Cognitive therapy

Short description: Type of psychotherapy

Cognitive therapy

MeSH| D015928

[edit on Wikidata]

Cognitive therapy (CT) is a kind of psychotherapy that treats problematic behaviors and distressing emotional responses by identifying and correcting unhelpful and inaccurate patterns of thinking. This involves the individual working with the therapist to develop skills for testing and changing beliefs, identifying distorted thinking, relating to others in different ways, and changing behaviors.[1]

Cognitive therapy is based on the cognitive model (which states that thoughts, feelings, and behavior are connected), with substantial influence from the heuristics and biases research program of the 1970s, which found a wide variety of cognitive biases and distortions that can contribute to mental illness.

## Contents

* 1 History
* 2 Basis
* 2.1 Cognitive model
* 2.2 Cognitive restructuring (methods)
* 2.2.1 Socratic questioning
* 2.2.2 False assumptions
* 2.2.3 Awfulizing and Must-ing
* 3 Application
* 3.1 Depression
* 3.2 Other applications
* 4 Recent Developments
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 7 External links

## History

Precursors of certain aspects of cognitive therapy have been identified in various ancient philosophical traditions, particularly Stoicism.[2] For example, Beck's original treatment manual for depression states, "The philosophical origins of cognitive therapy can be traced back to the Stoic philosophers".[3]

Albert Ellis worked on cognitive treatment methods from the 1950s (Ellis, 1956). He called his approach Rational Therapy (RT) at first, then Rational Emotive Therapy (RET) and later Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT).

Becoming disillusioned with long-term psychodynamic approaches based on gaining insight into unconscious emotions, in the late 1950s Aaron T. Beck came to the conclusion that the way in which his patients perceived and attributed meaning in their daily lives—a process known as cognition—was a key to therapy.[4]

Beck introduced his cognitive therapy approach in Depression: Causes and Treatment (1967), later expanding its application to include anxiety disorders in Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders (1976), and eventually addressing a wider range of psychological conditions.[5] He also introduced a focus on the underlying "schema"—the underlying ways in which people process information about the self, the world or the future.

This new cognitive approach came into conflict with the behaviorism common at the time, which claimed that talk of mental causes was not scientific or meaningful, and that assessing stimuli and behavioral responses was the best way to practice psychology. However, the 1970s saw a general "cognitive revolution" in psychology. Behavioral modification techniques and cognitive therapy techniques became joined, giving rise to a common concept of cognitive behavioral therapy. Although cognitive therapy has often included some behavioral components, advocates of Beck's particular approach sought to maintain and establish its integrity as a distinct, standardized form of cognitive behavioral therapy in which the cognitive shift is the key mechanism of change.[6]

Aaron and his daughter Judith S. Beck founded the Beck Institute for Cognitive Therapy and Research in 1994.[7] This was later renamed the "Beck Institute for Cognitive Behavior Therapy."

In 1995, Judith released Cognitive Therapy: Basics and Beyond, a treatment manual endorsed by her father Aaron.

As cognitive therapy continued to grow in popularity, the non-profit "Academy of Cognitive Therapy" was created in 1998[8] to accredit cognitive therapists, create a forum for members to share research and interventions, and to educate the public about cognitive therapy and related mental health issues.[9] The academy later changed its name to the "Academy of Cognitive & Behavioral Therapies".

The 2011 second edition of "Basics and Beyond" (also endorsed by Aaron T. Beck) was titled Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: Basics and Beyond, Second Edition,[10] and adopted the name "CBT" for Aaron's therapy from its beginning. This further blurred the boundaries between the concepts of "CT" and "CBT".

## Basis

Therapy may consist of testing the assumptions which one makes and looking for new information that could help shift the assumptions in a way that leads to different emotional or behavioral reactions. Change may begin by targeting thoughts (to change emotion and behavior), behavior (to change feelings and thoughts), or the individual's goals (by identifying thoughts, feelings or behavior that conflict with the goals). Beck initially focused on depression and developed a list of "errors" (cognitive distortion) in thinking that he proposed could maintain depression, including arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, overgeneralization, and magnification (of negatives) and minimization (of positives).

As an example of how CT might work: Having made a mistake at work, a man may believe: "I'm useless and can't do anything right at work." He may then focus on the mistake (which he takes as evidence that his belief is true), and his thoughts about being "useless" are likely to lead to negative emotion (frustration, sadness, hopelessness). Given these thoughts and feelings, he may then begin to avoid challenges at work, which is behavior that could provide even more evidence for him that his belief is true. As a result, any adaptive response and further constructive consequences become unlikely, and he may focus even more on any mistakes he may make, which serve to reinforce the original belief of being "useless." In therapy, this example could be identified as a self-fulfilling prophecy or "problem cycle," and the efforts of the therapist and patient would be directed at working together to explore and change this cycle.

People who are working with a cognitive therapist often practice more flexible ways to think and respond, learning to ask themselves whether their thoughts are completely true, and whether those thoughts are helping them to meet their goals. Thoughts that do not meet this description may then be shifted to something more accurate or helpful, leading to more positive emotion, more desirable behavior, and movement toward the person's goals. Cognitive therapy takes a skill-building approach, where the therapist helps the person to learn and practice these skills independently, eventually "becoming their own therapist."

"Consistent with the cognitive theory of psychopathology, CT is designed to be structured, directive, active, and time-limited, with the express purpose of identifying, reality-testing, and correcting distorted cognition and underlying dysfunctional beliefs".[11]

### Cognitive model

Aaron Beck developed the cognitive model to explain how negative thinking patterns contribute to depression. The model identifies three levels of belief: automatic thoughts, intermediate beliefs, and core beliefs[12]

* Automatic thought
* Intermediate belief
* Core belief or basic belief

In 2014, an update of the cognitive model was proposed, called the Generic Cognitive Model (GCM). The GCM is an update of Beck's model that proposes that mental disorders can be differentiated by the nature of their dysfunctional beliefs.[13] The GCM includes a conceptual framework and a clinical approach for understanding common cognitive processes of mental disorders while specifying the unique features of the specific disorders.[13]

### Cognitive restructuring (methods)

Cognitive restructuring consists of four main steps:

1. Identifying problematic thoughts, known as automatic thoughts (ATs), which often reflect negative views of the self, the world, or the future.
2. Identifying cognitive distortions in those thoughts.
3. Using the Socratic method to dispute the validity of these thoughts.
4. Developing rational, more balanced responses to replace these negative thoughts.

There are six types of automatic thoughts:[14]

1. Self-evaluated thoughts
2. Thoughts about the evaluations of others
3. Evaluative thoughts about the other person with whom they are interacting
4. Thoughts about coping strategies and behavioral plans
5. Thoughts of avoidance
6. Any other thoughts that were not categorized

Other major techniques include:

* Activity monitoring and activity scheduling
* Behavioral experiments
* Catching, checking, and changing thoughts
* Collaborative empiricism: therapist and patient become investigators by examining the evidence to support or reject the patient's cognitions. Empirical evidence is used to determine whether particular cognitions serve any useful purpose.[15]
* Downward arrow technique
* Exposure and response prevention
* Cost benefit analysis
* acting "as if"[16]
* Guided discovery: therapist elucidates behavioral problems and faulty thinking by designing new experiences that lead to acquisition of new skills and perspectives. Through both cognitive and behavioral methods, the patient discovers more adaptive ways of thinking and coping with environmental stressors by correcting cognitive processing.[15]
* Mastery and pleasure technique
* Problem solving
* Socratic questioning: involves the creation of a series of questions to a) clarify and define problems, b) assist in the identification of thoughts, images and assumptions, c) examine the meanings of events for the patient, and d) assess the consequences of maintaining maladaptive thoughts and behaviors.[15]

#### Socratic questioning

Socratic questions are the archetypal cognitive restructuring techniques. These kinds of questions are designed to challenge assumptions by:[17][18]

* Conceiving reasonable alternatives:

"What might be another explanation or viewpoint of the situation? Why else did it happen?"

* Evaluating those consequences:

"What's the effect of thinking or believing this? What could be the effect of thinking differently and no longer holding onto this belief?"

* Distancing:

"Imagine a specific friend/family member in the same situation or if they viewed the situation this way, what would I tell them?"

Examples[19] of socratic questions are:

* "Describe the way you formed your viewpoint originally."
* "What initially convinced you that your current view is the best one available?"
* "Think of three pieces of evidence that contradict this view, or that support the opposite view. Think about the opposite of this viewpoint and reflect on it for a moment. What's the strongest argument in favor of this opposite view?"
* "Write down any specific benefits you get from holding this belief, such as social or psychological benefits. For example, getting to be part of a community of like-minded people, feeling good about yourself or the world, feeling that your viewpoint is superior to others", etc. Are there any reasons that you might hold this view other than because it's true?"
* "For instance, does holding this viewpoint provide some peace of mind that holding a different viewpoint would not?"
* "In order to refine your viewpoint so that it's as accurate as possible, it's important to challenge it directly on occasion and consider whether there are reasons that it might not be true. What do you think the best or strongest argument against this perspective is?"
* "What would you have to experience or find out in order for you to change your mind about this viewpoint?"
* "Given your thoughts so far, do you think that there may be a truer, more accurate, or more nuanced version of your original view that you could state right now?"

#### False assumptions

False assumptions are based on "cognitive distortions", such as:[20]

* Always Being Right: "We are continually on trial to prove that our opinions and actions are correct. Being wrong is unthinkable and we will go to any length to demonstrate our rightness. For example, 'I don't care how badly arguing with me makes you feel, I'm going to win this argument no matter what because I'm right.' Being right often is more important than the feelings of others around a person who engages in this cognitive distortion, even loved ones."
* Heaven's Reward Fallacy: "We expect our sacrifice and self-denial to pay off, as if someone is keeping score. We feel bitter when the reward doesn't come."

#### Awfulizing and Must-ing

Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) includes awfulizing, when a person causes themselves disturbance by labeling an upcoming situation as "awful", rather than envisaging how the situation may actually unfold, and Must-ing, when a person places a false demand on themselves that something "must" happen (e.g. "I must get an A in this exam.")

## Application

### Depression

See also: Beck's cognitive triad

According to Beck's theory of the etiology of depression, depressed people acquire a negative schema of the world in childhood and adolescence; children and adolescents who experience depression acquire this negative schema earlier. Depressed people acquire such schemas through the loss of a parent, rejection by peers, bullying, criticism from teachers or parents, the depressive attitude of a parent or other negative events. When a person with such schemas encounters a situation that resembles the original conditions of the learned schema, the negative schemas are activated.[21]

Beck's negative triad holds that depressed people have negative thoughts about themselves, their experiences in the world, and the future.[22] For instance, a depressed person might think, "I didn't get the job because I'm terrible at interviews. Interviewers never like me, and no one will ever want to hire me." In the same situation, a person who is not depressed might think, "The interviewer wasn't paying much attention to me. Maybe she already had someone else in mind for the job. Next time I'll have better luck, and I'll get a job soon." Beck also identified a number of other cognitive distortions, which can contribute to depression, including the following: arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, overgeneralization, magnification and minimization.[21]

In 2008, Beck proposed an integrative developmental model of depression[23] that aims to incorporate research in genetics and the neuroscience of depression.[24] This model was updated in 2016 to incorporate multiple levels of analyses, new research, and key concepts (e.g., resilience) within the framework of an evolutionary perspective.[25]

### Other applications

Cognitive therapy has been applied to a very wide range of behavioral health issues including:

* Academic achievement[26][27]
* Addiction
* Anxiety disorders[28]
* Bipolar disorder[29]
* Low self-esteem[30]
* Phobia[31]
* Schizophrenia[32]
* Substance abuse[33]
* Suicidal ideation[34]
* Weight loss[35]

## Recent Developments

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Since its early development in the 1960s, cognitive therapy has continued to evolve in both its theoretical foundation and practical applications. One of the most significant shifts in recent years has been the integration of technology into cognitive behavioral interventions. Digital tools such as mobile applications, internet-based therapy platforms, and guided online CBT programs are now widely used to increase accessibility, particularly for individuals who face barriers to traditional in-person therapy.[36] These digital approaches often include structured exercises, mood tracking, automated cognitive restructuring prompts, and interactive modules designed to mirror the skill-building techniques used in face-to-face sessions.

In addition to technological advancements, modern cognitive therapy has focused on adapting to diverse cultural contexts. For instance, a 2024 study conducted in South Korea found that cognitive behavioral therapy was effective in reducing depressive symptoms among adults, despite the presence of stigma surrounding mental health treatment.[37] The study emphasized the importance of culturally sensitive modifications to both language and content in CBT interventions. This growing attention to cultural adaptation reflects the therapy’s global expansion and the recognition that cognitive frameworks may need to be tailored to align with the beliefs, norms, and values of different populations.

From a clinical standpoint, recent practice has placed increasing emphasis on empowering patients to become their own therapists. This is done by helping individuals develop core CBT skills such as identifying automatic thoughts, testing their validity, and replacing them with more balanced alternatives. Modern approaches often highlight self-guided practice, homework assignments, and the use of worksheets to reinforce learning and promote long-term change. According to Chand et al., this skill-building aspect is central to the success of CBT, especially in time-limited treatment settings.[38] Therapists function less as advice-givers and more as coaches, guiding individuals toward greater autonomy and insight.

In 2025, the inaugural issue of the *International Journal of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy* outlined future research priorities for the field. Editor Edward A. Selby called for an expansion of interdisciplinary work between cognitive therapy and fields such as neuroscience, digital health, and public policy.[39] Selby also emphasized the need for CBT to engage more fully with underserved communities, particularly in global regions where mental health services are underdeveloped or stigmatized. His vision includes not only improving access but also ensuring that cognitive therapy remains flexible, innovative, and responsive to new societal challenges.

Together, these developments demonstrate that while cognitive therapy retains its foundational principles developed by Aaron Beck, it continues to grow as a dynamic, evidence-based practice. With ongoing research, technological integration, and cultural adaptation, cognitive therapy is positioned to remain a central force in mental health treatment for the foreseeable future.

## See also

* Cognitive analytic therapy
* Cognitive bias mitigation
* Cognitive-shifting
* David D. Burns
* Debiasing
* History of psychotherapy
* Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy
* Recognition-primed decision
* Schema therapy

## References

1. ↑ Judith S. Beck. "Questions and Answers about Cognitive Therapy". About Cognitive Therapy. Beck Institute for Cognitive Therapy and Research. http://www.chestercountypsychology.com/pdf/Questions and Answers about Cognitive Therapy by Judith S. B.doc.
2. ↑ Robertson, D (2010). The Philosophy of Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy: Stoicism as Rational and Cognitive Psychotherapy. London: Karnac. ISBN 978-1-85575-756-1. https://books.google.com/books?id=XsOFyJaR5vEC.
3. ↑ Beck, Rush, Shaw, & Emery (1979) Cognitive Therapy of Depression, p. 8.
4. ↑ Goode, Erica (11 January 2000). "A Pragmatic Man and His No-Nonsense Therapy". The New York Times. http://partners.nytimes.com/library/national/science/health/011100hth-behavior-beck.html.
5. ↑ Deffenbacher, J. L.; Dahlen E. R; Lynch R. S; Morris C. D; Gowensmith W. N (December 2000). "An Application of Becks Cognitive Therapy to General Anger Reduction". Cognitive Therapy and Research 24 (6): 689–697. doi:10.1023/A:1005539428336.
6. ↑ Judith S. Beck. "Why Distinguish Between Cognitive Therapy and Cognitive Behaviour Therapy". Beck Institute for Cognitive Therapy and Research. http://www.beckinstitute.org/InfoID/150/RedirectPath/Add1/FolderID/177/SessionID/{0D09F15E-3892-4E06-BB1E-1B50944EA9E9}/InfoGroup/Main/InfoType/Article/PageVars/Library/InfoManage/Zoom.htm. – The Beck Institute Newsletter, February 2001
7. ↑ "History of Beck Institute" (in en-US). https://beckinstitute.org/about/history-of-beck-institute/.
8. ↑ "Academy of Cognitive & Behavioral Therapies: About Us". https://www.academyofct.org/page/About.
9. ↑ "ACT". http://www.academyofct.org.
10. ↑ Beck, Judith S. (2011-08-18) (in en). Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Second Edition: Basics and Beyond. Guilford Press. ISBN 978-1-60918-506-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=J_iAUcHc60cC.
11. ↑ Rosenfield, Bradley M. (December 2004). Relationship between cognitive distortions and psychological disorders across diagnostic axes (PhD thesis). Philadelphia: Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Department of Psychology. pp. 14–15.
12. ↑ Beck, Judith S., "Cognitive Behavior Therapy, Second Edition: Basics and Beyond", Cognitive Model, p. 30.
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Beck, A.T.; Haigh, E.P.A. (2014). "Advances in cognitive theory and therapy: the generic cognitive model". Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 10: 1–24. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153734. PMID 24387236. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259585411.
14. ↑ Hope D.A.; Burns J.A.; Hyes S.A.; Herbert J.D.; Warner M.D. (2010). "Automatic thoughts and cognitive restructuring in cognitive behavioral group therapy for social anxiety disorder". Cognitive Therapy Research 34: 1–12. doi:10.1007/s10608-007-9147-9. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1879&context=psychfacpub.
15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "Cognitive Therapy". http://www1.appstate.edu/~hillrw/Dep Cognitive/cogthe.html.
16. ↑ "Act 'As If'". 24 April 2025. http://cogbtherapy.com/cbt-blog/2013/8/26/act-as-if.
17. ↑ Beck, Judith S. (1995). Cognitive Therapy: Basics and Beyond. Guilford Press. pp. 109. ISBN 978-0-89862-847-0. https://books.google.com/books?id=GHVIpQMZf-EC&pg=PA109. Retrieved 25 May 2011.
18. ↑ Jeglic, Elizabeth. Cognitive Behavioral Techniques. John Jay College of Criminal Justice, CUNY.
19. ↑ "Make your views more accurate in just a few minutes". http://programs.clearerthinking.org/challenge_your_deepest_beliefs.html.
20. ↑ "15 Common Cognitive Distortions - Psych Central". 17 May 2016. https://psychcentral.com/lib/15-common-cognitive-distortions/.
21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Neale, John M.; Davison, Gerald C. (2001). Abnormal psychology (8th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 247–250. ISBN 0-471-31811-6.
22. ↑ Beck, Aaron T.; A. John Rush; Brian F. Shaw; Gary Emery (1979). Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York: The Guilford Press. pp. 11. ISBN 0-89862-919-5. https://archive.org/details/cognitivetherapy00beck.
23. ↑ Beck, A. T. (2008). "The Evolution of the Cognitive Model of Depression and Its Neurobiological Correlates". Am J Psychiatry 165 (8): 969–977. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.08050721. PMID 18628348.
24. ↑ "Neural mechanisms of the cognitive model of depression". Nat Rev Neurosci 12 (8): 467–77. 2011. doi:10.1038/nrn3027. PMID 21731066.
25. ↑ Beck AT, Bredemeier K (Mar 2016). "A Unified Model of Depression: Integrating Clinical, Cognitive, Biological, and Evolutionary Perspectives". Clinical Psychological Science 4 (4): 596–619. doi:10.1177/2167702616628523.
26. ↑ Whyte, Cassandra Bolyard, "Effective Counseling Methods for High-Risk College Freshmen" (1978), Measurement and Evaluation in Guidance, 10,4, January, 198-200
27. ↑ Wenzel, A., Liese, B.S., Beck, A.T., and Friedman-Wheeler, D.G. (2012). Group Cognitive Therapy for Addictions. The Guilford Press
28. ↑ Clark, D.A., andA.T. Beck (2011). Cognitive Therapy of Anxiety Disorders: Science and Practice. The Guilford Press
29. ↑ Newman, Cory F., Leahy, Robert L., Beck, Aaron T., Reilly- Harrington, Noreen A., & Gyulai, Laszlo (2001). Bipolar Disorder: A Cognitive Therapy Approach. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
30. ↑ McKay, Matthew; Fanning, Patrick (13 May 2018). Self-esteem. New Harbinger Publications. ISBN 9781572241985. https://books.google.com/books?id=4ctfrmpFO6wC.
31. ↑ Beck, A.T., & Emery, G. (with Greenberg, R.L.). (Rev. Ed. 2005). Anxiety Disorders and Phobias: A Cognitive Perspective. New York: Basic Books.
32. ↑ Beck, A.T., Rector, N.A., Stolar, N., Grant, P. (2008). Schizophrenia: Cognitive Theory, Research, and Therapy. New York: Guilford
33. ↑ Beck, A.T., Wright, F.D., Newman, C.F., & Liese, B.S. (1993). Cognitive Therapy of Substance Abuse. New York: Guilford.
34. ↑ Wenzel, A., Brown, G.K., Beck, A.T. (2008). Cognitive Therapy for Suicidal Patients: Scientific and Clinical Applications. American Psychological Association.
35. ↑ Beck, Judith.(2009). The Beck Diet Solution. Oxmoor House
36. ↑ Nakao, Mutsuhiro; Takeuchi, Takeaki; Yano, Eiji (2021-10-03). "Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy for Management of Mental Health and Stress-Related Disorders: Recent Advances in Techniques and Technologies". BioPsychoSocial Medicine 15 (1): 16. doi:10.1186/s13030-021-00219-w. PMID 34602086.
37. ↑ Hana, Lim (2024-12-19). "Role of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Treating Depression among Adults in South Korea". International Journal of Psychology 9 (7): 1–10. doi:10.47604/ijp.3128.
38. ↑ Chand, Suma P. (2023). Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT). StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470241/. Retrieved 2025-07-08.
39. ↑ Selby, Edward A. (2025-03-01). "Looking to the Future with a Cognitive-Behavioral Lens: The Inaugural Edition of the International Journal of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy". International Journal of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy 18 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1007/s41811-025-00248-1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41811-025-00248-1. Retrieved 2025-07-08.

37. Beck, A.T., & Dozois, D.J.A. (2011). Cognitive Therapy: Current Status and Future Directions. Annual Review of Medicine, 62, 397-409.

38. Beck, A.T., & Haigh, E.A.P. (2014). Advances in Cognitive Theory and Therapy: The Generic Cognitive Model. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 10, 1-24.

39. Hofmann, S.G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I.J., Sawyer, A.T., & Fang, A. (2012). The Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy: A Review of Meta-analyses. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(5), 427-440.

40. Fuchs, T. (2015). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and the Neurobiological Model of Depression. Psychiatry Research, 229(1-2), 87-93.

41. Ellis, A. (2004). Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy: It Works for Me – It Can Work for You. Impact Publishers.

42. Westbrook, D., Kennerley, H., & Kirk, J. (2011). An Introduction to Cognitive Behaviour Therapy: Skills and Applications. Sage Publications.

43. Leahy, R.L. (2003). Cognitive Therapy Techniques: A Practitioner's Guide. Guilford Press.

44. Craske, M.G., Kircanski, K., & Epstein, A. (2017). Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety and Related Disorders: A Practice Manual. Wiley-Blackwell.

## External links

* An Introduction to Cognitive Therapy & Cognitive Behavioural Approaches
* What is Cognitive Therapy
* Academy of Cognitive Therapy
* International Association of Cognitive Psychotherapy[Usurped!]

* v
* t
* e

Psychotherapy (list)

Schools|

| Psychodynamic|

* Psychoanalysis
* Adlerian therapy
* Analytical therapy
* Mentalization-based treatment
* Transference focused psychotherapy

|

Cognitive and
behavioral|

* Clinical behavior analysis
* Acceptance and commitment therapy
* Functional analytic psychotherapy
* Cognitive behavioral therapy
* Cognitive therapy
* Dialectical behavior therapy
* Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
* Rational emotive behavior therapy

Humanistic|

* Emotionally focused therapy
* Existential therapy
* Focusing
* Gestalt therapy
* Logotherapy
* Person-centered therapy

Other|

* Art therapy
* Dance therapy
* Feminist therapy
* Music therapy
* Narrative therapy
* Play therapy
* Reality therapy
* Systemic therapy
* Transactional analysis
* List

Integrative|

* Eclectic psychotherapy
* Integrative psychotherapy
* Multimodal therapy
* Transtheoretical model

Approaches|

* Brief psychotherapy
* Counseling
* Online counseling
* Residential treatment
* Self-help
* Support groups

Research|

* Clinical formulation
* Clinical pluralism
* Common factors theory
* Discontinuation
* History
* Practitioner–scholar model

Techniques|

| Behaviour therapy|

* Aversion therapy
* Chaining
* Contingency management
* Shaping
* Stimulus control
* Token economy
* Counterconditioning
* Desensitization/Exposure therapy
* Systematic desensitization

|

Other individual therapy|

* Autogenic training
* Biofeedback
* Cognitive restructuring
* Emotion regulation
* Free association
* Homework
* Hypnotherapy
* Modeling

Group psychotherapy|

* Co-therapy
* Couples therapy
* Family therapy
* Psychodrama
* Sensitivity training

People|

* Philippe Pinel (1745–1826)
* Josef Breuer (1842–1925)
* Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)
* Pierre Janet (1859–1947)
* Alfred Adler (1870–1937)
* Sándor Ferenczi (1873–1933)
* Carl Jung (1875–1961)
* Ludwig Binswanger (1881–1966)
* Melanie Klein (1882–1960)
* Otto Rank (1884–1939)
* Karen Horney (1885–1952)
* Harry Stack Sullivan (1892–1949)
* Fritz Perls (1893–1970)
* Anna Freud (1895–1982)
* Donald Winnicott (1896–1971)
* Wilhelm Reich (1897–1957)
* Milton H. Erickson (1901–1980)
* Jacques Lacan (1901–1981)
* Erik Erikson (1902–1994)
* Carl Rogers (1902–1987)
* Viktor Frankl (1905–1997)
* George Kelly (1905–1967)
* Rollo May (1909–1994)
* Virginia Axline (1911–1988)
* Carl Whitaker (1912–1995)
* Albert Ellis (1913–2007)
* James Bugental (1915–2008)
* Joseph Wolpe (1915–1997)
* Virginia Satir (1916–1988)
* Aaron T. Beck (b. 1921)
* Salvador Minuchin (1921–2017)
* Hans Herrman Strupp (1921–2006)
* Paul Watzlawick (1921–2007)
* Haim Ginott (1922–1973)
* Ogden Lindsley (1922–2004)
* Arthur Janov (1924–2017)
* Eugene Gendlin (1926–2017)
* R. D. Laing (1927–1989)
* Jean Baker Miller (1927–2006)
* Otto F. Kernberg (b. 1928)
* Nathan Azrin (1930–2013)
* Irvin D. Yalom (b. 1931)
* Arnold Lazarus (1932–2013)
* Lorna Smith Benjamin (b. 1934)
* Marsha M. Linehan (b. 1943)
* Vittorio Guidano (1944–1999)
* Les Greenberg (b. 1945)
* William R. Miller (b. 1947)
* Steven C. Hayes (b. 1948)
* Michael White (1948–2008)
* Jeffrey Young (b. 1950)
* Peter Fonagy (b. 1952)

Associations|

* Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy
* Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
* Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies
* Association for Behavior Analysis International
* European Association for Psychotherapy
* Society for Psychotherapy Research
* World Council for Psychotherapy

* v
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Cognitive behavioral therapy (list)

* Acceptance and commitment therapy
* Behavior therapy
* Behavioral activation
* Cognitive analytic therapy
* Cognitive therapy
* Compassion-focused therapy
* Contingency management
* Dialectical behavior therapy
* Direct therapeutic exposure
* Exposure and response prevention
* Functional analytic psychotherapy
* Habit reversal training
* Inference-based therapy
* Metacognitive therapy
* Method of levels
* Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
* Multimodal therapy
* Prolonged exposure therapy
* Rational emotive behavior therapy
* Reality therapy
* Relapse prevention
* Schema therapy
* Self-control therapy
* Social skills training
* Systematic desensitization

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