Competitiveness of elections

Competitiveness of elections is usually measured by the margin of victory.[1]

## United States

In American federal elections, races for U.S. Senate tend to be more competitive than those for U.S. House of Representatives.[2] Even in wave election years, the vast majority of U.S. House members keep their seats, with little pressure from the opposing party.[3] Competition in U.S. House races has been in decline since at least the 1960s.[4]

## References

1. ↑ Klarner, Carl; Berry, William; Carsey, Thomas; Jewell, Malcolm; Niemi, Richard; Powell, Lynda; Snyder, James (2013). State Legislative Election Returns (1967-2010). doi:10.3886/ICPSR34297.v1.
2. ↑ Nice, David (1984). "Competitiveness in house and senate elections with identical constituencies". Political Behavior 6 (1): 95–102. doi:10.1007/BF00988231.
3. ↑ "How Do We Make Elections More Competitive?". 2012-07-25. http://prospect.org/article/how-do-we-make-elections-more-competitive. Retrieved 2017-04-03.
4. ↑ Abramowitz, Alan I; Alexander, Brad; Gunning, Matthew (2006). "Incumbency, Redistricting, and the Decline of Competition in U.S. House Elections". The Journal of Politics 68 (1): 75–88. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2508.2006.00371.x.

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