Spiritualism

In philosophy, spiritualism is the notion, shared by a wide variety of systems of thought, that there is an immaterial reality that cannot be perceived by the senses.[1] This includes philosophies that postulate a personal God, the immortality of the soul, or the immortality of the intellect or will, as well as any systems of thought that assume a universal mind or cosmic forces lying beyond the reach of purely materialistic interpretations.[1] Generally, any philosophical position, be it dualism, monism, atheism, theism, pantheism, idealism or any other, is compatible with spiritualism as long as it allows for a reality beyond matter.[1][2] Theism is an example of a dualist spiritualist philosophy, while pantheism is an example of monist spiritualism.[2]

## Notable spiritualist thinkers

* Aristotle[1]
* Henri Bergson[1]
* Maine de Biran[3]
* F. H. Bradley[1]
* Victor Cousin[4]
* René Descartes[1]
* Giovanni Gentile[1]
* William Ernest Hocking[1]
* Louis Lavelle[1]
* René Le Senne[1]
* Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz[1]
* Pindar[1]
* Plato[1]
* Josiah Royce[1]

## See also

* Metaphysics
* Spiritualism (religious movement)
* Alfred Russel Wallace's religious spiritualism

## Notes

1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 Encyclopædia Britannica, "Spiritualism (in philosophy)", britannica.com
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 William James (1977). A pluralistic universe. Harvard University Press. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-674-67391-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=fPuwCunFTFoC&pg=PA16.
3. ↑ Su-Young Park-Hwang (1998), L'habitude dans le spiritualisme français: Maine de Biran, Ravaisson, Bergson, Presses Universitaires du Septentrion.
4. ↑ Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Brahman to Derrida, Taylor & Francis, 1998, p. 10: "Victor Cousin's eclectic spiritualism".

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