Glacial erratic boulders of Estonia

The Letipea boulder (Ehalkivi), 2009

Glacial erratic boulders of Estonia are large boulders of rock which have been formed and moved into Estonia by glacial action during previous ice ages. Before the takeover of Estonia by the Soviet Union, these large boulders were a symbol of national identity.[1] They are now registered and protected by the Estonian government.[2]

These boulders are found in especially large quantities in Estonia. Most of the boulders greater than 30 metres in circumference found in northern Europe are in Estonia. There are 62 known boulders of this size in Estonia. Some particular large ones have been found in the sea, including some near Osmussaar that are 100 metres diameter. The Osmussaar boulders are believed to have been pushed there by glaciers from the Neugrund meteorite crater.[3]

The Estonian boulders were important in the development of the idea that northern Europe was once covered in glaciers. The first to suggest that the boulders were moved by glaciers was Russian mineralogist Vasily Severgin who was led to this conclusion by their similarity to Finnish basement rock at the very early date of 1815. However, Severgin was later to retract this theory in favour of the drift theory of Charles Lyell who believed they had been carried by icebergs. However, in the following years of the 19th century the glaciation theory slowly gained the ascendancy.[3]

## List of boulders

Ehalkivi (Sunset Glow Boulder) near Letipea is the largest erratic boulder in the glaciation area of North Europe. It has a height of 7 m, circumference of 48.2 m, a volume of 930 m3 and a mass of approximately 2,500 tonnes.

[ ⚑ ] 59°32′59″N 26°35′15″E﻿ / ﻿59.5498°N 26.5876°E﻿ / 59.5498; 26.5876

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The Kabelikivi is the second largest erratic boulder in Estonia, situated in Muuga, Viimsi Parish. It is 18.7 m long, 14.9 m wide and 6.4 m high, above ground volume is 728 m³.  |
The Aruküla Rock (Estonian: Aruküla hiidrahn) is a glacial erratic on the field of Aruküla, situated in Harju County, Estonia. It has a circumference of 35.2 m, height of 6.2 m.

[ ⚑ ] 59°12′50″N 25°24′18″E﻿ / ﻿59.2140°N 25.4049°E﻿ / 59.2140; 25.4049

Tubala boulder

[ ⚑ ] 58°57′37″N 22°46′18″E﻿ / ﻿58.9602°N 22.7718°E﻿ / 58.9602; 22.7718

Helgikivi. Situated in Kähu, Tõrva Parish, Valga County.

## References

1. ↑ Katrina Z. S. Schwartz, Nature and National Identity After Communism, University of Pittsburgh Press, p. 224, ISBN 9780822973140
2. ↑ Rob Smurr (2002), Nationalizing Nature: the history, preservation and meaning of glacial erratic boulders in Estonia
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Anto Raukos, "Evolution of the theory of continental glaciation in northern and eastern Europe" in R. H. Grapes, D. R. Oldroyd, A. Grigelis (eds), History of Geomorphology and Quaternary Geology, pp. 79-86, Geological Society of London, 2008 ISBN:1862392552.

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