List of visionary tall buildings and structures

Short description: None

This is a list of buildings and other structures that have been envisioned.

The X-Seed 4000 is one of the tallest structures ever conceived. Shown in this image is the Burj Khalifa (828 m (2,717 ft)), tallest structure in the world at the time of completion in 2010 to this year (2023), and the X-Seed 4000 project. (4,000 m (13,000 ft))

## Contents

* 1 Proposed structures
* 1.1 Structures
* 2 Cancelled projects
* 3 See also
* 4 Notes
* 5 References

## Proposed structures

The definition of 'vision' is that used by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat.[1] The list does not include under construction buildings as these are listed at list of future tallest buildings.

### Structures

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Structure  | Height  | Year of proposal  | Type  | Main Use  | Country  | Place  | Description  | Floors

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The Space Elevator  | 100,000 km (62,137 mi)  | 1895  | Massive space tether |

Space tourism, space exploration, and space colonization

UAE[2][3]
Japan[4]
China[5]
Russia [6]
USA [7]

| Pacific Ocean[lower-alpha 1] | An extraordinarily long cable, anchored on or near the equator, held up by the rotation of the Earth.  | N/A
The Orbital Ring | 160 km (99 mi) to 80 km (50 mi) of minimal height  | 1982  | Suspended ring structure around Earth  |

Space tourism/exploration/colonization, Space manufacturing, Telecommunication, and Space-based solar power[8]

| undetermined  | undetermined  | The Orbital ring is a concept of an artificial ring shaped cable placed around Earth and set rotating at such a rate that the apparent centrifugal force is large enough to counteract the force of gravity.[9][10][11] A motorized platform is placed on the cable that runs in the opposite direction at the speed that makes the ring structure become stationary relative to the ground at much lower attitude compare to space elevator which has to maintain its center of mass around geostationary orbit. Multiple tethers can be connected from orbital ring to the ground enabling mass-transport to space.[8] | N/A
The Launch Loop | 80 km (50 mi)  | 1981  | Suspended Maglev Track  |

Space tourism, space exploration, and space colonization

| undetermined  | undetermined  | The Launch loop is a concept that has been proposed for the purposes of orbital launch.[12] | N/A
Scaled-down space elevator  | 20 km (12 mi)  | 2009  | Pneumatic tower |

Tourism, communications, wind generation, and reduced cost space launch.[13]

| undetermined  | undetermined  | A sub-orbital or mini version.[14] The structure would be free standing and actively guyed over its base.[13] | N/A
StarTram Generation 2  | 20 km (12 mi)  | 2001  | Suspended Maglev Track  | Space tourism, space exploration, and space colonization |  United States  | undetermined  | Proposed concept for orbital launches. It has a long (1000–1500 km) vacuum tube, levitated via strong currents in superconducting cables  | N/A
Tokyo Tower of Babel[15] | 10 km (33,000 ft)  | 1992  | Arcology | Mixed Use  |  Japan  | Tokyo | Would house roughly 30 million people and take 100–150 years to build. The cost would be around ¥3 quadrillion ($22 trillion).  | 1000+
X-Seed 4000 | 4 km (13,000 ft)  | 1995  | Arcology | Residential, commercial, retail real estate, as well as heavy industry  |  Japan  | Tokyo | Would accommodate five hundred thousand to one million inhabitants  | 800
Ultima Tower  | 3.2187 km (10,560 ft)  | 1991  | Skyscraper  | Residential, commercial, and retail real estate  |  United States  | San Francisco | Designed by American architect Eugene Tsui in 1991  | 500
Dubai City Tower  | 2.4 km (7,900 ft)  | 2008  | Skyscraper  | Residential, commercial, and retail real estate  |  United Arab Emirates  | Dubai  | Six buildings entwining a central core  | 400
Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid  | 2 km (6,600 ft)  | 1996  | Arcology  | Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate  |  Japan  | Tokyo | The Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid is a proposed project for construction of a massive pyramid over Tokyo Bay in Japan . The structure would be approximately 14 times as high as the Great Pyramid of Giza, and would house 750,000 people. If built, it will be the largest man-made structure on Earth.  | 390
The Dutch Mountain  | 2 km (6,600 ft)  | 2012  | Artificial Mountain  | Tourism, leisure, commercial and wind generation  |  Netherlands  | Flevoland  | "De Nederlandse Berg", Dutch for "The Dutch Mountain" is a proposal for an artificial mountain by Thijs Zonneveld.[16][17][18] | N/A
Millennium Challenge Tower  | 1.852 km (6,080 ft)  | 2005  | Skyscraper  | Residential, commercial, and retail real estate  |  Kuwait  | Kuwait City | Designed by architect Omero Marchetti as part of his proposed "ethic city" concept. The aims of the project are to reach a nautical mile in height while "not using concrete, orthogonal grids, traditional systems, mortars, [and] cranes."[19] If built, the tower would reach 1,852 metres (6,076 ft).  | N/A
Times Squared 3015 | 1.733 km (5,686 ft)  | 2015  | Vertical City  | Mixed Use  |  United States  | New York City |  | N/A
Sky Mile Tower  | 1.7 km (5,577 ft)[20] | 2015  | Skyscraper  | Mixed Use  |  Japan  | Tokyo | Would serving as a dam and supplying water to its 55,000 residents  | 421
Xtopia  | 1.614 km (5,295 ft)  | 2010  | Skyscraper  | Multiple  |  China  | Shanghai | Xtopia is a concept building for a 300-floor high-rise self-contained community.  | 300
New City Tower  | 1,500 m (4,900 ft)  | 2007  | Arcology  | Mixed Use  |  United Kingdom  | London |  | 500
Bionic Tower  | 1.228 km (4,030 ft)  | 1997  | Arcology  | Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate  |  China  | Shanghai and Hong Kong have both expressed serious interest  | Designed by architects Eloy Celaya, Mª Rosa Cervera and Javier Gómez Pioz; would house about 100,000 people.  | 300
Ziggurat Pyramid  | 1.200 km (3,940 ft)  | 2008  | Arcology  | Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate  |  United Arab Emirates  | Dubai  | Ziggurat Pyramid is a pyramid-shaped arcology that was conceived for Dubai in 2008. The structure was designed to house nearly one million people and would be self-sustainable with all-natural energy sources. Like the pyramids of the Mayans and Egyptians, this structure in Dubai would be a giant; it would cover 2.3 square kilometers and would be able to sustain a community of up to one million people.  | +300
The Bride Tower  | 1.152 km (3,780 ft)  | 2015  | Skyscraper  | Mixed Use  |  Iraq  | Basra | Designed by AMBS Architects  | 241
Azerbaijan Tower  | 1.050 km (3,440 ft)  | 2012  | Skyscraper  | Commercial, retail, and leisure real estate  |  Azerbaijan  | Baku | Planned as part of the proposed "Khazar Islands" project[21] | 189
Murjan Tower  | 1.022 km (3,350 ft)  | 2006  | Skyscraper  | Residential, commercial, and retail real estate  |  Bahrain  | Manama | Designed by architect Henning Larsens Tegnestue A/S[22] | 200
Burj Mubarak al-Kabir  | 1.001 km (3,280 ft)  | 2007  | Skyscraper  | Residential, commercial, and retail real estate  |  Kuwait  | Madinat al-Hareer  | By Eric Kuhne and Associates[clarification needed] | 234
Green Float  | 1,000 m (3,281 ft)  | 2010  | Arcology  | Mixed Use  |  Japan  | Tokyo | Would be able to house up to 40,000 people  | N/A
Hyperbuilding  | 1,000 m (3,300 ft)  | 1996  | Vertical City  | Residential, commercial, and retail real estate  |  Thailand  | Bangkok | Designed by OMA  | 250
Sky City 1000  | 1,000 m (3,300 ft)  | 1989  | Arcology  | Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate  |  Japan  | Tokyo | Aimed at helping put an end to major congestion and lack of greenspace in the Tokyo; 400 m (1,312 ft) wide at the base for a total floor area of 8 km2 (3.1 sq mi); drawn by construction firm Takenaka for the city of Tokyo in 1989, its design was the first of the modern super-tall mega-structures to gain serious attention and consideration by any government  | 196
Oblisco Capitale  | 1,000 m (3,300 ft)  | 2018  | Skyscraper  | Mixed Use  |  Egypt  | New Administrative Capital |  | 179
Buenos Aires Forum  | 1,000 m (3,300 ft)  | 2009  | Skyscraper  | Mixed Use  |  Argentina  | Buenos Aires |  | 200
Europa Tower (Brussels)  | 1,000 m (3,300 ft)  | 1993  | Skyscraper  | Office, observation, restaurant  |  Belgium  | Brussels  | Designed by L35 Arquitectos; articulated in nine modules;[23][24] | N/A
Miapolis  | 975 m (3,199 ft)  | 2009  | Skyscraper  | Mixed Use  |  United States  | Miami  | Designed by Kobi Karp Architect  | 160
Permeable Lattice City  | 922 m (3,025 ft)  | 2017  | Arcology  | Mixed Use  |  Singapore  | Singapore | Designed by WOHA Architect  | 276
Nansha Tower  | 900 m (3,000 ft)  | 2015  | Skyscraper  | Mixed Use  |  China  | Guangzhou  |  | 165
Millennium Tower (Tokyo)  | 840 m (2,760 ft)  | 1989  | Skyscraper  | Mixed Use  |  Japan  | Tokyo | By Norman Foster  | 170
Sky City (Changsha)  | 838 m (2,749 ft)  | 2012  | Skycraper  | Mixed use  |  China  | Changsha  |  | 202
DIB-200  | 800 m (2,600 ft)  | 1993  | Skyscraper  | Residential, commercial, and retail real estate  |  Japan  | Tokyo | Proposed by Kajima Construction; designed by Sadaaki Masuda and Scott Howe  | 200
The Mandragore  | 737 m (2,418 ft)  | 2020  | Skyscraper  | Mixed Use  |  United States  | New York City |  | 160
Shimao Shenzhen–Hong Kong International Centre  | 700 m (2,297 ft)  | 2017  | Skyscraper  | Hotel, Office  |  China  | Shenzhen  |  | 148
Princesa Tower  | 680 m (2,231 ft)  | 2018  | Observation tower  | Leisure, retail, and observation  |  Philippines  | Puerto Princesa  | N/A  |
World Centre for Vedic Learning  | 677 m (2,221 ft)  | 2000  | Skyscraper  | Religion, residential, commercial, and education  |  India  | Jabalpur  | Designed by Minoru Yamasaki & Associates  | 160
Dream Tower  | 665 m (2,182 ft)  | 2009  | Skyscraper  | Commercial and retail real estate  |  South Korea  | Seoul | [25] | 150
Bengaluru Turf Tower  | 663 m (2,175 ft)  | N/A  | Skyscraper  | Residential  |  India  | Bangalore  | N/A  | 157
Gateway Tower (Chicago)  | 610 m (2,000 ft)  | 2016  | Skyscraper  | Residential, commercial, and retail real estate  |  United States  | Chicago | Designed by American architectural firm Gensler as a replacement for the Chicago Spire  | 127
The Big Bend  | 610 m (2,000 ft)  | 2015  | Skyscraper  | Residential  |  United States  | New York City | N/A  | N/A
The Blade  | 610 m (2,000 ft)  | 2016  | Skyscraper  | Hotel  |  Saudi Arabia  | Riyadh | N/A  | 128
Malaya 115  | 596 m (1,955 ft)  | N/A  | Skyscraper  | Mixed Use  |  Malaysia  | Kuala Lumpur |  | 115
Port Tower  | 593.5 m (1,947 ft)  | 2006  | Skyscraper  | Commercial, retail, and leisure real estate  |  Pakistan  | Karachi | Approved for construction  | 130
Diamond Tower  | 555 m (1,821 ft)  | 2012  | Skyscraper  | Office, residential  |  Cambodia  | Phnom Penh |  | 85
Downtown Circle  | 550 m (1,800 ft)  | 2022  | Vertical City  | Mixed Use  |  United Arab Emirates  | Dubai  | Designed by ZNera Space  | N/A
Hudson Spire  | 550 m (1,800 ft)  | 2014  | Skyscraper  | Residential, commercial, and retail real estate  |  United States  | New York City | Proposed by a developer from Tishman Speyer as part of Manhattan's Hudson Yards development; would be the tallest in the Western Hemisphere  | 110
Al Noor Tower  | 540 m (1,770 ft)  | 2014  | Skyscraper  | Mixed Use  |  Morocco  | Casablanca | Would become Africa's tallest building if completed  | 114
ETC Tower  | 501 m (1,644 ft)  | 2019  | Skyscraper  | Mixed Use  |  United Kingdom  | London | Would become United Kingdom's tallest building if completed  | 111
GIFT Diamond Tower  | 410 m (1,350 ft)  | 2002  | Skyscraper  | Commercial  |  India  | Gandhinagar  | Diamond Tower and the core CBD of GIFT will comprise a total of 25,800,000 sq ft (2,400,000 m2).[26] | 87
Solar updraft tower | 400–1,000 m (1,300–3,300 ft)  | 2001  | Power plant  | Power generation  |  Australia  | Buronga, New South Wales  |  | N/A
Empire 88 Tower  | 333 m (1,093 ft)  | 2020  | skyscraper  | Hotel, Residential  |  Vietnam  | Ho Chi Minh City  |  | 88
Time Square Da Nang  | 230 m (750 ft)  | 2022  | Skyscraper  | Mixed Use  |  Vietnam  | Da Nang  | Times Square Danang is a high-end luxury development with over 85% of units having a direct view of the sea in Da Nang. Each apartment in Da Nang Times Square is delicately and artistically created in the style of modern European architecture, incorporating a full range of new 5-star standard services and facilities that buyers are promised. Indulge in a stylish and appealing setting.  | N/A

## Cancelled projects

Name | Pinnacle height | Year of first proposal | Structure type | Main use | Country | City | Year of projected completion | Description

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Houston Tower | 2,092 m (6,864 ft) | 1979 | Skyscraper | Residential, commercial, retail, leisure real estate, office  |  United States | Houston | Never begun | The Houston Tower was an envisioned skyscraper that would have been nearly 1.3 miles (2.1 km) tall (6864 ft/2092 m) and taken up 16 city blocks in Houston.
Aeropolis 2001 | 2,000 m (6,600 ft) | 1989 | Arcology Skyscraper | Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate |  Japan | Tokyo | Never begun | The Aeropolis 2001 was a proposed project for construction of a massive 500-story high-rise building over Tokyo Bay in Japan. It was proposed to be a 2,000 m (6,562 ft) high building.
The Illinois | 1,609 m (5,279 ft) | 1956 | Skyscraper | Commercial, Residential, and leisure real estate |  United States | Chicago | Never begun | The Illinois, envisioned by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1956, was to be a mile high (1609 m / 5280 ft) skyscraper in Chicago.
1 Dubai | 1,008 m (3,307 ft) | 2006 | Skyscraper | Unknown |  United Arab Emirates | Dubai | 2010 (cancelled in 2009) | 1 Dubai is a proposal in Dubai to planned to be completed, but in 2009, it was cancelled.
Nakheel Tower | 1,000 m (3,300 ft) | 2003 | Skyscraper | residential, hotel, office |  United Arab Emirates | Dubai | 2020 (cancelled 2009) | Cancelled due to financial problems.
Sky City (Changsha) | 838 m (2,749 ft) | 2013 | Skyscraper | Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate |  China | Changsha | 2014 (cancelled 2014) | Cancelled due to concerns over the building's impact on the local environment.[27]
India Tower | 707.5 m (2,321 ft) | 2010 | Skyscraper | residential / hotel / office |  India | Mumbai | (Cancelled 2015) | In May 2011 Mumbai's civic building proposals department issued a stop-work order due to a payment dispute with the developers, halting the tower's construction indefinitely. The tower was cancelled on 16 October 2015.
Phare du Monde | 701 m (2,300 ft) | 1934 | Concrete observation tower | Leisure and retail real estate |  France | Paris | 1937 (construction never begun) | Phare du Monde, was a project for a 701 metre tall observation tower for the world exhibition in Paris, 1937. It was planned as a concrete tower similar to a modern TV tower, but also with a ramp for drive up access.
Shenwan Station Towers Plot DU01-01 | 680 m (2,230 ft) | 2013 | Skyscraper | Residential and commercial |  China | Shenzhen | 2030 (cancelled in 2019) | The project was canceled because the site did not allow buildings measuring more than 400 m. The project was replaced by shorter towers.
Grollo Tower | 678 m (2,224 ft) | 1997 | Skyscraper | Residential, commercial, and leisure real estate |  Australia | Melbourne | 2004 (cancelled 2001) | Construction was cancelled on the Grollo Tower (named after the architect) in Melbourne's developing Dockland precinct in April 2001 after Melbourne's Docklands Authority ruled it out of the tender for development of the Batman Hill's precinct due to disagreements over who would pay for infrastructure improvements. The area is now occupied by a mixture of smaller commercial and residential buildings. The Grollo Tower would have been the world's tallest building at the time at 560 m (1837 ft) tall, down from the originally planned 678 m (2,224 ft) height, and still would have been the tallest building in the southern hemisphere.
Millenium Tower Las Vegas | 671 m (2,201 ft) | 2001 | Skyscraper | Residential, commercial, and retail real estate |  United States | Las Vegas | 2001 (cancelled in 2002) | Millennium Tower was proposed to be 671 m (2,201 ft) as the tallest building in the world, but it was cancelled in 2002 because of its massive height.
Hanzheng Jie Project Tower 1 | 666 m (2,185 ft) | 2011 | Skyscraper | Residential and commercial |  China | Wuhan | 2026 (cancelled in 2020) | The project was canceled along with other projects in 2020 due to China's new prohibition of skyscrapers over 500 metres (1,600 ft).
PAGCOR Tower | 665 m (2,182 ft) | 2008 | Observation tower | Leisure and observation facilities |  Philippines | Manila | Cancelled in 2010 | Originally part of the plans for the PAGCOR Entertainment City, the project was scrapped due to various reasons including air traffic regulations due to close proximity to Ninoy Aquino International Airport
Warsaw radio mast | 646 m (2,119 ft) | Original in 1968, Replacement in 1992 | Guyed mast | VHF-UHF transmission |  Poland | Warsaw | 1997 (cancelled 1995) | Until late 1995, there were plans to rebuild the collapsed 646 m (2,119 ft) Warsaw Radio Mast to its previous height on the same site, using the basements of the old mast. Although some refurbishment of the basements started, work was canceled after violent protests by local residents, who feared harmful radiation effects from the high-power transmitter served by the antenna. A new transmission facility with two smaller masts measuring 330 and 289 m was built as a replacement in 1998–99 at Solec Kujawski.
Changchun World Trade Center | 631 m (2,070 ft) | 2017 | Skyscraper | Serviced, apartaments, hotel, and office |  China | Changchun | 2028 (cancelled in 2020) | Canceled due to height restriction.
Triple One | 620 m (2,030 ft) | 2007 | Skyscraper | Mixed Use |  South Korea | Seoul | 2020 (cancelled in 2013) | The Triple One, 620 m (2,030 ft) tall, is a proposed building in Yongsan Dreamhub designed by Renzo Piano and 112 floors to be tallest building in South Korea.
Philippine Diamond Tower | 612 m (2,008 ft) | 2014 | Observation tower | Leisure, observation, and broadcast |  Philippines | Quezon City | 2019 (construction never begun; projected to be completed within three years) | The observation tower's height of 612 m (2,008 ft) is meant to signify the date of the Philippine declaration of independence (June 12).
Old Chicago Main Post Office Twin Towers | 610 m (2,000 ft) | 2011 | Skyscraper | Residential, commercial, and hotel |  United States | Chicago | 2022 (cancelled in 2014) | Cancelled due to the dissolution of the construction company and abandonment of the project.
7 South Dearborn | 610 m (2,000 ft) | 1999 | Skyscraper | Residential, commercial, and retail real estate as well as communications facilities |  United States | Chicago | 2004 (cancelled in 2000 due to lack of funding) | 7 South Dearborn in Chicago was planned in 1999 to be 610 m (2,001 ft).
Chicago Spire | 610 m (2,000 ft) | 2005 | Skyscraper | Residential real estate |  United States | Chicago | 2019 (cancelled in 2016) | The Chicago Spire designed by Santiago Calatrava was intended to be the tallest building in the western hemisphere as well as the tallest residential building in the world. It was abandoned in 2008 due to financial problems. As of March 11, 2014, as long as the project is funded, it assumed to resume construction.
Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle | 610 m (2,000 ft) | 1988 | Skyscraper | Commercial, and Residential real estate |  United States | Chicago | 1994 (cancelled 1992) | The Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle in Chicago was to be 610 m (2,001 ft)[28] tall in 1988.
Shenwan Station Towers Plot DU02-01 | 580 m (1,900 ft) | 2013 | Skyscraper | Residential and commercial |  China | Shenzhen | 2030 (cancelled in 2019) | The project was canceled because the site did not allow buildings measuring more than 400 m. The project was replaced by shorter towers.
International Business Center | 580 m (1,900 ft) | 2007 | Skyscraper | Commercial real estate |  South Korea | Seoul | 2013 (cancelled 2008) | International Business Center was a proposed skyscraper to be constructed in Seoul, South Korea for a height of 580 m (1,900 ft), it was to have 130 floors planned to be completed in 2013.
Crown Las Vegas | 575 m (1,886 ft) | 2006 | Skyscraper | Residential, commercial, and retail real estate |  United States | Las Vegas | 2006 (cancelled in 2008) | Crown Las Vegas was proposed to be 575 m (1,886 ft), but it was cancelled in 2008 after 2 major redesigns.
Kowloon MTR Tower | 574 m (1,883 ft) | 2000 | Skyscraper | Office |  China | Hong Kong | 2009 (cancelled 2001) | Now built as the International Commerce Center.
Grollo Tower | 560 m (1,840 ft) | 2001 | Skyscraper | Residential and Commercial real estate |  Australia | Melbourne | 2001 (cancelled in 2004) | Revised version of the Grollo Tower shown above.
New York Stock Exchange Tower | 546 m (1,791 ft) | 1997 | Skyscraper | Office |  United States | New York City | 2004 (cancelled 2001) | The 546 m tall, 140 story tower was cancelled in 2001 due to 9/11.
Grant USA Tower | 533.4 m (1,750 ft) | 1970 | Skyscraper | Commercial, retail, and leisure real estate |  United States | Newark, New Jersey | 1986 (cancelled 1986) | The Grant USA Tower was planned by developer Harry Grant, who started New York Apple Tours. The building was to be completed in 1986 and to be the tallest hotel, tallest building and tallest structure. Harry Grant went bankrupt and the building never broke ground.[29]
Television City Tower | 510 m (1,670 ft) | 1985 | Skyscraper | Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate |  United States | New York City | 1988 (cancelled 1985) | The 510 m tall, 150 story, Helmut Jahn-designed tower proposed by Donald Trump in New York City , United States was cancelled in 1988 due to serious local opposition.
Eaton's / John Maryon Tower | 503 m (1,650 ft) | 1971 | Skyscraper | Commercial and leisure real estate |  Canada | Toronto | 1976 (cancelled 1972) | Eaton's / John Maryon Tower was a planned 503 m (1,650 ft) (686m to spire) tall building in Toronto in 1971.
10 Columbus Circle | 500 m (1,600 ft) | 1986 | Skyscraper | Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate |  United States | New York City | 1987 (cancelled 1986) | The 500 m tall, 137 story, 10 Columbus Circle in New York City , United States was cancelled in 1987.
Dragon Tower | 500 m (1,600 ft) | 1996 | Skyscraper | Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate |  Indonesia | Jakarta | 2002 (cancelled 1998) | The 500 m tall, 101 story, Dragon Tower was cancelled in 1998 due to the Asian financial crisis.
Kaisa Feng Long Center | 500 m (1,600 ft) | 2011 | Skyscraper | Hotel / office |  China | Shenzhen | 2012 (cancelled 2011) |
Shenwan Station Towers Plot DU01-03 | 480 m (1,570 ft) | 2013 | Skyscraper | Residential and commercial |  China | Shenzhen | 2030 (cancelled in 2019) | The project was canceled because the site did not allow buildings measuring more than 400 m. The project was replaced by shorter towers.
Empire City Tower | 462 m (1,516 ft) | 2015 | Skyscraper | Mixed use |  Vietnam | Ho Chi Minh City | 2022 (cancelled 2017) | The 462 m tall, 86 story, Empire City Tower was cancelled in 2017. It will be replaced by the 333 meter Empire 88 Tower.
The Hyperboloid | 455 m (1,493 ft) | 1956 | Skyscraper | Residential, commercial, retail, and leisure real estate |  United States | New York City | 1959 (cancelled 1957) | The 108 story Hyperboloid designed by I. M. Pei was cancelled in 1957. Now built as the Metlife Tower.
Brisbane Central Tower | 450 m (1,480 ft) | 1987 | Skyscraper | Unknown |  Australia | Brisbane | 1987 (cancelled in 1993) |
Minuzzo Tower | 450 m (1,480 ft) | 1993 | Skyscraper | Unknown |  Australia | Brisbane | 1993 (cancelled in 1995) |
Twin Towers 2 | 450 m (1,480 ft) | 2004 | Skyscraper | Office, observation, communication |  United States | New York City | 2018 (cancelled in 2010) |
CBD-1 | 445 m (1,460 ft) | 1993 | Skyscraper | Unknown |  Australia | Sydney | 1995 (cancelled in 1997) |
Psary, Poland broadcast tower | 440 m (1,440 ft) | 2009 | Reinforced concrete and steel television tower | DVB-T signal transmission |  Poland | Psary, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship | undetermined | At Bodzentyn, Poland a 440 metres tall tower is proposed for distributing DVB-T signals from the satellite station to TV broadcasting sites.[30] It will be, if built, the tallest man-made structure in Europe outside Russia.
Bank of the Southwest Tower | 428 m (1,404 ft) | 1997 | Skyscraper | Office |  United States | Houston | 1982 (cancelled 1984) | The 86 story tower was cancelled in 1984 due to an oil bust in Texas.
Palace of Soviets | 415 m (1,362 ft) | 1932 | Skyscraper | Bureaucratic administrative center and conference hall |  Soviet Union | Moscow | 1947 (cancelled 1942) | The Palace of Soviets, planned in 1932, was to be 415 m (including a 100 m Lenin statue), and would have been the tallest building in the world at the time if completed. Construction was halted during World War II, during which the uncompleted structure was partially dismantled; its foundations were later to serve as the world's largest open-air swimming pool before being razed in 1995.
The Monument to the Third International | 400 m (1,300 ft) | 1919 | Grand Monument | Conference hall, bureaucratic administrative center, information administrative center |  Soviet Union | Moscow | None given | During the Russian October Revolution of 1917, Vladimir Tatlin designed a structure named  The Monument to the Third International, which was to serve as the international headquarters of the Komintern. Better known as the Tatlin Tower, the structure was to rise to a height of 400 m (1,312 ft), which would have made it by far the tallest building in the world at that time, but time & resource shortages as well as the social upheavals that resulted from the Russian Civil War, economic mismanagement, and political repressions halted the project.
Millennium Freedom Tower | 376.8 m (1,236 ft) | 1998 | Observation tower | Leisure and observation facilities |  United States | Newport, Kentucky | 2000 (above ground construction never begun) | The Millennium Freedom Tower was a project to be located in Newport, Kentucky, United States was originally proposed in 1998 to be dedicated on Dec 31, 1999. The original height was a proposed 1,234 feet (376 m) and was later lowered to 1,103 ft (306 m). Pilings were driven in 1998, but construction never continued above ground.[31]
Watkin's Tower | 358 m (1,175 ft) | 1890 | Iron latticed observation tower | Leisure and retail real estate |  United Kingdom | Wembley | 1894 (construction halted 1896) | Watkin's Tower in Wembley, London was planned in 1891 to surpass the Eiffel Tower by 50 m (164 ft), but construction stopped before that height was reached due to unstable land and insufficient funds. The tower remnants were dismantled in the 1900s, and the site was redeveloped as Wembley Stadium.
Scandinavian Tower | 325 m (1,066 ft) | 1997 | Skyscraper | Residential |  Sweden | Malmö | 2004 | The Scandinavian Tower was intended to be the tallest skyscraper in Europe.[32] It was abandoned in 2004 in favor of Malmö Tower.
Torre Bicentenario | 300 m (980 ft) | 2007 | Comercial |  |  Mexico | Mexico City | 2010 (cancelled in 2007) | The Torre Bicentenario (Bicentennial Tower) was a skyscraper project planned for Mexico City. The inauguration date was planned to be September 16, 2010, which is the day of the 200th anniversary of the Mexican War of Independence, hence the building's name. The Torre Bicentenario was canceled in 2007.
World Science Tower | N/A | 1964 | Guyed mast | Leisure facilities |  United States | Larkspur, Colorado | N/A | The World Science Tower was going to be one of the world's tallest buildings, proposed in 1964. It would have had an amusement park at its base.
Volkshalle | 290 m (950 ft)
with spire 320 m (1,050 ft)
| 1937 | Skyscraper | Cultural and convention center |  Nazi Germany | Berlin | 1950 (cancelled 1942) | Huge domed monument building planned by Adolf Hitler and Albert Speer for Germania, the projected renewal of the German capitol Berlin.

## See also

* List of buildings with 100 floors or more
* List of cities with the most skyscrapers
* List of tallest buildings and structures
* Unfinished building

## Notes

1. ↑ NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts suggested building space elevator on equatorial floating platform located at the “lightning-free” zone within international waters off the coast of Ecuador, about 1,500 kilometres (930 mi) west of the Galapagos Islands.[3]

## References

1. ↑ "The Skyscraper Center". https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/definition/vision.
2. ↑ Edwards, Bradley C. (2000). "Design and Deployment of a Space Elevator". Acta Astronautica 47 (10): 735–744. doi:10.1016/s0094-5765(00)00111-9. ISSN 0094-5765. http://li.mit.edu/S/td/Paper/Edwards00AA.pdf.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Edwards, Bradley C. (2003). "The Space Elevator - NIAC phase II final report". http://www.niac.usra.edu/files/studies/final_report/472Edwards.pdf.
4. ↑ Lewis, Leo (22 September 2008). "Japan hopes to turn sci-fi into reality with elevator to the stars". The Times (London). http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/article1967078.ece. Lewis, Leo; News International Group; accessed 22 September 2008.
5. ↑ Xia, Zhang (17 November 2017). "China Shoots for Stars With Plans to Build Space Elevator by 2045". https://www.yicaiglobal.com/news/china-shoots-for-stars-with-plans-to-build-space-elevator-by-2045.
6. ↑ Artsutanov, Yu (1960). "To the Cosmos by Electric Train". liftport.com. Young Person's Pravda. http://liftport.com/files/Artsutanov_Pravda_SE.pdf.
7. ↑ Isaacs, J. D.; A. C. Vine, H. Bradner and G. E. Bachus; Bradner; Bachus (1966). "Satellite Elongation into a True 'Sky-Hook'". Science 151 (3711): 682–3. doi:10.1126/science.151.3711.682. PMID 17813792. Bibcode: 1966Sci...151..682I.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Meulenberg, Andrew; Karthik Balaji, P.S. (2011). "The LEO Archipelago: A system of earth-rings for communications, mass-transport to space, solar power, and control of global warming". Acta Astronautica (Elsevier BV) 68 (11–12): 1931–1946. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2010.12.002. ISSN 0094-5765.
9. ↑ Paul Birch, "Orbital Ring Systems and Jacob's Ladders - I", Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, Vol. 35, 1982, pp. 475–497. (see pdf) (Accessed 6 April 2016).
10. ↑ Paul Birch, "Orbital Ring Systems and Jacob's Ladders - II", Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, Vol. 36, 1982, 115. (pdf).
11. ↑ Paul Birch, "Orbital Ring Systems and Jacob's Ladders - III", Journal of the British Interplanetary Society, Vol. 36, 1982, 231. (pdf).
12. ↑ PDF version of Lofstrom's 1985 launch loop publication (AIAA 1985)
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Quine, B.M.; Seth, R.K.; Zhu, Z.H. (2009). "A free-standing space elevator structure: a practical alternative to the space tether". Acta Astronautica 65 (3–4): 365–375. doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2009.02.018. http://pi.library.yorku.ca/dspace/handle/10315/2587. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
14. ↑ "Canadian Mini Space Elevator Paper Available - The Space Elevator Reference". http://spaceref.com/space-elevator/canadian-mini-space-elevator-paper-available.html.
15. ↑ These futuristic cities are housed inside a single, gigantic building
16. ↑ "Die Berg Komt Er - Wie zijn wij". diebergkomter.nl. http://www.diebergkomter.nl/wie-zijn-wij/.
17. ↑ "Pruned: A Mountain for the Netherlands". pruned.blogspot.nl. http://pruned.blogspot.nl/2011/09/mountain-for-netherlands.html.
18. ↑ "Die Berg Komt Er - Over de berg". diebergkomter.nl. http://www.diebergkomter.nl/over-de-berg/.
19. ↑ "Top 8 Skyscrapers That Will Push the Limits of Design". Popular Mechanics. 21 January 2010. http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/engineering/architecture/4343115.
20. ↑ Mafi, Nick (3 February 2016). "This Is What Tokyo Will Look Like in 2045—Including Its Mile-High Skyscraper". Architectural Diges (Condé Nast). http://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/tokyo-will-look-like-2045-including-mile-high-skyscraper.
21. ↑ "World's Tallest Building May Be In Azerbaijan". Huffington Post. 3 February 2012. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/01/24/worlds-tallest-building_n_1228499.html.
22. ↑ "Murjan Tower 1, Manama". http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=murjantower1-manama-bahrain.
23. ↑ "Europa Tower". 25 May 2018. https://unbuiltskyscrapers.wordpress.com/2018/05/25/europa-tower/.
24. ↑ http://www.arquitectura-tecnica.com/cercha/pdf/19.pdf (Page 12)
25. ↑ "KORAIL Tower, Seoul, South Korea | Emporis.com". http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=korailtower-seoul-southkorea.
26. ↑ "Sky-high plans - Money Matters - livemint.com". http://www.livemint.com/2009/07/16225119/Skyhigh-plans.html?h=A2.
27. ↑ CNN, Ramy Inocencio,Audrey Shi for (26 July 2013). "Permit lapse may ground construction of world's tallest building in China | CNN Business" (in en). https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/26/business/china-worlds-future-tallest-building-frozen/index.html.
28. ↑ "Miglin-Beitler Skyneedle, Chicago". http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=103012.
29. ↑ "Grant U.S. Tower, Newark / Emporis.com". http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=grantusatower-newark-nj-usa.
30. ↑ "Kielce: Najwyższa w Polsce budowla powstanie w Górach Świętokrzyskich! Wieża będzie miała 440 metrów wysokości i na stałe zmieni krajobraz - 20 lipca 2010". 20 July 2010. http://www.echodnia.eu/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20100720/POWIAT0104/255032145.
31. ↑ "Emporis Buildings accessed February 21, 2008". http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=103174.
32. ↑ "Scandinavian Tower". SkyscraperPage.com. http://skyscraperpage.com/cities/?buildingID=3586.

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