Chainsaw

A chainsaw (or chain saw[1]) is a portable handheld power saw that cuts with a set of teeth attached to a rotating chain driven along a guide bar.

Modern chainsaws are typically gasoline or electric and are used in activities such as tree felling, limbing, bucking, pruning, cutting firebreaks in wildland fire suppression, harvesting of firewood, for use in chainsaw art and chainsaw mills, for cutting concrete, and cutting ice. Precursors to modern chainsaws were first used in surgery, with patents for wood chainsaws beginning in the late 19th century.

A chainsaw comprises an engine, a drive mechanism, a guide bar, a cutting chain, a tensioning mechanism, and safety features. Various safety practices and working techniques are used with chainsaws.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 1.1 In surgery
* 1.2 For cutting wood
* 2 Construction
* 2.1 Engine
* 2.2 Drive mechanism
* 2.3 Guide bar
* 2.4 Cutting chain
* 2.5 Tensioning mechanism
* 2.6 Safety features
* 3 Maintenance
* 4 Safety
* 5 Working techniques
* 6 Cutting
* 6.1 As a sawmill
* 6.2 Cutting stone, concrete, ice, and brick
* 6.3 Underwater work
* 7 See also
* 8 References
* 9 External links

## History

### In surgery

Historical osteotome, a medical bone chainsaw

A "flexible saw", consisting of a fine serrated link chain held between two wooden handles, was pioneered in the late 18th century (c. 1783–1785) by two Scottish doctors, John Aitken and James Jeffray, for symphysiotomy and excision of diseased bone, respectively.[2] It was illustrated in the second edition of Aitken's Principles of Midwifery, or Puerperal Medicine (1785) in the context of a pelviotomy.[3] In 1806, Jeffray published Cases of the Excision of Carious Joints, which collected a paper previously published by H. Park in 1782 and a translation of an 1803 paper by French physician P. F. Moreau, with additional observations by Park and Jeffray.[4] In it, Jeffray reported having conceived the idea of a saw "with joints like the chain of a watch" independently very soon after Park's original 1782 publication, but that he was not able to have it produced until 1790, after which it was used in the anatomy lab and occasionally lent out to surgeons. Park and Moreau described successful excision of diseased joints, particularly the knee and elbow, and Jeffray explained that the chainsaw would allow a smaller wound and protect the adjacent muscles, nerves, and veins.[5] While symphysiotomy had too many complications for most obstetricians, Jeffray's ideas about the excision of the ends of bones became more accepted, especially after the widespread adoption of anaesthetics. For much of the 19th century the chainsaw was a useful surgical instrument, but it was superseded in 1894 by the Gigli twisted-wire saw, which was substantially cheaper to manufacture, and gave a quicker, narrower cut, without risk of breaking and being entrapped in the bone.[6]

A precursor of the chainsaw familiar today in the timber industry was another medical instrument developed around 1830, by German precision mechanic and orthopaedist Bernhard Heine. This instrument, the osteotome, had links of a chain carrying small cutting teeth with the edges set at an angle; the chain was moved around a guiding blade by turning the handle of a sprocket wheel. As the name implies, this was used to cut bone.[7]

### For cutting wood

Typical of the earliest chainsaws, this gasoline-powered Dolmar saw was operated by two men Electric chainsaw

File:Chainsaw in use to cut branches - Tokyo area - 2018 10 2.webm

A cordless 4 inch chainsaw commonly known as a "Ripper"

One of the earliest patents for a "chain sawing machine" comprising a chain of links carrying saw teeth was granted to Frederick L. Magaw of Flatlands, New York in 1883, apparently for the purpose of producing boards by stretching the chain between grooved drums.[8][9] A later patent incorporating a guide frame was granted to Samuel J. Bens of San Francisco on January 17, 1905, his intent being to fell giant redwoods.[10] The first portable chainsaw was developed and patented in 1918 by Canadian millwright James Shand.[11][12] After he allowed his rights to lapse in 1930, his invention was further developed by what became the German company Festo in 1933. The company, now operating as Festool, produces portable power tools. Other important contributors to the modern chainsaw are Joseph Buford Cox and Andreas Stihl; the latter patented and developed an electric chainsaw for use on log bucking sites in 1926[13] and a gasoline-powered chainsaw in 1929, and founded a company to mass-produce them. In 1927, Emil Lerp, the founder of Dolmar, developed the world's first gasoline-powered chainsaw and mass-produced them.[14]

World War II interrupted the supply of German chainsaws to North America, so new manufacturers sprang up, including Industrial Engineering Ltd (IEL) in 1939, the forerunner of Pioneer Saws Ltd and part of Outboard Marine Corporation, the oldest manufacturer of chainsaws in North America.[15]

The first one-man chainsaw was introduced in 1950, though it was relatively heavy. By 1959, the average weight was around 12 kg (today, chainsaws typically weigh between 4 and 5 kg, with heavy-duty models ranging from 7 to 9 kg), and it quickly gained attention.[16]

McCulloch in North America started to produce chainsaws in 1948. The early models were heavy, two-person devices with long bars. Often, chainsaws were so heavy that they had wheels like dragsaws. Other outfits used driven lines from a wheeled power unit to drive the cutting bar.[17]

Carburettors featuring swivel and floating diaphragms were developed after the war, enabling modern chainsaws to operate in any orientation without the risk of flooding or fuel starvation. Additionally, the use of lighter materials played a crucial role in the advancement of the modern hand-held chainsaw.[18]

While today's logging operations use a variety of specialized machinery, hand felling with a cable skidder (where tractors and horses may still be utilized) continues to be a viable, cost-effective way to make a living as a logger.[19]

They are made in many sizes, from small electric saws intended for home and garden use, to large "lumberjack" saws. Members of military engineer units are trained to use chainsaws, as are firefighters to fight forest fires and to ventilate structure fires.[20]

The first electric chainsaw was invented by Stihl in 1926.[21] Corded chainsaws became available for sale to the public from the 1960s onwards,[22] but these were never as successful commercially as the older gas-powered type due to limited range, dependency upon the presence of an electrical socket, plus the health and safety risk of the blade's proximity to the cable.[23]

For most of the early 21st century petrol driven chainsaws remained the most common type, but they faced competition from cordless lithium battery powered chainsaws from the late 2010s onwards.[24] Although most cordless chainsaws are small and suitable only for hedge trimming and tree surgery,[25] Husqvarna and Stihl began manufacturing full size electric chainsaws for cutting logs during the early 2020s.[26] Battery powered chainsaws should eventually see increased market share in California due to state restrictions planned to take effect in 2024 on gas powered gardening equipment.[27][28]

## Construction

The cutting chain seen here features the popular chipper-teeth style of cutting blades.

A chainsaw consists of several parts:

### Engine

Chainsaw engines are traditionally either a two-stroke single-cylinder gasoline (petrol) internal combustion engine (usually with a cylinder volume of 30 to 120 cc) or an electric motor driven by a battery or electric power cord. In a petrol chainsaw, fuel is generally supplied to the engine by a carburetor at the intake. Two-stroke engines have been preferred for chainsaws due to their higher power-to-weight ratio and simplicity.[29]

Hydraulic power may be used for chainsaws for underwater use.[30]

To prevent vibration induced injury and reduce user fatigue, saws generally have an anti-vibration system to physically decouple the handles from the engine and bar.[31] This is achieved by constructing the saw in two pieces, connected by springs or rubber in the same way an automobile suspension isolates the chassis from the wheels and road.[32] In cold weather, carburetor icing can occur, so many saws have a vent between the cylinders and carburetor which may be opened to allow hot air to pass. Cold temperature can also contribute to vibration-induced injury,[33] and some saws have a small alternator connected to resistive heating elements in the handles and/or carburetor.

### Drive mechanism

Centrifugal clutch Sprocket

### Guide bar

Chainsaws can be modified to suit different use-cases. Pictured is a hedge trimmer attachment fixed to a chainsaw bar, with teeth that catch hedge branches.

A guide bar, typically an elongated bar with a round end of wear-resistant alloy steel typically 40 to 90 cm (15.5 to 35.5 in) in length, is used. An edge slot guides the cutting chain. Specialized, loop-style bars, called bow bars, were also used at one time for bucking logs and clearing brush, although they are now rarely encountered due to increased hazards of operation.

The lower part of the chain runs in the gauge. Here, the lubrication oil is pulled by the chain to the nose. This is basically the thickness of the drive links.

* 0.063 in or 1.6 mm
* 0.058 in or 1.5 mm
* 0.050 in or 1.3 mm
* 0.043 in or 1.1 mm

The end of the saw power head has two oil holes, one on each side. These holes must match with the outlet of the oil pump. The pump sends the oil through the hole in the lower part of the gauge. Saw bar producers provide a large variety of bars matching different saws.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}

* Laminated bars consist of different layers to reduce the weight of the bar.
* Solid bars are solid steel, intended for professional use. They commonly have an exchangeable nose, since the sprocket at the bar nose wears out faster than the bar.
* Safety bars are laminated bars with a small sprocket at the nose. The small nose reduces the kickback effect. Such bars are used on consumer saws.

### Cutting chain

Main article: Engineering:Saw chain

### Tensioning mechanism

Main article: Engineering:Tensioner

As chainsaw carving has become more popular, manufacturers are making special short, narrow-tipped bars (called "quarter-tipped" "nickel-tipped", or "dime-tipped" bars, based on the size of their tips). Some chainsaws are built specifically for carving applications.[34] Echo sponsors a carving series.[35]

### Safety features

A chainsaw used to trim the 2016 U.S. Capitol Christmas tree

Main article: Engineering:Chainsaw safety features

* Chain brake
* A chain brake activator is located forward of the upper handle and is activated by a kickback event. When triggered, it tensions a band around the clutch drum, stopping the chain within milliseconds.
* A chain catcher is located between the saw body and the clutch cover. In most cases, it resembles a hook made of aluminum. It is used to stop the chain when it derails from the bar and shortens the length of the chain. When derailing, the chain swings from underneath the saw towards the operator. This prevents the chain from hitting the operator, which hits the rear handle guard instead.
* A rear handle guard protects the hand of the operator when the chain derails.
* Some chains have safety links, as on micro chisel saws. These links keep the saw close to the gap between two cutting links and lift the chain when the space at the safety link is full with saw chips, which lifts the chain and lets it cut slower. Nonprofessional chains have less aggressive teeth, by having shallower depth gauges.

## Maintenance

Template:How-to section

A professional logger limbing a downed tree

Two-stroke chainsaws require about 2–5% of oil in the fuel to lubricate the engine, while the motor in electrical chain-saws is normally lubricated for life. Most modern gasoline-operated saws today require a fuel mix of 2% (1:50). Gasoline that contains ethanol can result in problems for the equipment because ethanol dissolves plastic, rubber, and other material.[36] This leads to problems, especially on older equipment. A workaround for this problem is to run fresh fuel only and run the saw dry at the end of the work.

## Safety

A user operating a gasoline-powered chainsaw wearing full safety gear

Main articles: Engineering:Chainsaw safety features and chainsaw safety clothing

Protective clothing is designed to protect operators in the event of a moving chain touching their clothing by snarling the chain and sprocket, by using special synthetic fibers woven into the garment. Despite safety features and protective clothing, injuries can still occur, due to the large forces involved in the work from the fast-moving, sharp chain, or the vibration and noise of the machinery.[37]

A dangerous situation occurs when heavy timber begins to fall or move before a cut is complete. The chainsaw operator may be trapped or crushed.[38] Similarly, timber falling in an unplanned direction may harm the operator or other workers, or an operator working at a height may fall or be injured by falling timber.

The risks associated with chainsaw use mean that protective clothing like chainsaw boots, chaps, and hearing protectors are normally worn while cutting. Many jurisdictions require operators be certified or licensed to work with chainsaws.[where?] Injury can also result if the chain breaks during operation due to poor maintenance or attempting to cut inappropriate materials. Gasoline-powered chainsaws expose operators to harmful carbon monoxide gas, especially indoors or in partially enclosed outdoor areas.[39]

Drop starting, or turning on a chainsaw by dropping it with one hand while pulling the starting cord with the other, is a safety violation in most states in the U.S.[40] Keeping both hands on the saw for stability is essential for safe chainsaw use.

## Working techniques

Chainsaw training is designed to provide working technical knowledge and skills to safely operate the equipment.[41]

* Sizeup: This is scouting and planning safe cuts for the felling direction, danger zones, and retreat paths, before starting the saw. The tree's location relative to other objects, support, and tension determines a safe fall, splits off, or if the saw will jam. Several factors to consider are tree lean and bend, wind direction, branch arrangement, snow load, obstacles and damaged, rotting tree parts, which might behave unexpectedly when cut. A tree may have to fall in its natural direction if it is too dangerous or impossible to fell in a desired direction. The aim is for the tree to fall safely for limbing and cross-cutting the log. The goal is to avoid having the tree fall on another tree or obstacle.[42]
* Felling: After clearing the tree's base undergrowth for the retreat path and the felling direction; felling is properly done with three main cuts. To control the fall, the directional cut line should run 1/4 of the tree diameter to make a 45-degree wedge, which should be in the felling direction and horizontal. The top cut should be made first and then the bottom cut to form the directional line at the wedge point. A narrow or nonexistent hinge lessens felling direction control. From the opposite side of the wedge, the final felling cut is finished one-tenth of the tree diameter from the direction cut line. The felling cut is made horizontally and slightly 5 cm (2 in)) above the bottom cut. When the hinge is properly set, the felling cut will begin the fall in the desired direction.[43][42] A sitback is when a tree moves back opposite the intended direction. Placing a wedge in the felling cut can prevent a sitback from pinching the saw.
* Freeing: Working a badly fallen tree that may have become trapped in other trees. Working out maximum tension locations to decide the safest way to release tension, and a winch may be needed in complicated situations. To avoid cutting straight through a tree in tension, one or two cuts at the tension point of sufficient depth to reduce tension may be necessary. After tension releases, cuts are made outside the bend.[42]
* Limbing: Cutting the branches off the log. The operator must be able to properly reach the cut to avoid kickback.
* Bucking: Cross-cutting the felled log into sections. Setup is made to avoid binding the chainsaw within the changing log tensions and compressions. Safe bucking is started at the log high-side and then sections worked offside, toward the butt end. The offside log falls and allows for gravity to help prevent binds. The log's kerf movement while cutting can help to indicate binds. Additional equipment (lifts, bars, wedges, and winches) and special cutting techniques can help prevent binds.
* Binds: This is when the chainsaw is at risk or is stuck in the log compression. A log bound chainsaw is unsafe and must be carefully removed to prevent equipment damage.
* Top bind – The tension area on log bottom, compression on top.
* Bottom bind – The tension area on log top, compression on bottom.
* Side bind – Sideways pressure exerted on the log.
* End bind – Weight compresses the log's entire cross-section.
* Brushing and slashing: This is quickly clearing small trees and branches under five inches (13 cm) in diameter. Hand piler may follow along to move out debris.

## Cutting

### As a sawmill

### Cutting stone, concrete, ice, and brick

A water-cooled chainsaw cutting concrete

Special chainsaws can cut concrete, brick, and natural stone. These use similar chains to ordinary chainsaws, but with cutting edges embedded with diamond grit. They may use gasoline or hydraulic power, and the chain is lubricated with water, because of high friction and to remove stone dust. The machine is used in construction, for example, in cutting deep, square holes in walls or floors, in stone sculpture for removing large chunks of stone during pre-carving, by fire departments for gaining access to buildings, and in restoration of buildings and monuments for removing parts with minimal damage to the surrounding structure. More recently, concrete chainsaws with electric motors of 230 volts have also been developed.[44]

### Underwater work

Chainsaws are used for underwater cutting by professional divers. They are usually driven by hydraulic power supplied from the surface and operated by commercial divers using surface-supplied diving equipment. Underwater chainsaw cutting may also be used by public safety divers.[30]

Hydraulic chainsaws can be used to cut wood, concrete, brick and steel if the appropriate chain is used. Underwater cutting may be done in conditions of moving water and low visibility, which can increase risk, and appropriate safety precautions and suitable procedures are required for safety.[30]

Underwater wood structures may include bridge pilings, pier, and dock timbers. Chain saws generally include an interlocking safety trigger with hand guard.[30]

## See also

* Bandsaw
* Chainsaws in popular culture
* Circular saw
* Jigsaw
* Portable sawmill
* Saw chain
* Small engine

## References

1. ↑ "Definition of chain saw" (in en). https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chain+saw.
2. ↑ Skippen, M; Kirkup, J; Maxton, R M; McDonald, S W (2004). "The Chain Saw – A Scottish Invention" (in en). Scottish Medical Journal 49 (2): 72–75. doi:10.1177/003693300404900218. ISSN 0036-9330. PMID 15209147.
3. ↑ Aitken, John (1785). Principles of Midwifery, or Puerperal Medicine (2nd ed.). Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh Lying-In Hospital. pp. 76–84; Plate XII Fig. 2. https://books.google.com/books?id=pAllAAAAcAAJ.
4. ↑ Park, H.; Moreau, P. F.; Jeffray, James (1806) (in English). Cases of the Excision of Carious Joints by H. Park and P. F. Moreau, with Observations by James Jeffray, M.D.. Glasgow, Scotland: John Scrymgeour. https://books.google.com/books?id=bpdkAAAAcAAJ.
5. ↑ "Cases of the Excision of Carious Joints" (in English). Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal (Edinburgh, Scotland: Archibald Constable & Company) 3 (9): 90–96. January 1807.
6. ↑ Johnson, Robert Scott; Sippo, Dorothy A.; Swan, Kenneth G. (August 2010). "The Flexible Chain Saw During the American Civil War". The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 69 (2): 455–458. doi:10.1097/ta.0b013e3181e4f297. PMID 20699757.
7. ↑ Lennox, Doug. Now You Know: The Book of Answers, Volume 4. Toronto: Dundurn Press. 175. Print.
8. ↑ Seufert, Wolf D. Seufert; Rogers, Fred B.; Risse, Guenter B. (October 1980). Schullian, Dorothy M.. ed. "The Chain Osteom by Heine". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences (Oxford University Press) 35 (4): 454–465. doi:10.1093/jhmas/XXXV.4.454. PMID 7005321.
9. ↑ Frederick L. Magaw, "CHAIN SAWING-MACHINE", US patent 279780, published 1883-04-17, issued 1883-04-17
10. ↑ "Endless chain saw.". https://patents.google.com/patent/US893897A/en.
11. ↑ Wardrop, Jim (June 1976). "British Columbia's experience with early chain saws". Material Culture Review 2. https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/MCR/article/view/16942/23057. Retrieved April 9, 2017.
12. ↑ James Shand, "SAW", CA patent 186260A, published 1918-08-27, issued 1918-08-27
13. ↑ Reid, Mark Collin (2017). "Timber!". Canada's History 97 (5): 20–23. ISSN 1920-9894.
14. ↑ bravodeluxe (2013-02-05). "The History of the Chainsaw (Guest Post)" (in en-US). https://hankeringforhistory.com/the-history-of-the-chainsaw-guest-post/.
15. ↑ ""Steady Growth, Industry Firsts Noted in Long Pioneer History", Chain Saw Age August 1972.". http://www.pilarki.org/index.php?action=dlattach;topic=108.0;attach=2324.
16. ↑ WSL (EN), Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL-. "The History of the Chainsaw" (in en-GB). https://www.waldwissen.net/en/learning-and-teaching/forest-history/the-history-of-the-chainsaw.
17. ↑ "Everything You Need to Know About Poulan Chainsaws" (in en-US). https://www.chainsawselector.com/brands/poulan/.
18. ↑ Major, Rev (2019-04-15). "The Chainsaw in WWII: The Germans Cutting Edge | War History Online" (in en). https://www.warhistoryonline.com/instant-articles/the-chainsaw-in-world-war-two.html.
19. ↑ Long, Stephen (2011-08-26). "Three Logging Systems: Matching Equipment to… | Autumn 2011 |" (in en). https://northernwoodlands.org/articles/article/three-logging-systems-matching-equipment-to-the-job.
20. ↑ "Hurricane Ready: firefighters provide chainsaw training" (in en). https://www.dvidshub.net/news/375661/hurricane-ready-firefighters-provide-chainsaw-training#:~:text=As peak hurricane season approaches,to the delay in training..
21. ↑ Lennox, Doug (September 16, 2006). Now You Know, Volume 4: The Book of Answers. Dundurn. p. 175. ISBN 978-1-4597-1817-3. https://books.google.com/books?id=LMHh9zsXW4kC.
22. ↑ McClain, Troy (May 22, 2013). Firewood: An Expert Introduction to Equipment, Trees, Harvesting and Understanding This Valuable Resource. eBookIt.com. ISBN 978-1-4566-1229-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=RVabtoiW7HoC.
23. ↑ "Popular Science". Bonnier Corporation. May 9, 1977. p. 186. https://books.google.com/books?id=cwEAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA186.
24. ↑ Hinson, Tamara (October 7, 2021). "Best chainsaws to trim trees, slice logs and prune triffid-like bushes into shape". https://www.standard.co.uk/shopping/esbest/home-garden/best-chainsaws-b958719.html.
25. ↑ "Become a Landscaping and Lawn Care Pro With These Mini Chainsaws". March 28, 2023. https://www.popularmechanics.com/home/tools/g36008865/best-mini-chainsaws/.
26. ↑ "The 14 Best Electric Chainsaws in 2023". October 2, 2023. https://www.popularmechanics.com/home/tools/a28522787/battery-powered-chainsaws/.
27. ↑ "California's Ban on Gas-Powered Lawn and Garden Equipment Will Impact Homeowners". October 14, 2021. https://www.popularmechanics.com/home/tools/a37938070/california-ban-on-gas-powered-lawn-garden-tools/.
28. ↑ "California regulators sign off on phaseout of new gas-powered lawn mowers, leaf blowers" (in en-US). 2021-12-09. https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-12-09/california-regulators-phaseout-new-gas-powered-lawnmowers-and-leaf-blowers.
29. ↑ "How to mix 2 stroke fuel" (in en-au). https://www.husqvarna.com/au/learn-and-discover/how-to-mix-2-stroke-fuel/.
30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 "Commercial Diving Tools: Part One". 26 January 2022. https://prodivertc.com/commercial-diving-tools-part-one/.
31. ↑ Krajnak, Kristine (2018). "Health effects associated with occupational exposure to hand-arm or whole body vibration". Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B: Critical Reviews 21 (5): 320–334. doi:10.1080/10937404.2018.1557576. ISSN 1521-6950. PMID 30583715. Bibcode: 2018JTEHB..21..320K.
32. ↑ Bovenzi, M.; Franzinelli, A.; Mancini, R.; Cannavà, M. G.; Maiorano, M.; Ceccarelli, F. (Nov 1995). "Dose-response relation for vascular disorders induced by vibration in the fingers of forestry workers". Occupational and Environmental Medicine 52 (11): 722–730. doi:10.1136/oem.52.11.722. ISSN 1351-0711. PMID 8535491.
33. ↑ Gemne, G. (May 1994). "Pathophysiology of white fingers in workers using hand-held vibrating tools". Nagoya Journal of Medical Science 57 Suppl: 87–97. ISSN 0027-7622. PMID 7708114.
34. ↑ "Masters of the Chainsaw – Chainsaw Competitions". http://www.mastersofthechainsaw.com/RedMax.htm.
35. ↑ "ECHO Carving Series". 2022. https://www.echo-usa.com/chainsaws?type=carving.
36. ↑ "Ethanol free fuel". http://www.husqvarna.com/us/forest/basics/ethanol-free-fuel/.
37. ↑ "Chain Saw Safety Manual". Stihl. 1999. http://www.stihl.co.uk/pdf/chainsaw.pdf.
38. ↑ "Preventing Chain Saw Injuries During Tree Removal After a Disaster". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://emergency.cdc.gov/disasters/chainsaws.asp.
39. ↑ Carbon Monoxide Hazards from Small Gasoline Powered Engines. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved December 22, 2008.
40. ↑ Saw, Dan | Fire and (2023-04-06). "The Dangers Of Drop Starting A Chainsaw & Approved Techniques" (in en-US). https://fireandsaw.com/drop-starting-a-chainsaw/.
41. ↑ Chain Saw and Crosscut Saw Training Course Student's Guidebook 2006 Edition. USDA, US Forest Service. 29 December 2009. http://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/htmlpubs/htm06672805/page01.htm. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 Jonsered Operator's Manual (1153137-95Rev.2). 2012-03-04. pp. 16–18.
43. ↑ Husqvarna Operator's Manual (115 42 1549 Rev. 6). 2009-12-29. pp. 27–28; 43.
44. ↑ "Electric concrete chainsaw 230V". http://www.cardi.biz/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=58:coccodrillo-35&Itemid=43&lang=en.

## External links

* "How a Chainsaw Works". Popular Science. August 1951. https://books.google.com/books?id=lyEDAAAAMBAJ&dq=popular+science+1951+PV-2&pg=RA1-PA40.

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