Ranunculales

Ranunculales is an order of flowering plants. Of necessity it contains the family Ranunculaceae, the buttercup family, because the name of the order is based on the name of a genus in that family. Ranunculales belongs to a paraphyletic group known as the basal eudicots. It is sister to the remaining members of this group; in other words, it is sister to the remaining eudicots. Widely known members include poppies, barberries, hellebores, and buttercups.

## Contents

* 1 Taxonomy
* 1.1 Evolution
* 2 History
* 3 References
* 4 Bibliography
* 5 External links

## Taxonomy

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group recognized seven families in Ranunculales in their APG III system, published in 2009. In the preceding APG II system, they offered the option of three segregate families as shown below.[1]

* order Ranunculales

family Berberidaceae
family Circaeasteraceae

[+ family Kingdoniaceae ]
family Eupteleaceae
family Lardizabalaceae
family Menispermaceae
family Papaveraceae

[+ family Fumariaceae ]
[+ family Pteridophyllaceae ]
family Ranunculaceae

Note: "+ ..." = optionally separate family (that may be split off from the preceding family).

Under this definition, well-known members of Ranunculales include buttercups, clematis, columbines, delphiniums, and poppies.

A phylogeny of Ranunculales was published in 2009, based on molecular phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences. The authors of this paper revised the subfamilies and tribes of the order.[2] This is reflected in the subsequent revision of the APG, APG IV (2016).[3]

The analysis revealed that the order consisted of three clades, Eupteleaceae, Papaveraceae and a third clade, considered to be the "core" Ranuculales, consisting of the remaining five families. The phylogeny of the families is shown in the cladogram.

Cladogram of Ranunculales families[2]

| Ranunculales  |  |  |  |  |

Eupteleaceae

|

|  |  |

Papaveraceae

|

|  |  |  |  |

Circaeasteraceae

|

Lardizabalaceae

|  |  |

Menispermaceae

|

|  |  |

Berberidaceae

|

Ranunculaceae

### Evolution

The fossil form Leefructus, described in 2011, has been recognized as a member of this order.[4] Leefructus mirus shows fully developed leaves; stem and flower that are very similar in structure to those of the modern buttercups. The fossil is dated to 125 Mya (million years old) and it not only proves that Ranunculales is an ancient group of eudicots but demonstrates that the whole angiosperm clade may be older than expected. The structure of the plant and its age may lead to a new approach regarding the field that studies the evolution of flowering plants. The fact that Leefructus shows a well-developed structure similar to modern ranunculids suggests that this group of eudicots may have developed earlier than the age of the fossil.[5]

Another fossil has been described with the name Teixeiraea, also from the Cretaceous of Portugal.[6] The genus Atli from the Late Cretaceous of Canada appears to have had a liana-like growth habit.[7]

According to molecular clock calculations, the lineage that led to Ranunculales split from other plants about 132 Mya[8] or 140 Mya.[9]

## History

Historically the term Ranales was used to include the Ranunculaceae and related families, as described by Bentham and Hooker. This became replaced with Ranunculales by Melchior in 1964.[10]

The Cronquist system (1981) also recognised the order, but placed it in the subclass Magnoliidae, in class Magnoliopsida [= dicotyledons]. It used this circumscription:[11]

* order Ranunculales

family Ranunculaceae
family Circaeasteraceae
family Berberidaceae
family Sargentodoxaceae
family Lardizabalaceae
family Menispermaceae
family Coriariaceae
family Sabiaceae

In the Cronquist system, the Papaveraceae and Fumariaceae (including the plants in the optional family Pteridophyllaceae) were treated as a separate order Papaverales, placed in this same subclass Magnoliidae. The Cronquist circumscription of Ranunculales is now known to be polyphyletic. Sabiaceae is in a clade of eudicots separate from Ranunculales. Coriariaceae is now placed in the order Cucurbitales.[12]

## References

1. ↑ APG 2009.
2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Wang et al 2009.
3. ↑ APG 2016.
4. ↑ "Fossil is best look yet at an ancestor of buttercups". http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-03/iu-fib033111.php.
5. ↑ Ge Sun; David L. Dilcher; Hongshan Wang; Zhiduan Chen (2011). "A eudicot from the Early Cretaceous of China". Nature 471 (7340): 625–628. doi:10.1038/nature09811. PMID 21455178. Bibcode: 2011Natur.471..625S.
6. ↑ M. von Balthazar; K. Raunsgaard Pedersen; E. M. Friis (2005). "Teixeiraea lusitanica, a new fossil flower from the Early Cretaceous of Portugal with affinities to Ranunculales". Plant Systematics and Evolution 255 (1/2): 55–75. doi:10.1007/s00606-005-0347-z. Bibcode: 2005PSyEv.255...55B. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23655238.
7. ↑ Smith, Selena Y.; Little, Stefan A.; Cooper, Ranessa L.; Burnham, Robyn J.; Stockey, Ruth A. (2013). "A Ranunculalean Liana Stem from the Cretaceous of British Columbia, Canada: Atli morinii gen. et sp. nov." (in en). International Journal of Plant Sciences 174 (5): 818–831. doi:10.1086/669925. ISSN 1058-5893. Bibcode: 2013IJPlS.174..818S. https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/669925.
8. ↑ Magallon, S; Gomez-Acevedo, S; Sanchez-Reyes, LL; Tania Hernandez-Hernandez, T (2015). "A metacalibrated time-tree documents the early rise of flowering plant phylogenetic diversity". New Phytologist 207 (2): 437–453. doi:10.1111/nph.13264. PMID 25615647. Bibcode: 2015NewPh.207..437M.
9. ↑ Zeng, Liping; Zhang, Qiang; Sun, Renran; Kong, Hongzhi; Zhang, Ning; Ma, Hong (24 September 2014). "Resolution of deep angiosperm phylogeny using conserved nuclear genes and estimates of early divergence times". Nature Communications 5 (4956): 4956. doi:10.1038/ncomms5956. PMID 25249442. Bibcode: 2014NatCo...5.4956Z.
10. ↑ H. Melchior (1964). Adolf Engler. ed. Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (12th ed.). Berlin-Nikolassee, Gebr. Borntraeger. https://archive.org/details/syllabusderpflan02engl. I. Band: Allgemeiner Teil. Bakterien bis Gymnospermen. II. Band: Angiospermen.
11. ↑ Cronquist, A (1981). An integrated system of classification of flowering plants. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231038805. https://archive.org/details/integratedsystem0000cron.
12. ↑ Zhang, Li-Bing; Simmons, Mark P.; Kocyan, Alexander; Renner, Susanne S. (2006). "Phylogeny of the Cucurbitales based on DNA sequences of nine loci from three genomes: Implications for morphological and sexual system evolution". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39 (2): 305–322. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.10.002. PMID 16293423.

## Bibliography

* Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x.
* Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.
* Wang, Wei; Lu, An-Ming; Ren, Yi; Endress, Mary E.; Chen, Zhi-Duan (January 2009). "Phylogeny and classification of Ranunculales: Evidence from four molecular loci and morphological data". Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 11 (2): 81–110. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2009.01.001. Bibcode: 2009PPEES..11...81W.

## External links

* NCBI Taxonomy Browser

| Wikispecies has information related to Ranunculales

|

Template:Angiosperm orders Wikidata ☰ Q21021 entry

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranunculales. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biology:Ranunculales&oldid=4447313"