Portable Game Notation

Filename extension| `.pgn`

|

Internet media type| `application/vnd.chess-pgn`
Developed by| Steven J. Edwards
Initial release| 1993; 33 years ago (1993)
Type of format| Chess game record

Portable Game Notation (PGN) is a standard plain text format for recording chess games (both the moves and related data), which can be read by humans and is also supported by most chess software.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Usage
* 2.1 Tag pairs
* 2.1.1 Seven Tag Roster
* 2.1.2 Optional tag pairs
* 2.2 Movetext
* 2.3 Comments
* 2.4 Handling chess variants
* 3 Examples
* 4 Numeric Annotation Glyphs (NAGs)
* 4.1 Standard NAGs
* 4.2 Non-standard NAGs
* 4.3 Notes on tables
* 5 See also
* 6 Notes
* 7 References
* 8 Bibliography
* 9 External links

| This article uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves.

|

## History

In 1993, Steven J. Edwards devised PGN, which was first popularized and specified[1] via the Usenet newsgroup rec.games.chess.[2]

## Usage

PGN is structured "for easy reading and writing by human users and for easy parsing and generation by computer programs".[1]: §1

The chess moves themselves are given in algebraic chess notation using English initials for the pieces. The filename extension is `.pgn`.[1]: §11.1

The PGN specification describes two related but distinct formats: the "import" format; and the "export" format.[1]: §3

The PGN import format describes data that might have been prepared by hand, and features a flexible syntax. Although the format is therefore somewhat lax by design, a program that purports to be able to read PGN data must be able to handle the format variations.[1]: §3.1

The PGN export format, by contrast, is quite strict, designed to describe data prepared under program control, similar to a pretty printed source program reformatted by a compiler. The export format representations generated by different programs, including on different computers, are expected to be exactly equivalent, byte for byte.[1]: §3.2.1

PGN text begins with a set of "tag pairs" (a tag name and its value), followed by the "movetext" (chess moves with optional commentary).[1]: §8

### Tag pairs

Tag pairs begin with an initial left bracket `[`, followed by the name of the tag in plain ASCII text. The tag value is enclosed in double-quotes, and the tag is then terminated with a closing right bracket `]`. A quote inside a tag value is represented by the backslash immediately followed by a quote. A backslash inside a tag value is represented by two adjacent backslashes.[1]: §7

The format does not allow for special control codes involving escape characters (which are taken as written), or carriage returns, and linefeeds to separate the fields, and superfluous embedded spaces are usually skipped when parsing.[1]: §7

#### Seven Tag Roster

PGN data for archival storage is required to provide seven tag pairs – together known as the "Seven Tag Roster". In export format, these tag pairs must appear before any other tag pairs and in this order:[1]: §8.1.1

Event| Name of the tournament or match event.

|

Site| Location of the event. This is in `City, Region COUNTRY` format, where COUNTRY is the three-letter International Olympic Committee code for the country. Examples include `New York City, NY USA` and `Hefei, Anhui CHN`.

Although not part of the specification, some online chess platforms will include a URL or website as the site value.[3]
Date| Starting date of the game, in `YYYY.MM.DD` form. `??` is used for unknown values.
Round| Playing round ordinal of the game within the event.
White| Player of the white pieces, in `Lastname, Firstname` format.
Black| Player of the black pieces, same format as White.
Result| Result of the game. It is recorded as White score, dash, then Black score, or `*` (other, e.g., the game is ongoing).

#### Optional tag pairs

The standard allows for other optional tag pairs. The more common ones include:[1]: §9.9

Annotator|  The person providing notes to the game.

|

PlyCount|  String value denoting the total number of half-moves played.
TimeControl|  e.g.: `40/7200:3600` (moves per seconds: sudden death seconds)
Time|  Time the game started, in `HH:MM:SS` format, in local clock time.
Termination|  Gives more details about the termination of the game. Allowed values for this field include:

* `abandoned`
* `adjudication` (result determined by third-party adjudication)
* `death` (typically for OTB play)
* `emergency`
* `normal`
* `rules infraction`
* `time forfeit`
* `unterminated`

Mode|  Specifies the playing mode of the game. Allowed values include:

* `online` (any network game)
* `ICS` (network game via Internet Chess Server)
* `OTB` (over-the-board)
* `mail` (correspondence chess via snail mail)
* `eml` (correspondence chess via email)
* `phone` (moves conveyed using telephone)
* `voice` (moves conveyed using direct speech)

FEN|  The initial position of the chessboard, in Forsyth–Edwards Notation. This is used to record partial games (starting at some initial position). It is also necessary for chess variants such as Chess960, where the initial position is not always the same as traditional chess.

If a FEN tag is used, a separate tag pair `SetUp` must also appear and have its value set to `1`.

### Movetext

Chessboard notation

The movetext describes the actual moves of the game. This includes move number indicators (numbers followed by either one or three periods; one if the next move is White's move, three if the next move is Black's move) and movetext in Standard Algebraic Notation (SAN).[1]: §8.2.3

For most moves, the SAN consists of the letter abbreviation for the piece, an `x` if there is a capture, and the two-character algebraic name of the final square the piece moved to. The letter abbreviations are `K` (king), `Q` (queen), `R` (rook), `B` (bishop), and `N` (knight).[1]: §8.2.3.2

The pawn is given an empty abbreviation in SAN movetext, but in other contexts the abbreviation `P` is used. The algebraic name of any square is as per usual algebraic chess notation; from white's perspective, the leftmost square closest to white is `a1`, the rightmost square closest to the white is `h1`, and the rightmost (from white's perspective) square closest to black side is `h8`.[1]: §8.2.3.1

In a few cases, a more detailed representation is needed to resolve ambiguity; if so, the piece's file letter, numerical rank, or the exact square is inserted after the moving piece's name (in that order of preference). Thus, `Nge2` specifies that the knight originally on the g-file moves to e2.[1]: §8.2.3.4

SAN kingside castling is indicated by the sequence `O-O`; queenside castling is indicated by the sequence `O-O-O` (note that these are capital Os, not zeroes, contrary to the FIDE standard for notation).[4] Pawn promotions are notated by appending `=` to the destination square, followed by the piece the pawn is promoted to. For example: `g8=Q`. If the move is a checking move, `+` is also appended; if the move is a checkmating move, `#` is appended instead. For example: `Rc6+`.[1]: §8.2.3.5

An annotator who wishes to suggest alternative moves to those actually played in the game may insert variations enclosed in parentheses. They may also comment on the game by inserting Numeric Annotation Glyphs (NAGs) into the movetext. Each NAG reflects a subjective impression of the move preceding the NAG or of the resultant position.[citation needed]

If the game result is anything other than `*`, the result is repeated at the end of the movetext.[1]: §8.2.6

### Comments

Comments are inserted by either a `;` (a comment that continues to the end of the line) or a `{` (which continues until a `}`). Comments do not nest.[1]: §5

### Handling chess variants

Many chess variants can be recorded using PGN, provided the names of the pieces can be limited to one character, usually a letter and not a number. They are typically noted with a tag named "Variant" giving the name of the rules. The term "Variation" must be avoided, as that refers to the name of an opening variation. Note that traditional chess programs can only handle, at most, a few variants. Forsyth-Edwards Notation is used to record the starting position for variants (such as Chess960) which have initial positions other than the orthodox chess initial position.[1]: §16.1

## Examples

Here is the PGN format of the 29th game of the 1992 match played in Yugoslavia between Bobby Fischer and Boris Spassky:[1]: §2.3

[Event "F/S Return Match"]
[Site "Belgrade, Serbia JUG"]
[Date "1992.11.04"]
[Round "29"]
[White "Fischer, Robert J."]
[Black "Spassky, Boris V."]
[Result "1/2-1/2"]

1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 {This opening is called the Ruy Lopez.} 3...a6
4.Ba4 Nf6 5.O-O Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 d6 8.c3 O-O 9.h3 Nb8 10.d4 Nbd7
11.c4 c6 12.cxb5 axb5 13.Nc3 Bb7 14.Bg5 b4 15.Nb1 h6 16.Bh4 c5 17.dxe5
Nxe4 18.Bxe7 Qxe7 19.exd6 Qf6 20.Nbd2 Nxd6 21.Nc4 Nxc4 22.Bxc4 Nb6
23.Ne5 Rae8 24.Bxf7+ Rxf7 25.Nxf7 Rxe1+ 26.Qxe1 Kxf7 27.Qe3 Qg5 28.Qxg5
hxg5 29.b3 Ke6 30.a3 Kd6 31.axb4 cxb4 32.Ra5 Nd5 33.f3 Bc8 34.Kf2 Bf5
35.Ra7 g6 36.Ra6+ Kc5 37.Ke1 Nf4 38.g3 Nxh3 39.Kd2 Kb5 40.Rd6 Kc5 41.Ra6
Nf2 42.g4 Bd3 43.Re6 1/2-1/2

## Numeric Annotation Glyphs (NAGs)

Numeric Annotation Glyphs or NAGs are used to annotate chess games when using a computer, typically providing an assessment of a chess move or a chess position. NAGs exist to indicate a simple annotation in a language independent manner. NAGs were first formally documented in 1994 by Steven J. Edwards in his "Portable Game Notation Specification and Implementation Guide".[5]

Within the PGN specification, 256 NAGs are proposed, of which the first 140 values have been defined; the remaining 116 values are reserved for future definition.[1]: §10

A Numeric Annotation Glyph is composed of a dollar sign character ("$") immediately followed by one or more digit characters. Each NAG then has a specific meaning and often a standard typographical representation. The meanings first defined stemmed from the use of specific typographic symbols when annotators were commenting upon chess games; most especially in Chess Informant[6] publications. The objective was to devise an alternative representation of these symbols which could be incorporated in the simple computer file format proposed as the PGN standard. This mechanism allowed often sophisticated typography to be expressed using the simple ASCII character set.[original research?]

Since its inception there has been no attempt to further formalise or standardise the meaning of the undefined 116 NAGs, although some PGN editors, such as ChessPad, have variously used these higher glyphs by assigning non-standard custom definitions.[citation needed]

NAG Groupings  NAG range  | Classification

|

$0  | provided for the convenience of software designers as a placeholder value;

should not appear in PGN files and has no typographic representation

$1-$9  | Move assessments
$10-$135  | Positional Assessments
$136-$139  | Time Pressure Commentaries
$140+  | not defined

### Standard NAGs

NAG  | Meaning  | Symbol  | Unicode[7] | HTML[8] | Name

|
|
|
|
|

$0  | null annotation  |  |  |  |
$1  | good move (traditional "!") see also Nunn Convention for alternate meanings  | !  | U+0021  | &excl;  | single exclamation mark
$2  | poor move or mistake (traditional "?") (and Nunn Convention)  | ?  | U+003F  | &quest;  | single question mark
$3  | very good or brilliant move (traditional "!!") (and Nunn Convention)  | ‼  | U+203C  |  | double exclamation mark
$4  | very poor move or blunder (traditional "??") (and Nunn Convention)  | ⁇  | U+2047  |  | double question mark
$5  | speculative or interesting move (traditional "!?") (and Nunn Convention)  | ⁉  | U+2049  |  | exclamation question mark
$6  | questionable or dubious move (traditional "?!") (and Nunn Convention)  | ⁈  | U+2048  |  | question mark and exclamation mark
$7  | forced move (all others lose quickly) or only move  | □  | U+25A1  | &square;  | white square
$8  | singular move (no reasonable alternatives)  |
$9  | worst move  |
$10  | drawish position or even  | =  | U+003D  | &equals;  | equal sign
$11  | equal chances, quiet position  |
$12  | equal chances, active position  |
$13  | unclear position  | ∞  | U+221E  | &infin;  | infinity
$14  | White has a slight advantage  | ⩲  | U+2A72  | &pluse;  | plus sign above equals sign
$15  | Black has a slight advantage  | ⩱  | U+2A71  | &eplus;  | equals sign above plus sign
$16  | White has a moderate advantage  | ±  | U+00B1  | &plusmn;  | plus-minus sign
$17  | Black has a moderate advantage  | ∓  | U+2213  | &mnplus;  | minus-or-plus sign
$18  | White has a decisive advantage  | \+ −  | U+002B U+002D  | &plus; &#45;[lower-alpha 1] | plus sign, hyphen-minus sign
$19  | Black has a decisive advantage  | − +  | U+002D U+002B  | &#45; &plus;  | hyphen-minus sign, plus sign
$20  | White has a crushing advantage (Black should resign)  |
$21  | Black has a crushing advantage (White should resign)  |
$22  | White is in zugzwang  | ⨀  | U+2A00  | &xodot;  | N-ary circled dot operator
$23  | Black is in zugzwang
$24  | White has a slight space advantage  |
$25  | Black has a slight space advantage  |
$26  | White has a moderate space advantage  | ○  | U+25CB  | &#x25cb;  | White circle
$27  | Black has a moderate space advantage
$28  | White has a decisive space advantage  |
$29  | Black has a decisive space advantage  |
$30  | White has a slight time (development) advantage  |
$31  | Black has a slight time (development) advantage  |
$32  | White has a moderate time (development) advantage  | ⟳  | U+27F3  |  | clockwise gapped circle arrow
$33  | Black has a moderate time (development) advantage
$34  | White has a decisive time (development) advantage  |
$35  | Black has a decisive time (development) advantage  |
$36  | White has the initiative  | ↑  | U+2191  | &uarr;  | upwards arrow
$37  | Black has the initiative
$38  | White has a lasting initiative  |
$39  | Black has a lasting initiative  |
$40  | White has the attack  | →  | U+2192  | &rarr;  | rightwards arrow
$41  | Black has the attack
$42  | White has insufficient compensation for material deficit  |
$43  | Black has insufficient compensation for material deficit  |
$44  | White has sufficient compensation for material deficit  | ⯹  | &#x2bf9;  | equals sign with infinity below
$45  | Black has sufficient compensation for material deficit
$46  | White has more than adequate compensation for material deficit  |
$47  | Black has more than adequate compensation for material deficit  |
$48  | White has a slight center control advantage  |
$49  | Black has a slight center control advantage  |
$50  | White has a moderate center control advantage  |
$51  | Black has a moderate center control advantage  |
$52  | White has a decisive center control advantage  |
$53  | Black has a decisive center control advantage  |
$54  | White has a slight kingside control advantage  |
$55  | Black has a slight kingside control advantage  |
$56  | White has a moderate kingside control advantage  |
$57  | Black has a moderate kingside control advantage  |
$58  | White has a decisive kingside control advantage  |
$59  | Black has a decisive kingside control advantage  |
$60  | White has a slight queenside control advantage  |
$61  | Black has a slight queenside control advantage  |
$62  | White has a moderate queenside control advantage  |
$63  | Black has a moderate queenside control advantage  |
$64  | White has a decisive queenside control advantage  |
$65  | Black has a decisive queenside control advantage  |
$66  | White has a vulnerable first rank  |
$67  | Black has a vulnerable first rank  |
$68  | White has a well protected first rank  |
$69  | Black has a well protected first rank  |
$70  | White has a poorly protected king  |
$71  | Black has a poorly protected king  |
$72  | White has a well protected king  |
$73  | Black has a well protected king  |
$74  | White has a poorly placed king  |
$75  | Black has a poorly placed king  |
$76  | White has a well placed king  |
$77  | Black has a well placed king  |
$78  | White has a very weak pawn structure  |
$79  | Black has a very weak pawn structure  |
$80  | White has a moderately weak pawn structure  |
$81  | Black has a moderately weak pawn structure  |
$82  | White has a moderately strong pawn structure  |
$83  | Black has a moderately strong pawn structure  |
$84  | White has a very strong pawn structure  |
$85  | Black has a very strong pawn structure  |
$86  | White has poor knight placement  |
$87  | Black has poor knight placement  |
$88  | White has good knight placement  |
$89  | Black has good knight placement  |
$90  | White has poor bishop placement  |
$91  | Black has poor bishop placement  |
$92  | White has good bishop placement  |
$93  | Black has good bishop placement  |
$94  | White has poor rook placement  |
$95  | Black has poor rook placement  |
$96  | White has good rook placement  |
$97  | Black has good rook placement  |
$98  | White has poor queen placement  |
$99  | Black has poor queen placement  |
$100  | White has good queen placement  |
$101  | Black has good queen placement  |
$102  | White has poor piece coordination  |
$103  | Black has poor piece coordination  |
$104  | White has good piece coordination  |
$105  | Black has good piece coordination  |
$106  | White has played the opening very poorly  |
$107  | Black has played the opening very poorly  |
$108  | White has played the opening poorly  |
$109  | Black has played the opening poorly  |
$110  | White has played the opening well  |
$111  | Black has played the opening well  |
$112  | White has played the opening very well  |
$113  | Black has played the opening very well  |
$114  | White has played the middlegame very poorly  |
$115  | Black has played the middlegame very poorly  |
$116  | White has played the middlegame poorly  |
$117  | Black has played the middlegame poorly  |
$118  | White has played the middlegame well  |
$119  | Black has played the middlegame well  |
$120  | White has played the middlegame very well  |
$121  | Black has played the middlegame very well  |
$122  | White has played the ending very poorly  |
$123  | Black has played the ending very poorly  |
$124  | White has played the ending poorly  |
$125  | Black has played the ending poorly  |
$126  | White has played the ending well  |
$127  | Black has played the ending well  |
$128  | White has played the ending very well  |
$129  | Black has played the ending very well  |
$130  | White has slight counterplay  |
$131  | Black has slight counterplay  |
$132  | White has moderate counterplay  | ⇆  | U+21C6  | &lrarr;  | leftwards arrow over rightwards arrow
$133  | Black has moderate counterplay
$134  | White has decisive counterplay  |
$135  | Black has decisive counterplay  |
$136  | White has moderate time control pressure  |
$137  | Black has moderate time control pressure  |
$138  | White has severe time control pressure / zeitnot  | ⨁  | U+2A01  | &xoplus;  | n-ary circle plus operator
$139  | Black has severe time control pressure / zeitnot

### Non-standard NAGs

NAG  | Used by  | Meaning  | Symbol  | Unicode[7] | HTML[8] | Name

|
|
|
|
|
|

$140  | ChessPad[9] | With the idea...  | ∆  | U+2206  |  | increment
$141  | ChessPad[9] | Aimed against...  | ∇  | U+2207  |  | nabla
$142  | ChessPad[9] | Better is...  | ⌓  | U+2313  | &profsurf;  | segment
$143  | ChessPad[9] | Worse is...  | <=  |  |  | less than, equal to
$144  | ChessPad[9] | Equivalent is...  | ==  |  |  | equal to, equal to
$145  | ChessPad[9] | Editorial comment  | RR  |  |  | capital R, capital R
$146  | ChessPad[9] | Novelty  | N  |  |  | capital N
$147  | arslanovchess.com  | A rare, non-standard, hard to find brilliant move  | !!!  |  |  | triple exclamation mark
$148  | arslanovchess.com  | Objectively dubious, but practically dangerous — the refutation isn't easy to find, and failure to do so often leads to a swift defeat.  | !??  |  |  | exclamation double question mark
$149–$219  |  | Not defined  |  |
$220  | ChessPad[9] | Diagram  | ⬒ (UI only)  |  |  |
$221  | ChessPad[9] | Diagram (from Black)  | ⬓ (UI only)  |  |  |
$222–$237  |  | Not defined
$238  | ChessPad[9] | Space advantage  | ○  | U+25CB  | &cir;  | white circle
$239  | ChessPad[9] | File (columns on the chessboard labeled a-h)  | ⇔  | U+21D4  | &hArr;  | left right double arrow
$240  | ChessPad[9] | Diagonal  | ⇗  | U+21D7  | &neArr;  | north east double arrow
$241  | ChessPad[9] | Centre  | ⊞  | U+229E  | &boxplus;  | squared plus
$242  | ChessPad[9] | King-side  | ⟫  | U+27EB  | &Rang;  | right double angle bracket
$243  | ChessPad[9] | Queen-side  | ⟪  | U+27EA  | &Lang;  | left double angle bracket
$244  | ChessPad[9] | Weak point  | ✕  | U+2715  |  | multiplication x
$245  | ChessPad[9] | Ending  | ⊥  | U+22A5  | &perp;  | up tack
$246  | ChessPad[9] | Bishop pair  | CA Chess font: white square with white square to northeast
$247  | ChessPad[9] | Opposite Bishops  | CA Chess font: white square with black square to northeast
$248  | ChessPad[9] | Same Bishops  | CA Chess font: black square with black square to northeast
$249  | ChessPad[9] | Connected pawns  | ⯺  | U+2BFA[10] | &#x2bfa;  | united symbol
$250  | ChessPad[9] | Isolated pawns  | ⯻  | U+2BFB[10] | &#x2bfb;  | separated symbol
$251  | ChessPad[9] | Doubled pawns  | ⯼  | U+2BFC[10] | &#x2bfc;  | doubled symbol
$252  | ChessPad[9] | Passed pawn  | ⯽  | U+2BFD[10] | &#x2bfd;  | passed symbol
$253  | ChessPad[9] | Pawn majority  | text
$254  | ChessPad[9] | With  | ∟  | U+221F[10] | &#x221f;  | right angle
$255  | ChessPad[9] | Without  | ⯾  | U+2BFE[10] | &#x2bfe;  | reversed right angle

### Notes on tables

1. Some of the symbols are not rendered by some browsers
2. The more exotic symbols used by Chess Informator[6] are often derived from common mathematical typographic symbols; their mathematical meaning rarely has any relevance to their chess meaning
3. The entries in the Unicode column are, respectively, the decimal and hexadecimal reference for the character or symbol
4. The entries in the HTML column are named HTML entities for representing the symbol or character; the Unicode numeric value can always be used where a specific entity does not exist. For example, the left right double arrow ($239) can be represented as either Unicode decimal &#8660; (⇔) or Unicode hexadecimal &#x21D4; (⇔) or HTML &hArr; (⇔). Unless explicitly noted, the Unicode representation can be interpreted as a default.

## See also

* Forsyth–Edwards Notation (FEN) -- format for recording chess positions
* Portable Draughts Notation (PDN) -- format for recording draughts (checkers) games
* Smart Game Format (SGF) -- format for recording Go games
* X-FEN -- extension of Forsyth–Edwards Notation to support random chess variants

## Notes

1. ↑ Unicode has a minus sign (U+002D, &minus;), but is seldom used

## References

1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 "Standard: Portable Game Notation Specification and Implementation Guide". 1994-03-12. https://archive.org/download/pgn-standard-1994-03-12/PGN_standard_1994-03-12.txt. The page linking to the document is here.
2. ↑ Weeks, Mark (2017). "The Rise of Internet Chess". Chess for All Ages [Mark Weeks blog]. http://www.mark-weeks.com/aboutcom/aa07e19.htm.
3. ↑ For example, the PGN generated by lichess for the online match between grandmasters Pavel Smirnov and Andrew Tang (2020) lists a URL in the site field.
4. ↑ Burgess, Graham (2000), The Mammoth Book of Chess, Carroll & Graph, p. 517, ISBN 0-7867-0725-9, "The main differences from standard Algebraic are that there is both a dot and a space after each move number, and an upper case "O" is used instead of a zero in the notation for castling."
5. ↑ "Formal PGN File Specification:section 8.2.4 defines 256 NAGs while section 10 identifies first 140 NAGs". 1994. http://www.saremba.de/chessgml/standards/pgn/pgn-complete.htm.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Chess Informant: System of Signs". http://www.chessinformant.org/pages.php?pageid=15. Uses FigurineCB webfont.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Wood, Alan. "Unicode and multilingual support in HTML, fonts, Web browsers and other applications". http://www.alanwood.net/unicode/.
8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "Character Entity Reference Chart". https://dev.w3.org/html5/html-author/charref.
9. ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 9.18 9.19 9.20 9.21 9.22 9.23 9.24 9.25 9.26 "ChessPad: a PGN editor". http://www.wmlsoftware.com/chesspad.html.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 Cite error: Invalid `<ref>` tag; no text was provided for refs named `Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows`

## Bibliography

* Krogius, Nikolai; Matanovi, Aleksandar (1980). Enciklopedija šahovskih središnica -- kombinacije. Belgrade: Chess Informant. ISBN 0-7134-3474-0.
* Encyclopedia of Chess Openings. A-E. Belgrade: Chess Informant. 1978. ISBN 0-7134-1044-2.

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* Draw
* by agreement
* Fifty-move rule
* Perpetual check
* Stalemate
* Threefold repetition
* En passant
* Pawn promotion
* Time control
* Fast chess
* Touch-move rule

Terms|

* Blunder
* Chess notation
* algebraic
* descriptive
* PGN
* annotation symbols
* symbols in Unicode
* Fianchetto
* Gambit
* Key square
* King walk
* Pawns
* backward
* connected
* doubled
* isolated
* Maróczy Bind
* passed
* Open file
* Half-open file
* Outpost
* School
* romantic
* hypermodern
* Swindle
* Tempo
* Transposition
* Trap

Tactics|

* Battery
* Alekhine's gun
* Block
* Checkmate patterns
* Combination
* Decoy
* Deflection
* Desperado
* Discovered attack
* Double check
* Fork
* Interference
* Overloading
* Pin
* Sacrifice
* Skewer
* Undermining
* Windmill
* X-ray
* Zwischenzug

Strategy|

* Artificial castling
* Compensation
* Exchange
* the exchange
* Initiative
* first-move advantage
* Middlegame
* Pawn storm
* Pawn structure
* Piece values
* Prophylaxis

Openings|

| Flank opening|

* English Opening
* Zukertort Opening
* Réti Opening
* King's Indian Attack
* Larsen's Opening
* Bird's Opening
* Grob's Attack
* Dunst Opening
* Benko Opening

|

King's Pawn Game|

* Alekhine's Defence
* Caro–Kann Defence
* French Defence
* Modern Defence
* Nimzowitsch Defence
* Open Game
* Italian Game
* Semi-Italian Opening
* Giuoco Piano
* King's Gambit
* Petrov's Defence
* Philidor Defence
* Ruy Lopez
* Scotch Game
* Owen's Defence
* Pirc Defence
* Scandinavian Defense
* Tennison Gambit
* Sicilian Defence
* Alapin
* Dragon/Accelerated Dragon
* Najdorf
* Scheveningen

Queen's Pawn Game|

* Dutch Defence
* Indian Defence
* Benoni Defence
* Modern Benoni
* Bogo-Indian Defence
* Grünfeld Defence
* King's Indian Defence
* Nimzo-Indian Defence
* Queen's Indian Defence
* Trompowsky Attack
* London System
* Queen's Gambit
* Accepted
* Declined
* Slav Defence
* Catalan Opening

Other|

* List of openings
* theory table
* List of chess gambits
* Irregular
* Fool's mate
* Scholar's mate

Endgames|

* Bishop and knight checkmate
* King and pawn vs king
* Opposite-coloured bishops
* Pawnless endgame
* Queen and pawn vs queen
* Queen vs pawn
* Rook and bishop vs rook
* Rook and pawn vs rook
* Lucena position
* Philidor position
* Strategy
* fortress
* opposition
* Tarrasch rule
* triangulation
* Zugzwang
* Study
* Tablebase
* Two knights endgame
* Wrong bishop
* Wrong rook pawn

Tournaments|

* List of strong chess tournaments
* Chess Olympiad
* Women
* World Chess Championship
* List
* Candidates Tournament
* Chess World Cup
* FIDE Grand Prix
* Other world championships
* Women
* Team
* Rapid
* Blitz
* Junior
* Youth
* Senior
* Amateur
* Chess composition
* Solving
* Computer chess
* Computer speed chess
* Chess engine

Related|

* Cheating in chess
* Chess aesthetics
* Chess in the arts
* in early literature
* Chess books
* opening books
* endgame literature
* Chess boxing
* Chess club
* Chess composer
* Chess in Europe
* Göttingen manuscript
* Chess libraries
* Chess museums
* Chess newspaper columns
* Chess periodicals
* Chess problem
* glossary
* joke chess
* Chess prodigy
* Gökyay Association Chess Museum
* Deep Blue
* Dubrovnik chess set
* Mutilated chessboard problem
* PRO Chess League
* Simultaneous exhibition
* Solving chess
* Staunton chess set
* Top player comparison

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