X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission

X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (X線分光撮像衛星)

Diagram of the XRISM observatory

Names| Template:Unbulleted
Mission type| X-ray astronomy
Operator| JAXA
COSPAR ID| 2023-137A
SATCAT no.| 57800
Website| xrism.isas.jaxa.jp/en
www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/xrism-x-ray-imaging-and-spectroscopy-mission
Mission duration| 3 years (planned)
2 years, 351 days (elapsed)
Spacecraft properties
Spacecraft type| ASTRO
Bus| ASTRO-H
Launch mass| 2,300 kg (5,100 lb)
Start of mission
Launch date| 6 September 2023, 23:42:11 UTC[1]
Rocket| H-IIA 202
Launch site| Tanegashima, LA-Y1
Contractor| Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Orbital parameters
Reference system| Geocentric orbit
Regime| Low Earth orbit
Perigee altitude| 550 km
Apogee altitude| 550 km
Inclination| 31.0°
Period| 96.0 minutes
Main telescope
Name| Soft X-ray Telescope
Diameter| 45 cm (18 in) [2]
Focal length| 5.6 m (18 ft)
| Instruments

Resolve| Soft X-ray Spectrometer
Xtend| Soft X-ray Imager

ASTRO program

<- Hitomi (ASTRO-H)

XRISM

The X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM, pronounced 'crism'[3] or 'krizz-em',[4] as if the X was a chi), is an X-ray space telescope. It is a mission of the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) in partnership with NASA and ESA, intended to study galaxy clusters, outflows from galaxy nuclei, and dark matter.[5][6]

XRISM is a next generation X-ray astronomy spacecraft, succeeding the Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM-Newton.[2][7] XRISM is intended to fill a gap in observational capabilities between the anticipated retirement of those older X-ray telescopes and the future launch of the planned Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics (ATHENA). The Hitomi X-ray telescope was intended to fill that gap, but destroyed itself a few weeks after launch in 2016.[2][7] XRISM replaces Hitomi's role of filling the expected observational gap.

During its early design phase, XRISM was known as the "ASTRO-H Successor" or "ASTRO-H2". After the loss of Hitomi, the name X-ray Astronomy Recovery Mission (XARM) was used, the R in the acronym referring to recovering Hitomi's capabilities. The name was changed to XRISM in 2018 when JAXA formally initiated the project team.[8]

## Contents

* 1 Overview
* 1.1 Changes from Hitomi
* 2 History
* 3 Instruments
* 3.1 Resolve
* 3.2 Xtend
* 4 Launch
* 5 See also
* 6 References
* 6.1 Notes
* 6.2 Citations
* 7 External links

## Overview

XRISM spacecraft

With the retirement of Suzaku in September 2015, and the detectors onboard Chandra X-ray Observatory and XMM-Newton operating for more than 15 years and gradually aging, the failure of Hitomi meant that X-ray astronomers would have a 13-year blank period in soft X-ray observation, until the launch of ATHENA in 2035.[lower-alpha 1][2][7][9] This would result in a major setback for the international community,[10] as studies performed by large scale observatories in other wavelengths, such as the James Webb Space Telescope and the Thirty Meter Telescope were planned to commence in the early 2020s, while there would be no telescope to cover the most important part of X-ray astronomy.[2][7] A lack of new missions could also deprive young astronomers a chance to gain hands-on experience from participating in a project.[2][7] Along with these reasons, motivation to recover science that was expected as results from Hitomi, became the rationale to initiate the XRISM project. XRISM has been recommended by ISAS's Advisory Council for Research and Management, the High Energy AstroPhysics Association in Japan, NASA Astrophysics Subcommittee, NASA Science Committee, NASA Advisory Council.[7][11]

With its successful launch in September 2023,[1] XRISM is expected to cover the science that was lost with Hitomi, such as the structure formation of the universe, feedback from galaxies/active galaxy nuclei, and the history of material circulation from stars to galaxy clusters.[6] The space telescope will also take over Hitomi's role as a technology demonstrator for the European Advanced Telescope for High Energy Astrophysics (ATHENA) telescope.[9][12][13] Multiple space agencies, including NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA) are participating in the mission.[14] In Japan, the project is led by JAXA's Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) division, and U.S. participation is led by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). The U.S. contribution is expected to cost around US$80 million, which is about the same amount as the contribution to Hitomi.[15][16]

### Changes from Hitomi

203 foils assembled in the X-ray Mirror Assembly XMA

The X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission is one of the first projects for ISAS to have a separate project manager (PM) and primary investigator (PI). This is part of ISAS's reform in project management to prevent the recurrence of the Hitomi accident.[7] In traditional ISAS missions, the PM was also responsible for tasks that would typically be allocated to PIs in a NASA mission.

While Hitomi had an array of instruments spanning from soft X-ray to soft gamma ray, XRISM focuses around the Resolve instrument (equivalent to Hitomi's soft X-ray spectrometer),[17] as well as Xtend (SXI), which has a high affinity to Resolve.[18] The elimination of a hard X-ray telescope was justified by the 2012 launch of NASA's NuSTAR satellite, which did not exist when Hitomi (then known as the New X-Ray Telescope, NeXT) was initially formulated.[19][lower-alpha 2] NuSTAR's spatial and energy resolution is analogous to Hitomi's hard X-ray instruments.[19] Once XRISM's operation starts, collaborative observations with NuSTAR will likely be essential.[6] Meanwhile, the scientific value of the soft and hard X-ray band width boundary has been noted; therefore the option of upgrading XRISM's instruments to be partially capable of hard X-ray observation is under consideration.[18][19][needs update]

A hard X-ray telescope with abilities surpassing Hitomi was proposed in 2017.[20] The FORCE (Focusing On Relativistic universe and Cosmic Evolution) space telescope is a candidate for the next ISAS competitive medium class mission. If selected, FORCE would be launched after the mid-2020s, with an eye towards conducting simultaneous observations with ATHENA.[20][6]

## History

Following the premature termination of the Hitomi mission, on 14 June 2016 JAXA announced their proposal to rebuild the satellite.[21] The XARM pre-project preparation team was formed in October 2016.[22] In the U.S. side, formulation began in the summer of 2017.[5] In June 2017, ESA announced that they would participate in XARM as a mission of opportunity.[14]

## Instruments

[[ |thumb|An illustration of the range of cosmic temperatures including the temperature at which XRISM will work to ensure the optimal functioning of its instruments[23]]]

XRISM carries two instruments for studying the soft X-ray energy range, Resolve and Xtend. The satellite has separate telescopes for each of the instruments, SXT-I (Soft X-ray Telescope for Imager) and SXT-S (Soft X-ray Telescope for Spectrometer).[7] Both telescopes have a focal length of 5.6 m (18 ft).[2]

### Resolve

Resolve is an X-ray micro calorimeter developed by NASA and the Goddard Space Flight Center.[24] The instrument is a duplicate version of its Hitomi predecessor. It used some space-qualified hardware left from the manufacture of Hitomi 's SXS.[25]

### Xtend

Xtend is an X-ray CCD camera. Xtend improves on the energy resolution of Hitomi's SXI.[26]

## Launch

JAXA launched XRISM on 6 September 2023 at 23:42 UTC (7 September 08:42 Japan Standard Time) using an H-IIA rocket from Tanegashima Space Center. XRISM was successfully inserted into orbit on the same day, and the accompanying launch payload, SLIM, began its multi-month journey to the Moon.[1]

A protective shutter over the Resolve instrument's detector has failed to open. This does not prevent the instrument from operating, but limits it to observing X-rays of energy 1800 eV and above, as opposed to the planned 300 eV.[27][28] A similar shutter over Xtend has opened normally.

## See also

* Suzaku
* List of X-ray space telescopes
* X-ray astronomy

## References

### Notes

1. ↑ Saku Tsuneta, director general of ISAS describes ATHENA as being a "super ASTRO-H"
2. ↑ Hitomi/ASTRO-H was known as New X-ray Telescope (NeXT) during its proposal stage

### Citations

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Japanese H-IIA launches X-ray telescope and lunar lander". 2023-09-06. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/09/xrism-slim/.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 S. Tsuneta (2016-07-14). "Ｘ線天文衛星ASTRO‐H「ひとみ」の後継機の検討について" [Consideration of a successor to the X-ray astronomy satellite ASTRO-H "Hitomi"] (PDF) (Press release) (in 日本語). JAXA. Retrieved 2017-07-01.
3. ↑ "XRISM Spacecraft Will Open New Window on the X-ray Cosmos". NASA / GSFC. 2023-08-15. https://www.nasa.gov/universe/xrism-spacecraft-will-open-new-window-on-the-x-ray-cosmos/.
4. ↑ "XRISM factsheet". European Space Agency. https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/XRISM_factsheet.
5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Astrophysics". NASA. 2017-06-22. pp. 50. https://www.nsf.gov/attachments/190966/public/HertzAAAC2017Jun22FINAL2.pdf. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 "ASTRO-Hに対する高エネルギーコミュニティの総括と今後の方向性について" (in ja). JAXA. 2017-01-05. https://repository.exst.jaxa.jp/dspace/bitstream/a-is/609732/1/SA6000060006.pdf.
7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 7.7 "Ｘ線天文衛星代替機の検討状況について" (in ja). Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. 29 September 2016. http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/gijyutu/gijyutu2/059/shiryo/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2016/10/06/1377887_7.pdf.
8. ↑ "X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission: What's New?". NASA / GSFC. https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/xrism/whatsnew/.
9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "ISASニュース 2017.1 No.430" (in ja). Institute of Space and Astronautical Science. 22 January 2017. http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/outreach/isas_news/files/ISASnews430.pdf.
10. ↑ "Ｘ線天文衛星「ひとみ」の異常事象への対応と代替機の開発について" (in ja). Committee on National Space Policy of Japan. 18 August 2016. http://www8.cao.go.jp/space/comittee/dai52/siryou2-1.pdf.
11. ↑ Craft, R.; Bautz, M.; Tomsick, J. (29 January 2017). "Probing the Hot and Energetic Universe: X-rays and Astrophysics". NASA. https://pcos.gsfc.nasa.gov/physpag/meetings/APS_2017/Kraft_aps2017_xrsig_16_9_v2.pdf#page=9. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
12. ↑ "X線天文衛星 ASTRO-Hの衛星概要" (in ja). JAXA / ISAS. 2015-11-27. pp. 14. http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/topics/files/20151202_1.pdf.
13. ↑ "The 1st Athena Science Workshop JAXA Contribution". JAXA / ISAS. 2011-06-15. pp. 9. http://www2011.mpe.mpg.de/athena/workshop_mpe_2011/talks/Athena_Dotani_2011June15.pdf.
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "GRAVITATIONAL WAVE MISSION SELECTED, PLANET-HUNTING MISSION MOVES FORWARD". ESA. 20 June 2017. http://sci.esa.int/cosmic-vision/59243-gravitational-wave-mission-selected-planet-hunting-mission-moves-forward/.
15. ↑ J. Foust (2016-07-21). "NASA may build replacement instrument for Japanese astronomy mission". http://spacenews.com/nasa-may-build-replacement-instrument-for-japanese-astronomy-mission/.
16. ↑ "第９回 宇宙科学・探査小委員会 議事要旨" (in ja). Committee on National Space Policy of Japan. 1 November 2016. http://www8.cao.go.jp/space/comittee/27-kiban/kiban-dai26/siryou2.pdf.
17. ↑ "X-ray Astronomy Recovery Mission XARM". European Space Agency. 2017-06-08. https://www.cosmos.esa.int/documents/332006/1402684/MTashiro_t.pdf.
18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "宇宙開発利用部会（第30回）議事録" (in ja). Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. 29 September 2016. http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/gijyutu/gijyutu2/059/gijiroku/1379220.htm.
19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 "宇宙開発利用部会（第29回）議事録" (in ja). Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. 14 July 2016. http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/gijyutu/gijyutu2/059/gijiroku/1376305.htm.
20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "軟Ｘ線から硬Ｘ線の広帯域を高感度で撮像分光する小型衛星計画" (in ja). JAXA. 2017-01-06. https://repository.exst.jaxa.jp/dspace/bitstream/a-is/609717/1/SA6000060036.pdf.
21. ↑ "Astrophysics Implementation Plan: 2016 Update". NASA. 15 December 2017. https://smd-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/science-red/s3fs-public/atoms/files/APD_ImpPlan_2016-12-15_0.pdf#page=16.
22. ↑ "ISASニュース 2017.6 No.435" (in ja). JAXA / ISAS. 2017-06-23. pp. 6. http://www.isas.jaxa.jp/outreach/isas_news/files/ISASnews435.pdf.
23. ↑ "NASA Scientific Visualization Studio | A Guide to Cosmic Temperatures". NASA / GSFC. 2023-08-03. https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/14374/.
24. ↑ "Missions of Opportunity (MO) in Development – X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM) – Resolve". NASA / GSFC. https://explorers.gsfc.nasa.gov/unex_mo_intern.html#xarm. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
25. ↑ J. Foust (2016-06-13). "NASA and JAXA begin discussions on aftermath of Hitomi failure". http://spacenews.com/nasa-and-jaxa-begin-discussions-on-aftermath-of-hitomi-failure/.
26. ↑ "X線天文衛星ASTRO-Hのプロジェクト終了について" (in ja). Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. 30 May 2017. http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/gijyutu/gijyutu2/059/shiryo/__icsFiles/afieldfile/2017/06/20/1386893_1.pdf.
27. ↑ "XRISM's First Light and Operational Update" (Press release). JAXA. 2024-01-05. "...Resolve's spectra are still limited to 1,800 eV and above because the Dewar aperture door to protect the sensitive detector has yet to be opened...."
28. ↑ J. Kazmierczak (2024-01-05). "NASA/JAXA XRISM Mission Reveals Its First Look at X-ray Cosmos". science.nasa.gov (Press release). NASA / GSFC. "The door, designed to protect the detector before launch, has not opened as planned after several attempts. The door blocks lower-energy X-rays, effectively cutting the mission off at 1,700 electron volts compared to the planned 300."

## External links

* XRISM official website
* X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission (XRISM) at JAXA
* X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
* Beyond the loss of Hitomi (in Japanese)

* v
* t
* e

Japanese space program

* JAXA
* former ISAS
* NAL
* NASDA
* NICT
* USEF

Astronomical
observation|

| Completed|

* Akari
* ASCA
* Ginga
* Hakucho
* HALCA
* Hinotori
* Suzaku
* Tenma
* Yohkoh

|

In operation|

* Hinode
* Hisaki

Failed|

* Hitomi

Planned|

* ATHENA2
* EUVST
* HiZ-GUNDAM
* LiteBIRD
* Nano-JASMINE
* Small-JASMINE
* SPICA2
* WFIRST1
* WSO-UV5
* XRISM1

Canceled|

* Astro-G

Communications,
broadcasting and
positioning|

| Completed|

* BS
* 2X
* 3H
* 3N
* Kakehashi
* Kirari
* Kizuna
* Kodama
* MBSat
* N-STAR
* a
* b
* Sakura (1
* 2a
* 2b
* 3a
* 3b)
* Yuri
* 1
* 2a
* 2b
* 3a
* 3b

|

In operation|

* Kirameki
* 1
* 2
* Michibiki
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* MTSAT
* N-STAR
* c
* d

Planned|

* DSN
* 3
* JDRS
* QZS
* 1R
* 5
* 6
* 7

Earth observation|

| Completed|

* Akebono
* Daichi
* Denpa
* Fuyo-1
* Jikiken
* Kyokko
* Midori
* I
* II
* Momo
* 1
* 1b
* Ohozora
* Taiyo
* TRMM1
* Ume
* 1
* b

|

In operation|

* Aqua17
* Arase
* ASNARO
* 1
* 2
* Daichi-2
* GEOTAIL1
* GPM1
* Himawari
* Ibuki
* 2
* Shikisai
* Shizuku

Planned|

* ALOS
* 3
* 4
* EarthCARE2
* GOSAT-3

Engineering tests|

| Completed|

* Ayame
* 1
* 2
* DASH
* EXPRESS
* IKAROS
* Jindai
* Kiku
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7
* 8
* LDREX
* 1
* 2
* LRE
* Micro LabSat-1
* Myojo
* Ohsumi
* Orizuru
* Ryusei
* SERVIS-1
* SERVIS-2
* SDS-1
* Shinsei
* SFU
* Tansei
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* Tasuki
* Tsubasa
* USERS

|

In operation|

* Ajisai
* Reimei
* SDS-4
* Tsubame
* RAPIS-1

Planned|

* BEAK
* ETS-IX
* G-SATELLITE
* SERVIS-3
* Small Demonstration Satellite
* 2
* 3

Canceled|

* PETSAT
* SmartSat-1

Human spaceflight|

| Completed|

* H-II Transfer Vehicle
* 1
* 2
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* 7

|

In operation|

* H-II Transfer Vehicle
* 8
* International Space Station (ISS) & Kibo123456

Planned|

* H-II Transfer Vehicle
* 9
* X1
* Lunar Gateway1245

Cancelled|

* Fuji crewed spacecraft
* HOPE-X

Lunar and
planetary exploration|

| Completed|

* Hayabusa
* Hiten
* Kaguya (SELENE)
* Sakigake
* Suisei

|

In operation|

* Akatsuki
* BepiColombo (MMO/Mio)2
* Hayabusa2

Failed|

* Nozomi
* PROCYON
* Shin'en

Planned|

* Comet Interceptor2
* DESTINY+
* EQUULEUS
* HERACLES24
* JUICE2
* Mars Terahertz Microsatellite
* MELOS
* MMX
* OMOTENASHI
* SLIM

Cancelled|

* Lunar-A
* SELENE-2

Proposed|

* OKEANOS

Private
miniaturized satellites|

| Completed|

* CosMoz
* CUTE
* 1.7+APD
* Fuji
* 1
* 2
* Hayato
* HIT-SAT
* Kagayaki
* Kanta-kun (WEOS)
* Kūkai
* Maido-1
* Negai☆″
* Niwaka
* RAIKO
* Waseda-SAT2
* WE WISH

|

In operation|

* CUTE
* 1
* 1.7+APDII
* Fuji-3
* Hitomi
* Horyu
* 2
* Kiseki
* PROITERES
* Raijin
* RISING-2
* SEEDS
* SOCRATES
* XI
* IV
* V

Planned|

* DRUMS
* QSAT-EOS
* SOMESAT
* SPROUT
* TSUBAME
* WNI satellite

Reconnaissance|

| Completed|

* IGS-Optical
* 1
* 2
* Experimentally 3
* IGS-Radar
* 1
* 2

|

In operation|

* IGS-Optical
* 3
* 4
* 5
* 6
* Experimentally 5
* IGS-Rader
* 3
* 4
* Spare
* 5
* 6

Planned|

* IGS-Optical
* 7
* 8
* IGS-Rader
* 7
* 8

* Italics indicates projects in development.
* Superscripts indicate joint development with1NASA, 2ESA, 3ASI, 4CSA, 5RKA, 6AEB and 7INPE.

* v
* t
* e

Space observatories

Operating|

* AGILE (since 2007)
* AMS-02 (since 2011)
* Aoi (since 2018)
* ASTERIA (since 2017)
* Astrosat (since 2015)
* BRITE constellation (since 2013)
* CALET (since 2015)
* Chandra (AXAF) (since 1999)
* DAMPE (since 2015)
* Fermi (since 2008)
* Gaia (since 2013)
* HXMT (Insight) (since 2017)
* Hinode (Solar-B) (since 2006)
* HiRISE (since 2005)
* Hisaki (SPRINT-A) (since 2013)
* Hubble (since 1990)
* INTEGRAL (since 2002)
* IBEX (since 2008)
* IRIS (since 2013)
* ISS-CREAM (since 2017)
* MAXI (since 2009)
* Mikhailo Lomonosov (since 2016)
* Mini-EUSO (since 2019)
* NCLE (since 2018)
* NEOSSat (since 2013)
* NICER (since 2017)
* NuSTAR (since 2012)
* Odin (since 2001)
* SDO (since 2010)
* SOHO (since 1995)
* SOLAR (since 2008)
* Spektr-RG (since 2019)
* Spitzer (since 2003)
* STEREO (since 2006)
* Swift (since 2004)
* TESS (since 2018)
* WISE (since 2009)
* XMM-Newton (since 1999)

Planned|

* CHEOPS (2019)
* iWF-MAXI (2019)
* Astro-1 Telescope (2020)
* ILO-1 (2020)
* LUCI (2020)
* Nano-JASMINE (2020)
* ORBIS (2020)
* Solar Orbiter (SolO) (2020)
* IXPE (2021)
* James Webb (JWST) (2021)
* LORD (2021)
* SVOM (2021)
* XPoSat (2021)
* Euclid (2022)
* Space Solar Telescope (2022)
* XRISM (2022)
* Xuntian (2022)
* K-EUSO (2023)
* Solar-C (2023)
* SPHEREx (2023)
* Small-JASMINE (2024)
* Near-Earth Object Surveillance Mission (2025+)
* Spektr-UV (2025)
* WFIRST (2025+)
* PLATO (2026)
* LiteBIRD (2027)
* ARIEL (2028)
* Spektr-M (2030+)
* ATHENA (2031)
* LISA (2034)

Proposed|

* Arcus
* AstroSat-2
* EXCEDE
* Fresnel Imager
* FOCAL
* HabEx
* Hibari
* Hypertelescope
* JEM-EUSO
* LUVOIR
* ATLAST
* HDST
* Lynx
* Nautilus Deep Space Observatory
* New Worlds Mission
* NRO donation to NASA
* OST
* PhoENiX
* Solar-D
* SPICA
* THEIA
* THESEUS

Retired|

* Akari (Astro-F) (2006–2011)
* ALEXIS (1993–2005)
* Alouette 1 (1962–1972)
* Ariel 1 (1962, 1964)
* Ariel 2 (1964)
* Ariel 3 (1967–1969)
* Ariel 4 (1971–1972)
* Ariel 5 (1974–1980)
* Ariel 6 (1979–1982)
* ATM (1973–1974)
* ASCA (Astro-D) (1993–2000)
* Astro-1 (1990)
* BBXRT
* HUT
* Astro-2 (HUT) (1995)
* Astron (1983–1989)
* ANS (1974–1976)
* BeppoSAX (1996–2003)
* CHIPSat (2003–2008)
* Compton (CGRO) (1991–2000)
* CoRoT (2006–2013)
* Cos-B (1975–1982)
* COBE (1989–1993)
* DXS (1993)
* EPOCh (2008)
* EPOXI (2010)
* Explorer 11 (1961)
* EXOSAT (1983–1986)
* EUVE (1992–2001)
* FUSE (1999–2007)
* Kvant-1 (1987–2001)
* GALEX (2003–2013)
* Gamma (1990–1992)
* Ginga (Astro-C) (1987–1991)
* Granat (1989–1998)
* Hakucho (CORSA-b) (1979–1985)
* HALCA (MUSES-B) (1997–2005)
* HEAO-1 (1977–1979)
* Herschel (2009–2013)
* Hinotori (Astro-A) (1981–1991)
* HEAO-2 (Einstein Obs.) (1978–1982)
* HEAO-3 (1979–1981)
* HETE-2 (2000–2008)
* Hipparcos (1989–1993)
* IUE (1978–1996)
* IRAS (1983)
* IRTS (1995–1996)
* ISO (1996–1998)
* IXAE (1996–2004)
* Kepler (2009–2018)
* Kristall (1990–2001)
* LEGRI (1997–2002)
* LISA Pathfinder (2015–2017)
* MOST (2003–2019)
* MSX (1996–1997)
* OAO-2 (1968–1973)
* OAO-3 (Copernicus) (1972–1981)
* Orbiting Solar Observatory
* OSO 1
* OSO 2/OSO B
* OSO 3
* OSO 4
* OSO 5
* OSO 6
* OSO 7
* OSO 8
* Orion 1 (1971)
* Orion 2 (1973)
* PAMELA (2006–2016)
* PicSat (2018)
* Planck (2009–2013)
* RELIKT-1 (1983–1984)
* R/HESSI (2002–2018)
* ROSAT (1990–1999)
* RXTE (1995–2012)
* SAMPEX (1992–2004)
* SAS-B (1972–1973)
* SAS-C (1975–1979)
* Solwind (1979–1985)
* Spektr-R (2011–2019)
* Suzaku (Astro-EII) (2005–2015)
* Taiyo (SRATS) (1975–1980)
* Tenma (Astro-B) (1983–1985)
* Uhuru (1970–1973)
* Vanguard 3 (1959)
* WMAP (2001–2010)
* Yokoh (Solar-A) (1991–2001)

Hibernating
(Mission completed)|

* SWAS (1998–2005)
* TRACE (1998–2010)

Lost|

* OAO-1 (1966)
* OAO-B (1970)
* CORSA (1976)
* OSO C (1965)
* ABRIXAS (1999)
* HETE-1 (1996)
* WIRE (1999)
* Astro-E (2000)
* Tsubame (2014–2015)
* Hitomi (Astro-H) (2016)

Cancelled|

* AOSO
* Astro-G
* Constellation-X
* Darwin
* Destiny
* EChO
* Eddington
* FAME
* FINESSE
* GEMS
* HOP
* IXO
* JDEM
* LOFT
* OSO J
* OSO K
* Sentinel
* SIM & SIMlite
* SNAP
* SPOrt
* TAUVEX
* TPF
* XEUS
* XIPE

See also|

* Great Observatories program
* List of space telescopes
* List of proposed space observatories
* List of X-ray space telescopes

* Category

* v
* t
* e

Explorers Program

List of Explorers Program missions

Missions|

| 1958–1992|

* Explorer 1
* 2†
* 3
* 4
* 5†
* S-1†
* 6 (S-2)
* 7 (S-1A)
* S-46A†
* 8
* S-56†
* 9 (S-56A)
* S-45†
* 10
* 11 (S-15)
* S-45A†
* S-55†
* 12 (EPE-A)
* 13 (S-55A)
* 14 (EPE-B)
* 15 (EPE-C)
* 16 (S-55B)
* 17 (AE-A)
* 18 (IMP-A)
* 19 (AD-A)
* S-66A (BE-A)†
* 20 (IE-A)
* 21 (IMP-B)
* 22 (BE-B)
* 23 (S-55C)
* 24 (AD-B)
* 25 (Injun 4, IE-B)
* 26 (EPE-D)
* 27 (BE-C)
* 28 (IMP-C)
* 29 (GEOS-A)
* 30 (Solrad 8)
* 31 (DME-A)
* 32 (AE-B)
* 33 (IMP-D)
* 34 (IMP-F)
* 35 (IMP-E)
* 36 (GEOS-B)
* 37 (Solrad 9)
* 38 (RAE-A)
* 39 (AD-C)
* 40 (Injun 5)
* 41 (IMP-G)
* 42 (Uhuru, SAS-A)
* 43 (IMP-H)
* 44 (Solrad 10)
* 45 (SSS-A)
* 46 (MTS)
* 47 (IMP-I)
* 48 (SAS-B)
* 49 (RAE-B)
* 50 (IMP-J)
* 51 (AE-C)
* 52 (Hawkeye 1)
* 53 (SAS-C)
* 54 (AE-D)
* 55 (AE-E)
* DADE-A†
* DADE-B†
* 56 (ISEE-1)
* 57 (IUE)
* 58 (HCMM)
* 59 (ICE)
* 60 (SAGE)
* 61 (Magsat)
* 62 (DE-1)
* 63 (DE-2)
* 64 (SME)
* 65 (CCE)
* 66 (COBE)
* 67 (EUVE)

|

MIDEX|

* 69 (RXTE)
* 71 (ACE)
* 77 (FUSE)
* 78 (IMAGE)
* 80 (WMAP)
* FAME
* 84 (Swift)
* 85–89 (THEMIS)
* 92 (WISE)
* 95 (TESS)
* 96 (ICON)
* SPHEREx

SMEX|

* 68 (SAMPEX)
* 70 (FAST)
* 73 (TRACE)
* 74 (SWAS)
* 75 (WIRE)†
* 81 (RHESSI)
* 83 (GALEX)
* 90 (AIM)
* 91 (IBEX)
* 93 (NuSTAR)
* 94 (IRIS)
* GEMS
* IXPE
* PUNCH
* TRACERS

UNEX/MO/I|

* HETE-1†
* 72 (SNOE)
* 76 (TERRIERS)†
* 79 (HETE-2)
* INTEGRAL
* 82 (CHIPSat)
* CINDI
* Suzaku
* TWINS
* Hitomi†
* NICER
* GOLD
* XRISM
* GUSTO
* CASE

Proposals|

| Proposals|

* FINESSE
* Arcus
* OHMIC
* ASTRE
* EXCEDE

|

* Green titles indicates active current missions
* Grey titles indicates cancelled missions
* Italics indicate missions yet to launch
* Symbol † indicates failure en route or before intended mission data returned

* v
* t
* e

Orbital launches in 2023

January|

* ION SCV-007 & 008 (Astrocast × 4), Orbiter SN1† (Unicorn-2G†, Unicorn-2H†), Vigoride-5, ICEYE × 3, Lynk Tower 03, Lynk Tower 04, ÑuSat × 4, Flock 4y × 36, KSF3 × 4, Gama Alpha, Lemur-2 × 6, Milspace-2 1, MilSpace-2 2, Platform 2, SpaceBEE × 12,
* Shijian 23
* ForgeStar-0†, STORK-6†
* OneWeb L16 (40 satellites)
* Apstar 6E
* Yaogan 37, Shiyan 22A, Shiyan 22B
* Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D 34, Jilin-1 Hongwai-01A × 2, Jilin-1 Mofang-02A × 3
* LDPE-3A, USA-342 / CBAS-2
* USA-343 / GPS III-06
* Starlink G2-4 (51 satellites)
* Hawk × 3
* IGS-Radar 7
* Starlink G5-2 (56 satellites)
* Starlink G2-6 (49 satellites), ION SCV-009

February|

* Starlink G5-3 (53 satellites)
* Elektro-L №4
* Amazonas Nexus
* Progress MS-22
* Starlink G5-4 (55 satellites)
* Starlink G2-5 (51 satellites)
* Inmarsat-6 F2
* ChinaSat 26
* Soyuz MS-23
* Starlink G6-1 (21 satellites)

March|

* SpaceX Crew-6
* Starlink G2-7 (51 satellites)
* ALOS-3†
* OneWeb L17 (40 satellites)
* Olymp-K №2 / Luch-5X №2
* SpaceX CRS-27
* Shiyan 19
* Capella 9, Capella 10
* Gaofen 13-02
* Starlink G2-8 (52 satellites)
* SES-18, SES-19
* Kosmos 2567 / Bars-M 4L
* BlackSky 18, BlackSky 19
* Starlink G5-5 (56 satellites)
* OneWeb L18 (36 satellites)
* Ofeq-13
* Kosmos 2568 / EO MKA №4
* Starlink G5-10 (56 satellites)
* PIESAT-1A 01, PIESAT-1B × 3
* Yaogan 34-04

April|

* Intelsat 40e / TEMPO
* JUICE
* ION SCV-010 (Kepler-20, Kepler-21), Vigoride-6, Hawk × 3, İMECE, ÑuSat × 4, DEWA SAT-2, LacunaSat-2F, Lemur-2 × 3, Sateliot_0 / Platform 3, TAIFA-1
* Fengyun 3G
* Starlink G6-2 (21 satellites)
* Starlink G3-5 (46 satellites)
* O3b mPOWER 3, O3b mPOWER 4

May|

* ViaSat-3.1
* Starlink G5-6 (56 satellites)
* TROPICS 05, TROPICS 06
* Tianzhou 6
* Starlink G2-9 (51 satellites)
* BeiDou-3 G4
* Starlink G6-3 (22 satellites)
* Iridium 9 (5 satellites), OneWeb L19 (15 satellites), JoeySat
* Axiom Mission 2
* Progress MS-23
* TROPICS 03, TROPICS 07
* Kondor-FKA №1
* Arabsat 7B (BADR-8)
* NVS-01
* Shenzhou 16
* Malligyong-1†
* Starlink G2-10 (52 satellites)

June|

* Starlink G6-4 (22 satellites)
* SpaceX CRS-28 (Maya-5, Maya-6)
* Shiyan 24A, Shiyan 24B
* Starlink G5-11 (52 satellites)
* ION SCV-011 (Unicorn-2I), Orbiter SN3, Blackjack Aces × 4, ICEYE × 4, ÑuSat × 4, Lemur-2 × 3, SpaceBEE × 14
* Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D × 8, Jilin-1 Gaofen-06A × 30, Jilin-1 Pingtai-02A × 2
* SATRIA
* Shiyan 25
* Starlink G5-7 (47 satellites)
* USA-345 / Orion 11
* Starlink G5-12 (56 satellites)
* Meteor-M №2-3

July|

* Euclid
* Syracuse 4B
* Starlink G5-13 (48 satellites)
* Starlink G6-5 (22 satellites)
* Chandrayaan-3 (Vikram, Pragyan)
* Starlink G5-15 (54 satellites)
* Lemur-2 × 2
* Starlink G6-15 (15 satellites)
* Starlink G6-6 (22 satellites)
* Yaogan 36-05 (3 satellites)
* Starlink G6-7 (22 satellites)
* Jupiter-3 / EchoStar-24

August|

* Cygnus NG-19
* Fengyun 3F
* Galaxy-37
* Starlink G6-8 (22 satellites)
* Kosmos 2569 / GLONASS-K2 13L
* Starlink G6-20 (15 satellites)
* S-SAR 02 / Huanjing-2F
* Luna 25
* Starlink G6-9 (22 satellites)

Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/a. Read more

|

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-Ray Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Astronomy:X-Ray_Imaging_and_Spectroscopy_Mission&oldid=4203331"
*[no.]: number
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template
*[MIDEX]: Medium-Class Explorers
*[UNEX]: University-class Explorers
*[MO]: Missions of Opportunity
*[I]: International Missions