2015
121. ↑ United States Census Bureau, "American Fact Finder: 2015 1-year estimates," accessed May 23, 2017

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