List of piezoelectric materials

Short description: none

This page lists properties of several commonly used piezoelectric materials.

Piezoelectric materials (PMs) can be broadly classified as either crystalline, ceramic, or polymeric.[1] The most commonly produced piezoelectric ceramics are lead zirconate titanate (PZT), barium titanate, and lead titanate. Gallium nitride and zinc oxide can also be regarded as a ceramic due to their relatively wide band gaps. Semiconducting PMs offer features such as compatibility with integrated circuits and semiconductor devices. Inorganic ceramic PMs offer advantages over single crystals, including ease of fabrication into a variety of shapes and sizes not constrained crystallographic directions. Organic polymer PMs, such as PVDF, have low Young's modulus compared to inorganic PMs. Piezoelectric polymers (PVDF, 240 mV-m/N) possess higher piezoelectric stress constants (g33), an important parameter in sensors, than ceramics (PZT, 11 mV-m/N), which show that they can be better sensors than ceramics. Moreover, piezoelectric polymeric sensors and actuators, due to their processing flexibility, can be readily manufactured into large areas, and cut into a variety of shapes. In addition polymers also exhibit high strength, high impact resistance, low dielectric constant, low elastic stiffness, and low density, thereby a high voltage sensitivity which is a desirable characteristic along with low acoustic and mechanical impedance useful for medical and underwater applications.

Among PMs, PZT ceramics are popular as they have a high sensitivity, a high g33 value. They are however brittle. Furthermore, they show low Curie temperature, leading to constraints in terms of applications in harsh environmental conditions. However, promising is the integration of ceramic disks into industrial appliances moulded from plastic. This resulted in the development of PZT-polymer composites, and the feasible integration of functional PM composites on large scale, by simple thermal welding or by conforming processes. Several approaches towards lead-free ceramic PM have been reported, such as piezoelectric single crystals (langasite), and ferroelectric ceramics with a perovskite structure and bismuth layer-structured ferroelectrics (BLSF), which have been extensively researched. Also, several ferroelectrics with perovskite-structure (BaTiO3 [BT], (Bi1/2Na1/2) TiO3 [BNT], (Bi1/2K1/2) TiO3 [BKT], KNbO3 [KN], (K, Na) NbO3 [KNN]) have been investigated for their piezoelectric properties.

## Key piezoelectric properties

The following table lists the following properties for piezoelectric materials

* The piezoelectric coefficients (d33, d31, d15 etc.) measure the strain induced by an applied voltage (expressed as meters per volt). High dij coefficients indicate larger displacements which are needed for motoring transducer devices. The coefficient d33 measures deformation in the same direction (polarization axis) as the induced potential, whereas d31 describes the response when the force is applied perpendicular to the polarization axis. The d15 coefficient measures the response when the applied mechanical stress is due to shear deformation.
* Relative permittivity (εr) is the ratio between the absolute permittivity of the piezoelectric material, ε, and the vacuum permittivity, ε0.
* The electromechanical coupling factor k is an indicator of the effectiveness with which a piezoelectric material converts electrical energy into mechanical energy, or converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. The first subscript to k denotes the direction along which the electrodes are applied; the second denotes the direction along which the mechanical energy is applied, or developed.
* The mechanical quality factor Qm is an important high-power property of piezoelectric ceramics. It is the inverse of the mechanical loss tan Φ.

## Table

Single crystals

Reference  | Material & heterostructure used for the characterization (electrodes/material, electrode/substrate)  | Orientation  | Piezoelectric coefficients, d (pC/N)  | Relative permittivity, εr | Electromechanical coupling factor, k  | Quality factor
Hutson 1963[2] | AlN  |  | d15 = -4.07per  | ε33 = 11.4  |  |
d31 = -2  |  |  |
d33 = 5  |  |  |
Cook et al. 1963[3] | BaTiO3 |  | d15 = 392  | ε11 = 2920  | k15 = 0.57  |
d31 = -34.5  | ε33 = 168  | k31 = 0.315  |
d33 = 85.6  |  | k33 = 0.56  |
Warner et al. 1967[4] | LiNbO3 (Au-Au)  | <001> | d15 = 68  | ε11 = 84  |  |
d22 = 21  | ε33 = 30  |  |
d31 = -1  |  | k31 = 0.02  |
d33 = 6  |  | kt = 0.17  |
Smith et al. 1971[5] | LiNbO3 | <001> | d15 = 69.2  | ε11 = 85.2  |  |
d22 = 20.8  | ε33 = 28.2  |  |
d31 = -0.85  |  |  |
d33 = 6  |  |  |
Yamada et al. 1967[6] | LiNbO3 (Au-Au)  | <001> | d15 = 74  | ε11 = 84.6  |  |
d22 = 21  | ε33 = 28.6  | k22 = 0.32  |
d31 = -0.87  |  | k31 = 0.023  |
d33 = 16  |  | k33 = 0.47  |
Yamada et al. 1969[7] | LiTaO3 |  | d15 = 26  | ε11 = 53  |  |
d22 = 8.5  | ε33 = 44  |  |
d31 = -3  |  |  |
d33 = 9.2  |  |  |
Cao et al. 2002[8] | PMN-PT (33%)  |  | d15 = 146  | ε11 = 1660  | k15 = 0.32  |
d31 = -1330  | ε33 = 8200  | k31 = 0.59  |
d33 = 2820  |  | k33 = 0.94  |
|  | kt = 0.64  |
Badel et al. 2006[9] | PMN-25PT  | <110> | d31 = -643  | ε33 = 2560  | k31 = -0.73  | 362
Kobiakov 1980[10] | ZnO  |  | d15 = -8.3  | ε11 = 8.67  | k15 = 0.199  |
d31 = -5.12  | ε33 = 11.26  | k31 = 0.181  |
d33 = 12.3  |  | k33 = 0.466  |
Zgonik et al. 1994[11] | ZnO (pure with lithium dopant)  |  | d15 = -13.3  |  | kr = 8.2  |
d31 = -4.67  |  |  |
d33 = 12.0  |  |  |
Zgonik et al. 1994[12] | BaTiO3 single crystals  | [001] (single domain)  | d33 = 90  |  |  |
Zgonik et al. 1994[12] | BaTiO3 single crystals  | [111] (single domain)  | d33 = 224  |  |  |
Zgonik et al. 1994[12] | BaTiO3 single crystals  | [111] neutral (domain size of 100 ľm)  | d33 = 235  | ε33 = 1984  | k33 = 54.4  |
Zgonik et al. 1994[12] | BaTiO3 single crystals  | [111] neutral (domain size of 60 ľm)  | d33 = 241  | ε33 = 1959  | k33 = 55.9  |
Zgonik et al. 1994[12] | BaTiO3 single crystals  | [111] (domain size of 22 ľm)  | d33 = 256  | ε33 = 2008  | k33 = 64.7  |
Zgonik et al. 1994[12] | BaTiO3 single crystals  | [111] neutral (domain size of 15 ľm)  | d33 = 274  | ε33 = 2853  | k33 = 66.1  |
Zgonik et al. 1994[12] | BaTiO3 single crystals  | [111] neutral (domain size of 14 ľm)  | d33 = 289  | ε33 = 1962  | k33 = 66.7  |
Zgonik et al. 1994[12] | BaTiO3 single crystals  | [111] neutral  | d33 = 331  | ε33 = 2679  | k33 = 65.2  |
[13] | LN crystal  |  | d31 = -4.5

d33 = -0.27

|  |  |
Li et al. 2010[14] | PMNT31  |  | d33 = 2000  | ε33 = 5100  | k31 = 80  |
d31 = -750  |  |  |
Zhang et al. 2002[15] | PMNT31-A  |  | 1400  | ε33 = 3600  |  |
Zhang et al. 2002[15] | PMNT31-B  |  | 1500  | ε33 = 4800  |  |
Zhang et al. 2002[15] | PZNT4.5  |  | d33 = 2100  | ε33 = 4400  | k31 = 83  |
d31 = -900  |  |  |
Zhang et al. 2004[16] | PZNT8  |  | d33 = 2500  | ε33 = 6000  | k31 = 89  |
d31 = -1300  |  |  |
Zhang et al. 2004[16] | PZNT12  |  | d33 = 576  | ε33 = 870  | k31 = 52  |
d31 = -217  |  |  |
Yamashita et al. 1997[17] | PSNT33  |  |  | ε33 = 960  | /  |
Yasuda et al. 2001[18] | PINT28  |  | 700  | ε33 = 1500  | /  |
Guo et al. 2003[19] | PINT34  |  | 2000  | ε33 = 5000  | /  |
Hosono et al. 2003[20] | PIMNT  |  | 1950  | ε33 = 3630  | /  |
Zhang et al. 2002[15] | PYNT40  |  | d33 = 1200  | ε33 = 2700  | k31 = 76  |
d31 = -500  |  |  |
Zhang et al. 2012[21] | PYNT45  |  | d33 = 2000  | ε33 = 2000  | k31 = 78  |
Zhang et al. 2003[22] | BSPT57  |  | d33 = 1200  | ε33 = 3000  | k31 = 77  |
d31 = -560  |  |  |
Zhang et al. 2003[23] | BSPT58  |  | d33 = 1400  | ε33 = 3200  | k31 = 80  |
d31 = -670  |  |  |
Zhang et al. 2004[16] | BSPT66  |  | d33 = 440  | ε33 = 820  | k31 = 52  |
d31 = -162  |  |  |
Ye et al. 2008[24] | BSPT57  |  | d33 = 1150

d31 = -520

| ε33 = 3000  | k31 = 0.52

k33 = 0.91

Ye et al. 2008[24] | BSPT66  |  | d33 = 440  | ε33 = 820  | k31 = 0.52

k33 = 0.88

d31 = -162  |  |  |
Ye et al. 2008[24] | PZNT4.5  |  | d33 = 2000

d31 = -970

| ε33 = 5200  | k31 = 0.50

k33 = 0.91

Ye et al. 2008[24] | PZNT8  |  | d31 = -1455  | ε33 = 7700  | k31 = 0.60

k33 = 0.94

Ye et al. 2008[24] | PZNT12  |  | d33 = 576

d31 = -217

| ε33 = 870  | k31 = 0.52

k33 = 0.86

Ye et al. 2008[24] | PMNT33  |  | d33 = 2820

d31 = -1330

| ε33 = 8200  | k31 = 0.59

k33 = 0.94

Matsubara et al. 2004[25] | KCN-modified KNN  |  | d33 = 100

d31 = -180

| ε33 = 220–330  | kp = 33–39  | 1200
Ryu et al. 2007[26] | KZT modifiedKNN  |  | d33 = 126  | ε33 = 590  | kp = 42  | 58
Matsubara et al. 2005[27] | KCT modified KNN  |  | d33 = 190  | ε33 =  | kp = 42  | 1300
Wang et al. 2007[28] | Bi2O3 doped KNN  |  | d33 = 127  | ε33 = 1309  | kp = 28.3  |
Jiang et al. 2009[29] | doped KNN-0.005BF  |  | d33 = 257  | ε33 = 361  | kp= 52  | 45
Ceramics

Reference  | Material & heterostructure used for the characterization (electrodes/material, electrode/substrate)  | Orientation  | Piezoelectric coefficients, d (pC/N)  | Relative permittivity, εr | Electromechanical coupling factor, k  | Quality factor
Berlincourt et al. 1958[30] | BaTiO3 |  | d15 = 270  | ε11 = 1440  | k15 = 0.57  |
d31 = -79  | ε33 = 1680  | k31 = 0.49  |
d33 = 191  |  | k33 = 0.47  |
Tang et al. 2011[31] | BFO  |  | d33 = 37  |  | kt = 0.6  |
Zhang et al. 1999[32] | PMN-PT  |  | d31 = -74  | ε33 = 1170  | k31 = -0.312  | 283
[33] | PZT-5A  |  | d31 = -171  | ε33 = 1700  | k31 = 0.34  |
d33 = 374  |  | k33 = 0.7  |
[34] | PZT-5H  |  | d15 = 741  | ε11 = 3130  | k15 = 0.68  | 65
d31 = -274  | ε33 = 3400  | k31 = 0.39  |
d33 = 593  |  | k33 = 0.75  |
[35] | PZT-5K  |  | d33 = 870  | ε33 = 6200  | k33 = 0.75  |
Tanaka et al. 2009[36] | PZN7%PT  |  | d33 = 2400  | εr = 6500  | k33 = 0.94

kt = 0.55

Pang et al. 2010[37] | ANSZ  |  | d33 = 295  | 1.61  | 45.5  | 84
Park et al. 2006[38] | KNN-BZ  |  | d33 = 400  | 2  | 57.4  | 48
Cho et al. 2007[39] | KNN-BT  |  | d33 = 225  | 1.06  | 36.0  |
Park et al. 2007[40] | KNN-ST  |  | d33 = 220  | 1.45  | 40.0  | 70
Zhao et al. 2007[41] | KNN-CT  |  | d33 = 241  | 1.32  | 41.0  |
Zhang et al. 2006[42] | LNKN  |  | d33 = 314  | ~700  | 41.2  |
Saito et al. 2004[43] | KNN-LS  |  | d33 = 270  | 1.38  | 50.0  |
Saito et al. 2004[43] | LF4  |  | d33 = 300  | 1.57  |  |
Tanaka et al. 2009[36] | Oriented LF4  |  | d33 = 416  | 1.57  | 61.0  |
Pang et al. 2010[37] | ANSZ  |  | d33 = 295  | 1.61  | 45.5  | 84
Park et al. 2006[38] | KNN-BZ  |  | d33 = 400  | 2  | 57.4  | 48
Cho et al. 2007[44] | KNN-BT  |  | d33 = 225  | 1.06  | 36.0  |
Park et al. 2007[40] | KNN-ST  |  | d33 = 220  | 1.45  | 40.0  | 70
Maurya et al. 2013[45] | KNN-CT  |  | d33 = 241  | 1.32  | 41.0  |
Maurya et al. 2013[45] | NBT-BT  | (001) Textured samples  | d33 = 322  |  | ...  |
Gao et al. 2008[46] | NBT-BT-KBT  | (001) Textured samples  | d33 = 192  |  |  |
Zou et al. 2016[47] | NBT-KBT  | (001) Textured samples  | d33 = 134  |  | kp= 35  |
Saito et al. 2004[43] | NBT-KBT  | (001) Textured samples  | d33 = 217  |  | kp = 61  |
Chang et al. 2009[48] | KNLNTS  | (001) Textured samples  | d33 = 416  |  | kp = 64  |
Chang et al. 2011[49] | KNNS  | (001) Textured samples  | d33 = 208  |  | kp = 63  |
Hussain et al. 2013[50] | KNLN  | (001) Textured samples  | d33 = 192  |  | kp = 60  |
Takao et al. 2006[51] | KNNT  | (001) Textured samples  | d33 = 390  |  | kp = 54  |
Li et al. 2012[52] | KNN 1 CuO  | (001) Textured samples  | d33 = 123  |  | kp = 54  |
Cho et al. 2012[53] | KNN-CuO  | (001) Textured samples  | d33 = 133  |  | kp = 46  |
Hao et al. 2012[54] | NKLNT  | (001) Textured samples  | d33 = 310  |  | kp = 43  |
Gupta et al. 2014[55] | KNLN  | (001) Textured samples  | d33 = 254  |  |  |
Hao et al. 2012[54] | KNN  | (001) Textured samples  | d33 = 180  |  | kp = 44  |
Bai et al. 2016[56] | BCZT  | (001) Textured samples  | d33 = 470  |  | kp = 47  |
Ye et al. 2013[57] | BCZT  | (001) Textured samples  | d33 = 462  |  | kp = 49  |
Schultheiß et al. 2017 [58] | BCZT-T-H  | (001) Textured samples  | d33 = 580  |  |  |
OMORI et al. 1990[59] | BCT  | (001) Textured samples  | d33 = 170  |  |  |
Chan et al. 2008[60] | Pz34 (doped PbTiO3)  |  | d15 = 43.3  | ε33 = 237  | k31 = 4.6  | 700
d31 = -5.1  | ε33 = 208  | k33 = 39.6  |
d33 = 46  |  | k15 = 22.8  |
|  | kp = 7.4  |
Lee et al. 2009[61] | BNKLBT  |  | d33 = 163  | εr = 766  | k31 = 0.188  | 142
| ε33 = 444.3  | kt = 0.524  |
|  | kp = 0.328  |
Sasaki et al. 1999[62] | KNLNTS  |  |  | εr = 1156  | k31 = 0.26  | 80
| ε33 = 746  | kt = 0.32  |
|  | kp = 0.43  |
Takenaka et al. 1991[63] | (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 (BNT)-based BNKT  |  | d31 = 46  | εr = 650  | kp = 0.27  |
d33 = 150  |  | k31 = 0.165  |
Tanaka et al. 1960[64] | (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3 (BNT)-based BNBT  |  | d31 = 40  | εr = 580  | k31 = 0.19  |
d33 = 12.5  |  | k33 = 0.55  |
Hutson 1960[65] | CdS  |  | d15 = -14.35  |  |  |
d31 = -3.67  |  |  |
d33 = 10.65  |  |  |
Schofield et al. 1957[66] | CdS  |  | d31 = -1.53  |  |  |
d33 = 2.56  |  |  |
Egerton et al. 1959[67] | BaCaOTi  |  | d31 = -50  |  | k15 = 0.19  | 400
d33 = 150  |  | k31 = 0.49  |
|  | k33 = 0.325  |
Ikeda et al. 1961[68] | Nb2O6Pb  |  | d31 = -11  |  | kr = 0.07  | 11
d33 = 80  |  | k31 = 0.045  |
|  | k33 = 0.042  |
Ikeda et al. 1962[69] | C6H17N3O10S  |  | d23 = 84  |  | k21 = 0.18  |
d21 = 22.7  |  | k22 = 0.18  |
d25 = 22  |  | k23 = 0.44  |
Brown et al. 1962[70] | BaTiO3 (95%) BaZrO3 (5%)  |  |  |  | k15 = 0.15  | 200
d31 = -60  |  | k31 = 0.40  |
d33 = 150  |  | k33 = 0.28  |
Huston 1960[65] | BaNb2O6 (60%) Nb2O6Pb (40%)  |  | d31 = -25  |  | kr = 0.16  |
Baxter et al. 1960[71] | BaNb2O6 (50%) Nb2O6Pb (50%)  |  | d31= -36  |  | kr = 0.16  |
Pullin 1962[72] | BaTiO3 (97%) CaTiO3 (3%)  |  | d31 = -53  | ε33 = 1390  | k15 = 0.39  |
d33 = 135  |  | k31 = 0.17  |
|  | k33 = 0.43  |
Berlincourt et al. 1960[73] | BaTiO3 (95%) CaTiO3 (5%)  |  | d15 = -257  | ε33 = 1355  | k15 = 0.495  | 500
d31 = -58  |  | k31 = 0.19  |
d33 = 150  |  | k33 = 0.49  |
|  | kr = 0.3  |
Berlincourt et al. 1960[73] | BaTiO3 (96%) PbTiO3 (4%)  |  | d31 = -38  | ε33 = 990  | k15 = 0.34  |
d33 = 105  |  | k31 = 0.14  |
|  | k33 = 0.39  |
Jaffe et al. 1955[74] | PbHfO3 (50%) PbTiO3 (50%)  |  | d31 = -54  |  | kr = 0.38  |
Kell 1962[75] | Nb2O6Pb (80%) BaNb2O6 (20%)  |  | d31 = 25  |  | kr = 0.20  | 15
Brown et al. 1962[70] | Nb2O6Pb (70%) BaNb2O6 (30%)  |  | d31 = -40  | ε33 = 900  | k31 = 0.13  | 350
d33 = 100  |  | k33 = 0.3  |
|  | kr = 0.24  |
Berlincourt et al. 1960[76] | PbTiO3 (52%) PbZrO3 (48%)  |  | d15 = 166  |  | k15 = 0.40  | 1170
d31 = -43  |  | k31 = 0.17  |
d33 = 110  |  | k33 = 0.43  |
|  | kr = 0.28  |
Berlincourt et al. 1960[77] | PbTiO3 (50%) lead Zirconate (50%)  |  | d15 = 166  |  | k15 = 0.504  | 950
d31 = -43  |  | k31 = 0.23  |
d33 = 110  |  | k33 = 0.546  |
|  | kr = 0.397  |
Egerton et al. 1959[67] | KNbO3 (50%) NaNbO3 (50%)  |  | d31 = -32  |  |  | 140
d33 = 80  |  | k31 = 0.21  |
|  | k33 = 0.51  |
Brown et al. 1962[70] | NaNbO3 (80%) Cd2Nb2O7 (20%)  |  | d31 = -80  | ε33 = 2000  | k31 = 0.17  |
d33 = 200  |  | k33 = 0.42  |
|  | kr = 0.30  |
Schofield et al. 1957[66] | BaTiO3 (95%) CaTiO3 (5%) CoCO3 (0.25%)  |  | d31 = -60  | ε33 = 1605  | kr = 0.33  |
Pullin 1962[72] | BaTiO3 (80%) PbTiO3 (12%) CaTiO3 (8%)  |  | d31 = -31  |  | k31 = 0.15  | 1200
| d33 = 79  |  | k33 = 0.41  |
|  |  | kr = 0.24  |
Defaÿ 2011[78] | AlN (Pt-Mo)  |  | d31 = -2.5  |  |  |
Shibata et al. 2011[79] | KNN(Pt-Pt)  | <001> | d31 = -96.3  | εr = 1100  |  |
d33 = 138.2  |  |  |
Sessler 1981[80] | PVDF  |  | d31 = 17.9  |  | k31 = 10.3  |
d32 = 0.9  |  | k33 = 12.6  |
d33 = -27.1  |  |  |
Ren et al. 2017[81] | PVDF  |  | d31 = 23  | εr = 106  |  |
d32 = 2  |  |  |
d33 = -21  |  |  |
Tsubouchi et al. 1981[82] | Epi AlN/Al2O3 | <001> | d33 = 5.53  | ε33 = 9.5  | kt = 6.5  | 2490
Nanomaterials

Reference  | Material  | Structure  | Piezoelectric coefficients, d (pC/N)  | Characterization method  | Size (nm)
Ke et al. 2008[83] | NaNbO3 | nanowire  | d33 = 0.85-4.26 pm/V  | PFM  | d = 100
KNbO3 | nanowire  | d33 = 0.9 pm/V  | PFM  | d = 100
Zhang et al. 2004[84] | PZT  | nanowire  |  | PFM  | d = 45
Zhao et al. 2004[85] | ZnO  | nanobelt  | d33 = 14.3-26.7 pm/V  | PFM  | w = 360 t = 65
Luo et al. 2003[86] | PZT  | nanoshell  | d33 = 90 pm/V  | PFM  | d = 700 t = 90
Yun et al. 2002[87] | BaTiO3 | nanowire  | d33 = 0.5 pm/V  | PFM  | d = 120
Lin et al. 2008[88] | CdS  | nanowire  |  | Bending with AFM tip  | d = 150
PZT  | nanofiber  | piezoelectric voltage constant~0.079 Vm/N  | Bending using a tungsten probe  | d = 10
Wang et al. 2007[89] | BaTiO3 | \-  | d33 = 45 pC/N  | Direct tensile test  | d ~ 280
Jeong et al. 2014[90] | Alkaline niobate (KNLN)  | film  | d33 = 310 pC/N  | \-  |
Park et al. 2010[91] | BaTiO3 | Thin film  | d33 = 190 pC/N  |  |
Stoppel et al. 2011[92] | AlN  | Thin film  | d33 =5 pC/N  | AFM  |
Lee et al. 2017[93] | WSe2 | 2D nanosheet  | d11 = 3.26 pm/V  |  |
Zhu et al. 2014[94] | MoS2 | Free standing layer  | e11 = 2900pc/m  | AFM  |
Zhong et al. 2017[95] | PET/EVA/PET  | film  | d33 = 6300 pC/N  |  |

## References

1. ↑ Liu, Huicong; Zhong, Junwen; Lee, Chengkuo; Lee, Seung-Wuk; Lin, Liwei (December 2018). "A comprehensive review on piezoelectric energy harvesting technology: Materials, mechanisms, and applications" (in en). Applied Physics Reviews 5 (4): 041306. doi:10.1063/1.5074184. ISSN 1931-9401. Bibcode: 2018ApPRv...5d1306L.
2. ↑ Hutson, Andrew R. "Piezoelectric devices utilizing aluminum nitride." U.S. Patent 3,090,876, issued May 21, 1963.
3. ↑ Cook, W. R.; Berlincourt, D. A.; Scholz, F. J. (May 1963). "Thermal Expansion and Pyroelectricity in Lead Titanate Zirconate and Barium Titanate". Journal of Applied Physics 34 (5): 1392–1398. doi:10.1063/1.1729587. ISSN 0021-8979. Bibcode: 1963JAP....34.1392C.
4. ↑ Warner, A. W.; Onoe, M.; Coquin, G. A. (December 1967). "Determination of Elastic and Piezoelectric Constants for Crystals in Class (3m)". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 42 (6): 1223–1231. doi:10.1121/1.1910709. ISSN 0001-4966. Bibcode: 1967ASAJ...42.1223W.
5. ↑ Smith, R. T.; Welsh, F. S. (May 1971). "Temperature Dependence of the Elastic, Piezoelectric, and Dielectric Constants of Lithium Tantalate and Lithium Niobate". Journal of Applied Physics 42 (6): 2219–2230. doi:10.1063/1.1660528. ISSN 0021-8979. Bibcode: 1971JAP....42.2219S.
6. ↑ Yamada, Tomoaki; Niizeki, Nobukazu; Toyoda, Hiroo (February 1967). "Piezoelectric and Elastic Properties of Lithium Niobate Single Crystals". Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 6 (2): 151–155. doi:10.1143/jjap.6.151. ISSN 0021-4922. Bibcode: 1967JaJAP...6..151Y.
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19. ↑ Guo, Yiping; Luo, Haosu; He, Tianhou; Pan, Xiaoming; Yin, Zhiwen (April 2003). "Electric-field-induced strain and piezoelectric properties of a high Curie temperature Pb(In1/2Nb1/2)O3–PbTiO3 single crystal". Materials Research Bulletin 38 (5): 857–864. doi:10.1016/s0025-5408(03)00043-6. ISSN 0025-5408.
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21. ↑ Zhang, Shujun; Lebrun, Laurent; Randall, Clive A.; Shrout, Thomas R. (2012-04-25), "High Curie Temperature, High Performance Perovskite Single Crystals in the Pb(Yb1/2Nb1/2)O3-PbTiO3 and BiScO3-PbTiO3 Systems", Ceramic Transactions Series (John Wiley & Sons, Inc.): pp. 85–93, doi:10.1002/9781118380802.ch7, ISBN 978-1-118-38080-2
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82. ↑ Tsubouchi, K.; Sugai, K.; Mikoshiba, N. (1981). "AlN Material Constants Evaluation and SAW Properties on AlN/Al2O3and AlN/Si". 1981 Ultrasonics Symposium. IEEE. pp. 375–380. doi:10.1109/ultsym.1981.197646.
83. ↑ Ke, Tsung-Ying; Chen, Hsiang-An; Sheu, Hwo-Shuenn; Yeh, Jien-Wei; Lin, Heh-Nan; Lee, Chi-Young; Chiu, Hsin-Tien (2008-05-27). "Sodium Niobate Nanowire and Its Piezoelectricity". The Journal of Physical Chemistry C 112 (24): 8827–8831. doi:10.1021/jp711598j. ISSN 1932-7447.
84. ↑ Zhang, X. Y.; Zhao, X.; Lai, C. W.; Wang, J.; Tang, X. G.; Dai, J. Y. (November 2004). "Synthesis and piezoresponse of highly ordered Pb(Zr0.53Ti0.47)O3 nanowire arrays". Applied Physics Letters 85 (18): 4190–4192. doi:10.1063/1.1814427. ISSN 0003-6951. Bibcode: 2004ApPhL..85.4190Z.
85. ↑ Zhao, Min-Hua; Wang, Zhong-Lin; Mao, Scott X. (April 2004). "Piezoelectric Characterization of Individual Zinc Oxide Nanobelt Probed by Piezoresponse Force Microscope". Nano Letters 4 (4): 587–590. doi:10.1021/nl035198a. ISSN 1530-6984. Bibcode: 2004NanoL...4..587Z.
86. ↑ Luo, Yun; Szafraniak, Izabela; Zakharov, Nikolai D.; Nagarajan, Valanoor; Steinhart, Martin; Wehrspohn, Ralf B.; Wendorff, Joachim H.; Ramesh, Ramamoorthy et al. (2003-07-21). "Nanoshell tubes of ferroelectric lead zirconate titanate and barium titanate". Applied Physics Letters 83 (3): 440–442. doi:10.1063/1.1592013. ISSN 0003-6951. Bibcode: 2003ApPhL..83..440L.
87. ↑ Yun, Wan Soo; Urban, Jeffrey J.; Gu, Qian; Park, Hongkun (May 2002). "Ferroelectric Properties of Individual Barium Titanate Nanowires Investigated by Scanned Probe Microscopy". Nano Letters 2 (5): 447–450. doi:10.1021/nl015702g. ISSN 1530-6984. Bibcode: 2002NanoL...2..447Y.
88. ↑ Lin, Yi-Feng; Song, Jinhui; Ding, Yong; Lu, Shih-Yuan; Wang, Zhong Lin (2008-01-14). "Piezoelectric nanogenerator using CdS nanowires". Applied Physics Letters 92 (2): 022105. doi:10.1063/1.2831901. ISSN 0003-6951. Bibcode: 2008ApPhL..92b2105L.
89. ↑ Wang, Zhaoyu; Hu, Jie; Suryavanshi, Abhijit P.; Yum, Kyungsuk; Yu, Min-Feng (October 2007). "Voltage Generation from Individual BaTiO3 Nanowires under Periodic Tensile Mechanical Load". Nano Letters 7 (10): 2966–2969. doi:10.1021/nl070814e. ISSN 1530-6984. PMID 17894515. Bibcode: 2007NanoL...7.2966W.
90. ↑ Jeong, Chang Kyu; Park, Kwi-Il; Ryu, Jungho; Hwang, Geon-Tae; Lee, Keon Jae (May 2014). "Nanogenerators: Large-Area and Flexible Lead-Free Nanocomposite Generator Using Alkaline Niobate Particles and Metal Nanorod Filler (Adv. Funct. Mater. 18/2014)". Advanced Functional Materials 24 (18): 2565. doi:10.1002/adfm.201470112. ISSN 1616-301X.
91. ↑ Park, Kwi-Il; Xu, Sheng; Liu, Ying; Hwang, Geon-Tae; Kang, Suk-Joong L.; Wang, Zhong Lin; Lee, Keon Jae (2010-12-08). "Piezoelectric BaTiO3 Thin Film Nanogenerator on Plastic Substrates". Nano Letters 10 (12): 4939–4943. doi:10.1021/nl102959k. ISSN 1530-6984. PMID 21050010. Bibcode: 2010NanoL..10.4939P.
92. ↑ Stoppel, F.; Schröder, C.; Senger, F.; Wagner, B.; Benecke, W. (2011). "AlN-based piezoelectric micropower generator for low ambient vibration energy harvesting". Procedia Engineering 25: 721–724. doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2011.12.178. ISSN 1877-7058.
93. ↑ Lee, Ju-Hyuck; Park, Jae Young; Cho, Eun Bi; Kim, Tae Yun; Han, Sang A.; Kim, Tae-Ho; Liu, Yanan; Kim, Sung Kyun et al. (2017-06-06). "Reliable Piezoelectricity in Bilayer WSe2 for Piezoelectric Nanogenerators". Advanced Materials 29 (29). doi:10.1002/adma.201606667. ISSN 0935-9648. PMID 28585262. Bibcode: 2017AdM....2906667L.
94. ↑ Zhu, Hanyu; Wang, Yuan; Xiao, Jun; Liu, Ming; Xiong, Shaomin; Wong, Zi Jing; Ye, Ziliang; Ye, Yu et al. (2014-12-22). "Observation of piezoelectricity in free-standing monolayer MoS2". Nature Nanotechnology 10 (2): 151–155. doi:10.1038/nnano.2014.309. ISSN 1748-3387. PMID 25531085.
95. ↑ Zhong, Junwen; Zhong, Qize; Zang, Xining; Wu, Nan; Li, Wenbo; Chu, Yao; Lin, Liwei (July 2017). "Flexible PET/EVA-based piezoelectret generator for energy harvesting in harsh environments". Nano Energy 37: 268–274. doi:10.1016/j.nanoen.2017.05.034. ISSN 2211-2855. Bibcode: 2017NEne...37..268Z.

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