Matrix (mass spectrometry)

In mass spectrometry, a matrix is a compound that promotes the formation of ions. Matrix compounds are used in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI), matrix-assisted ionization (MAI), and fast atom bombardment (FAB).

## Contents

* 1 Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
* 2 Matrix-assisted ionization
* 3 Fast atom bombardment
* 4 See also
* 5 References

## Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization

MALDI is an ionization technique where laser energy is absorbed by a matrix to create ions from large molecules without fragmentation. The matrix, typically in excess, is mixed with the analyte molecule and deposited on a target. A table of matrix compounds, their structures, laser wavelengths typically used, and typical application is shown below.

MALDI Matrix List Compound | Abbreviation | Structure | Wavelength (nm) | Applications

|
|
|
|

9-aminoacridine[1] | 9AA  |  | 337  | lipids, metabolites
α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid[2] | CHCA  |  | 337, 355  | peptides, lipids, nucleotides
ferulic acid[3][4] | FA  |  | 337, 355, 266  | proteins
2,5-dihydroxy benzoic acid|[5] | DHB  |  | 337, 355  | peptides, nucleotides, oligonucleotides, oligosaccharides
3-hydroxy picolinic acid[6] | HPA  |  | 337, 355  | oligonucleotides
picolinic acid[7] | PA  |  | 266  | oligonucleotides
sinapinic acid[3][4] | SA  |  | 337, 355, 266  | peptides, proteins, lipids

## Matrix-assisted ionization

Matrix-assisted ionization is an ionization method in mass spectrometry that creates ions via the creation of particles at atmospheric pressure and transfer to the vacuum of the mass analyzer.[8]

List of Matrix-assisted Ionization Compounds[9] Compound | Abbreviation | Structure

|
|

2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid  | DHB  |
2-aminobenzyl alcohol  |  |
anthranilic acid |  |
2-hydroxyacetophenone  |  |

## Fast atom bombardment

FAB uses a high energy beam of atoms directed at a surface to create ions.[10] FAB matrix compounds are typically liquids.

FAB Matrix List Compound | Abbreviation | Structure

|
|

glycerol |  |
thioglycerol  |  |
3-nitrobenzyl alcohol  | NBA  |
18-crown-6 ether  |  |
2-nitrophenyloctyl ether  | NPOE  |
diethanolamine |  |
triethanolamine |  |

## See also

* Desorption/ionization on silicon

## References

1. ↑ Vermillion-Salsbury, Rachal L.; Hercules, David M. (2002). "9-Aminoacridine as a matrix for negative mode matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization". Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 16 (16): 1575–1581. doi:10.1002/rcm.750. ISSN 0951-4198.
2. ↑ Beavis, R. C.; Chaudhary, T.; Chait, B. T. (1992). "α-Cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid as a matrix for matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry". Organic Mass Spectrometry 27 (2): 156–8. doi:10.1002/oms.1210270217.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Beavis, R. C.; Chait, B. T.; Standing, K. G. (1989). "Matrix-assisted laser-desorption mass spectrometry using 355 nm radiation". Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 3 (12): 436–9. doi:10.1002/rcm.1290031208. PMID 2520224. Bibcode: 1989RCMS....3..436B.
4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Beavis, R. C.; Chait, B. T.; Fales, H. M. (1989). "Cinnamic acid derivatives as matrices for ultraviolet laser desorption mass spectrometry of proteins". Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 3 (12): 432–5. doi:10.1002/rcm.1290031207. PMID 2520223. Bibcode: 1989RCMS....3..432B.
5. ↑ Strupat, K.; Karas, M.; Hillenkamp, F. (1991). "2,5-Dihidroxybenzoic acid: A new matrix for laser desorption—ionization mass spectrometry". International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes 72 (111): 89–102. doi:10.1016/0168-1176(91)85050-V. Bibcode: 1991IJMSI.111...89S.
6. ↑ Wu, K. J.; Steding, A.; Becker, C. H. (1993). "Matrix-assisted laser desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometry of oligonucleotides using 3-hydroxypicolinic acid as an ultraviolet-sensitive matrix". Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 7 (2): 142–6. doi:10.1002/rcm.1290070206. PMID 8457722. Bibcode: 1993RCMS....7..142W.
7. ↑ Tang, K.; Taranenko, N. I.; Allman, S. L.; Cháng, L. Y.; Chen, C. H.; Lubman, D. M. (1994). "Detection of 500-nucleotide DNA by laser desorption mass spectrometry". Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 8 (9): 727–30. doi:10.1002/rcm.1290080913. PMID 7949335. Bibcode: 1994RCMS....8..727T.
8. ↑ Peacock, Patricia M.; Zhang, Wen-Jing; Trimpin, Sarah (2017). "Advances in Ionization for Mass Spectrometry". Analytical Chemistry 89 (1): 372–388. doi:10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04348. ISSN 0003-2700.
9. ↑ Li, Jing; Inutan, Ellen D.; Wang, Beixi; Lietz, Christopher B.; Green, Daniel R.; Manly, Cory D.; Richards, Alicia L.; Marshall, Darrell D. et al. (2012). "Matrix Assisted Ionization: New Aromatic and Nonaromatic Matrix Compounds Producing Multiply Charged Lipid, Peptide, and Protein Ions in the Positive and Negative Mode Observed Directly from Surfaces". Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 23 (10): 1625–1643. doi:10.1007/s13361-012-0413-z. ISSN 1044-0305. Bibcode: 2012JASMS..23.1625L.
10. ↑ "Fast atom bombardment: a new mass spectrometric method for peptide sequence analysis". Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 101 (2): 623–31. 1981. doi:10.1016/0006-291X(81)91304-8. PMID 7306100.

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