Low Surface Brightness galaxy

Short description: A diffuse galaxy with a surface brightness that is at least one magnitude lower than the ambient night sky

An image of NGC 45 , a low surface brightness spiral galaxy, by GALEX. UGC 477 is located over 110 million light-years away in the constellation of Pisces.[1]

A low-surface-brightness galaxy, or LSB galaxy, is a diffuse galaxy with a surface brightness that, when viewed from Earth, is at least one magnitude lower than the ambient night sky.

Most LSBs are dwarf galaxies, and most of their baryonic matter is in the form of neutral gaseous hydrogen, rather than stars. They appear to have over 95% of their mass as non-baryonic dark matter. There appears to be no supernova activity in these galaxies.[citation needed]

Rotation curve measurements indicate an extremely high mass-to-light ratio, meaning that stars and luminous gas contribute only very little to the overall mass balance of an LSB. The centers of LSBs show no large overdensities in stars, unlike e.g. the bulges of normal spiral galaxies. Therefore, they seem to be dark-matter-dominated even in their centers, which makes them excellent laboratories for the study of dark matter.

In comparison to the high-surface-brightness galaxies, LSBs are mainly isolated field galaxies, found in regions devoid of other galaxies. In their past, they had fewer tidal interactions or mergers with other galaxies, which could have triggered enhanced star formation. This is an explanation for the small stellar content.

LSB galaxies were theorized to exist in 1976 by Mike Disney.

## Contents

* 1 Giant low-surface-brightness galaxies
* 2 Examples
* 3 See also
* 4 References

## Giant low-surface-brightness galaxies

Giant low surface brightness (GLSB) galaxies are among the most massive known spiral galaxies in the Universe.[2] They have very faint stellar disks that are very rich in neutral hydrogen but low in star formation and thus low in surface brightness.[2] Such galaxies often have bright bulges that can host low luminosity active galactic nuclei.[2] GLSB galaxies are usually isolated systems that rarely interact with other galaxies.[2] The first LSB galaxy verified to exist was Malin 1, discovered in 1986. As such, it was also the first giant LSB galaxy identified. At the time of its discovery, it was the largest spiral galaxy known (by scale-length measurement).[3][4]

UGC 1382 was previously thought to be an elliptical galaxy, but low-brightness spiral arms were later detected. UGC 1382 is much closer to Earth than Malin 1.[5]

## Examples

* Andromeda V
* Pegasus Dwarf Spheroidal Galaxy
* IC 10
* NGC 45
* Eridanus II

* Malin 1 [3]
* Malin 2 [3]
* Phoenix Dwarf
* Sagittarius Dwarf Irregular Galaxy (SagDIG)
* Sextans A

* Sextans B
* Wolf–Lundmark–Melotte galaxy (WLM)
* UGC 477

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## See also

* Ultra diffuse galaxy

## References

1. ↑ "Hiding in the night sky". http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1614a/. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Mousumi Das (March 2013). "Giant Low Surface Brightness Galaxies: Evolution in Isolation". Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy. doi:10.1007/s12036-013-9166-8. Bibcode: 2013JApA...34...19D.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Scientific American, "The Ghostliest Galaxies", GD Bothun, Vol. 276, No. 2, February 1997, pp.40-45, Bibcode: 1997SciAm.276b..40B
4. ↑ Ken Crosswell, "Malin 1: A Bizarre Galaxy Gets Slightly Less So", 22 January 2007
5. ↑ "Surprise: Small elliptical galaxy actually a giant disk". 11 July 2016. http://phys.org/news/2016-07-small-elliptical-galaxy-giant-disk.html. Retrieved 12 July 2016.

* K. O'Neil, The HI Content and Extent of Low Surface Brightness Galaxies - Could LSB Galaxies be Responsible for Damped Ly-alpha Absorption?. For publication in Extragalactic Gas at Low Redshift, by Mulchaey, et al., eds (2001).
* S.D. Rosenbaum and D.J. Bomans, The environment of Low Surface Brightness Galaxies. Astronomy & Astrophysics Letters, 422, 5-8 (2004).
* A.J. Barth, A normal stellar disk in the galaxy Malin 1. Astronomical Journal 133, 1085-1091 (2007).

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Galaxies

Morphology|

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Structure|

* Active galactic nucleus
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* Disc galaxy
* Halo
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* Supermassive black hole

Active nuclei|

* Blazar
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Energetic galaxies|

* Lyman-alpha emitter
* Luminous infrared
* Starburst
* blue compact dwarf
* pea
* faint blue
* Hot dust-obscured

Low activity|

* Low surface brightness
* Ultra diffuse
* Dark galaxy

Interaction|

* Field
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* Brightest cluster galaxy
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See also|

* Extragalactic astronomy
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