Democracy indices (V-Dem)

Short description: Measure of the state of democracy by V-Dem Institute

The Democracy Indices by V-Dem are a dataset that describe qualities of different governments published by V-Dem Institute. This dataset is published on an annual basis and is publicly available and free.[1] In particular, the V-Dem dataset is popular among political scientists and describes the characteristics of political regimes worldwide. In total, datasets released by the V-Dem Institute include information on hundreds of indicator variables describing all aspects of government, especially on the quality of democracy, inclusivity, and other economic indicators. An R package automatically bundles new data.[2]

The V-Dem Institute's measures of democracy are the most elaborate and granular among several democracy indexes (such as the Polity data series and Freedom House's Freedom in the World).[3] By 2020, the V-Dem index had "more than 470 indicators, 82 mid-level indices, and 5 high-level indices covering 202 polities from the period of 1789–2019".[3] Each indicator is coded independently by at least five country experts.[3] V-Dem uses methodological tools to deal with rating reliability and confidence intervals in the expert ratings.[3] Political scientist Daniel Hegedus describes V-Dem as "the most important provider of quantitative democracy data for scholarly research".[3]

## Contents

* 1 Democracy indices
* 1.1 Regimes of the World
* 1.2 V-Dem Core
* 1.3 Other Indices
* 2 Rankings
* 3 Impact and usage
* 4 Digital Society Project
* 5 Criticisms
* 6 See also
* 7 References
* 8 Further reading
* 9 External links

## Democracy indices

### Regimes of the World

The Regimes of the World (RoW)[4][5] distinguishes four types of political systems: closed autocracies, electoral autocracies, electoral democracies, and liberal democracie, this classification is built on V-Dem Democracy Core indices.[6]

Template:Highlighted world map by country

Liberal democracy: "electoral democracy and citizens enjoy individual and minority rights, are equal before the law, and the actions of the executive are constrained by the legislative and the courts"

Electoral democracy: "citizens have the right to choose the chief executive and the legislature in meaningful, free and fair, and multi-party elections"

Electoral autocracy: "citizens have the right to choose the chief executive and the legislature through multi-party elections; but they lack some freedoms, such as the freedoms of association or expression that make the elections meaningful, free, and fair"

Closed autocracy: "citizens do not have the right to choose either the chief executive of the government or the legislature through multi-party elections"

Geographic areas without data

### V-Dem Core

The V-Dem institute publishes, as of 2022, 483 indicators unique to V-Dem institute and republishes 59 other indicators.[7][8] V-Dem publishes five core indices with several other supplementary indices. The core indices are the electoral democracy index, the liberal democracy index, the participatory democracy index, the Deliberative Democracy Index and the egalitarian democracy index.[9]

Map of V-Dem's 2023 Index of Liberal Democracy[10]
Red indicates more authoritarian, green indicates more democratic.

Template:Graph:Highlighted world map by country

The Electoral Democracy Index
This index measures the principle of electoral or representative democracy, including whether elections were free and fair, as well as the prevalence of a free and independent media. This index is part of all the other indices as a central component of democracy.[11]
Liberal Democracy Index
This index incorporates measures of rule of law, checks and balances, and civil liberties along with the concepts measured in the electoral democracy index.[11]
Participatory Democracy Index
This index measures the degree to which citizens participate in their own government through local democratic institutions, civil society organizations, direct democracy, and the concepts measured in the electoral democracy index.[11]
Deliberative Democracy Index
This index measures the degree to which decisions are made in the best interest of the people as opposed to due to coercion or narrow interest groups, in addition to the basic electoral democracy index.[11]
Egalitarian Democracy Index
This index measures the level of equal access to resources, power, and freedoms across various groups within a society, in addition to the level of electoral democracy.[11]

### Other Indices

The V-Dem institute publishes several other[which?] indices which are created, in part, with the assistance of other V-Dem indices.

## Rankings

The table below shows how countries score on the 5 high-level V-Dem Democracy indices in 2023.[10]

V-Dem Democracy Indices (13th edition) Country  | Electoral Democracy  | Liberal Democracy  | Participatory Democracy  | Deliberative Democracy  | Egalitarian Democracy

|
|
|
|
|

Denmark | 0.916  | 0.889  | 0.702  | 0.877  | 0.878
Norway | 0.899  | 0.857  | 0.645  | 0.872  | 0.86
Sweden | 0.899  | 0.87  | 0.643  | 0.806  | 0.816
Switzerland | 0.898  | 0.851  | 0.801  | 0.863  | 0.834
Estonia | 0.893  | 0.847  | 0.619  | 0.754  | 0.798
Ireland | 0.889  | 0.824  | 0.634  | 0.808  | 0.792
New Zealand | 0.889  | 0.834  | 0.67  | 0.779  | 0.786
Belgium | 0.887  | 0.825  | 0.633  | 0.812  | 0.823
Luxembourg | 0.881  | 0.797  | 0.584  | 0.839  | 0.822
France | 0.874  | 0.803  | 0.602  | 0.806  | 0.753
Spain | 0.873  | 0.791  | 0.618  | 0.765  | 0.724
Costa Rica | 0.871  | 0.821  | 0.627  | 0.821  | 0.771
Finland | 0.861  | 0.816  | 0.612  | 0.792  | 0.779
Australia | 0.858  | 0.814  | 0.614  | 0.786  | 0.726
Germany | 0.857  | 0.807  | 0.615  | 0.816  | 0.792
Czech Republic | 0.853  | 0.784  | 0.565  | 0.74  | 0.772
Netherlands | 0.852  | 0.8  | 0.58  | 0.804  | 0.765
Slovakia | 0.851  | 0.779  | 0.612  | 0.605  | 0.702
Canada | 0.847  | 0.739  | 0.6  | 0.715  | 0.669
Portugal | 0.846  | 0.753  | 0.58  | 0.737  | 0.723
Italy | 0.844  | 0.766  | 0.668  | 0.768  | 0.775
United Kingdom | 0.843  | 0.766  | 0.603  | 0.73  | 0.705
Japan | 0.833  | 0.736  | 0.537  | 0.744  | 0.761
Taiwan | 0.831  | 0.725  | 0.66  | 0.734  | 0.745
Argentina | 0.823  | 0.642  | 0.56  | 0.642  | 0.642
Latvia | 0.821  | 0.73  | 0.583  | 0.689  | 0.695
United States of America | 0.819  | 0.741  | 0.582  | 0.711  | 0.582
Iceland | 0.819  | 0.732  | 0.6  | 0.714  | 0.73
South Korea | 0.812  | 0.732  | 0.539  | 0.682  | 0.698
Chile | 0.811  | 0.755  | 0.571  | 0.758  | 0.619
Uruguay | 0.804  | 0.715  | 0.639  | 0.662  | 0.632
Slovenia | 0.799  | 0.704  | 0.579  | 0.702  | 0.685
Jamaica | 0.797  | 0.695  | 0.529  | 0.678  | 0.659
Lithuania | 0.797  | 0.741  | 0.588  | 0.648  | 0.687
Austria | 0.794  | 0.7  | 0.556  | 0.671  | 0.71
Trinidad and Tobago | 0.784  | 0.666  | 0.503  | 0.713  | 0.629
Greece | 0.783  | 0.6  | 0.536  | 0.684  | 0.659
Malta | 0.782  | 0.641  | 0.555  | 0.634  | 0.692
Barbados | 0.782  | 0.666  | 0.331  | 0.687  | 0.651
Cyprus | 0.777  | 0.644  | 0.479  | 0.63  | 0.672
Vanuatu | 0.771  | 0.656  | 0.483  | 0.615  | 0.596
Suriname | 0.77  | 0.653  | 0.498  | 0.606  | 0.579
Seychelles | 0.761  | 0.675  | 0.325  | 0.688  | 0.634
Moldova | 0.752  | 0.642  | 0.52  | 0.674  | 0.582
Cape Verde | 0.75  | 0.647  | 0.466  | 0.618  | 0.565
Peru | 0.744  | 0.627  | 0.517  | 0.444  | 0.455
Croatia | 0.738  | 0.648  | 0.507  | 0.587  | 0.577
Panama | 0.729  | 0.556  | 0.432  | 0.56  | 0.445
Israel | 0.723  | 0.65  | 0.473  | 0.612  | 0.591
Timor-Leste | 0.695  | 0.504  | 0.432  | 0.497  | 0.434
South Africa | 0.692  | 0.581  | 0.43  | 0.598  | 0.479
Senegal | 0.69  | 0.532  | 0.386  | 0.563  | 0.517
Colombia | 0.689  | 0.541  | 0.47  | 0.537  | 0.381
Romania | 0.689  | 0.547  | 0.499  | 0.35  | 0.482
Bulgaria | 0.688  | 0.613  | 0.486  | 0.588  | 0.546
Sao Tome and Principe | 0.684  | 0.578  | 0.429  | 0.521  | 0.488
Dominican Republic | 0.679  | 0.465  | 0.46  | 0.605  | 0.369
Brazil | 0.678  | 0.523  | 0.424  | 0.448  | 0.324
Ecuador | 0.657  | 0.5  | 0.462  | 0.461  | 0.41
Georgia | 0.647  | 0.504  | 0.408  | 0.532  | 0.515
Nepal | 0.646  | 0.501  | 0.427  | 0.394  | 0.419
Armenia | 0.645  | 0.445  | 0.401  | 0.502  | 0.54
Malawi | 0.642  | 0.538  | 0.406  | 0.511  | 0.382
Lesotho | 0.641  | 0.504  | 0.401  | 0.493  | 0.505
Liberia | 0.634  | 0.461  | 0.35  | 0.428  | 0.41
Namibia | 0.634  | 0.507  | 0.381  | 0.463  | 0.323
Ghana | 0.633  | 0.543  | 0.316  | 0.526  | 0.47
The Gambia | 0.62  | 0.496  | 0.395  | 0.458  | 0.421
Solomon Islands | 0.618  | 0.476  | 0.366  | 0.359  | 0.343
Kosovo | 0.618  | 0.463  | 0.36  | 0.414  | 0.432
Mexico | 0.598  | 0.346  | 0.4  | 0.358  | 0.331
Bolivia | 0.597  | 0.348  | 0.417  | 0.354  | 0.4
Maldives | 0.583  | 0.44  | 0.323  | 0.43  | 0.402
Paraguay | 0.581  | 0.433  | 0.354  | 0.346  | 0.252
Botswana | 0.577  | 0.462  | 0.375  | 0.378  | 0.399
Sri Lanka | 0.575  | 0.412  | 0.343  | 0.328  | 0.369
Poland | 0.574  | 0.425  | 0.353  | 0.358  | 0.494
Indonesia | 0.574  | 0.422  | 0.385  | 0.487  | 0.316
Mongolia | 0.566  | 0.431  | 0.293  | 0.434  | 0.38
Sierra Leone | 0.559  | 0.424  | 0.362  | 0.508  | 0.394
Honduras | 0.556  | 0.402  | 0.35  | 0.377  | 0.253
North Macedonia | 0.551  | 0.365  | 0.369  | 0.371  | 0.364
Bhutan | 0.535  | 0.434  | 0.328  | 0.495  | 0.446
Guyana | 0.535  | 0.365  | 0.312  | 0.26  | 0.38
Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.528  | 0.365  | 0.318  | 0.355  | 0.366
Kenya | 0.522  | 0.425  | 0.36  | 0.449  | 0.353
Mauritius | 0.521  | 0.385  | 0.336  | 0.455  | 0.409
Zambia | 0.518  | 0.433  | 0.352  | 0.462  | 0.321
Niger | 0.511  | 0.382  | 0.329  | 0.461  | 0.354
Montenegro | 0.501  | 0.404  | 0.3  | 0.389  | 0.401
Madagascar | 0.495  | 0.259  | 0.293  | 0.283  | 0.217
Nigeria | 0.49  | 0.32  | 0.327  | 0.322  | 0.266
Albania | 0.484  | 0.409  | 0.3  | 0.273  | 0.355
Papua New Guinea | 0.458  | 0.366  | 0.275  | 0.273  | 0.268
Benin | 0.45  | 0.305  | 0.266  | 0.297  | 0.35
Hungary | 0.445  | 0.337  | 0.294  | 0.213  | 0.324
Malaysia | 0.438  | 0.304  | 0.255  | 0.323  | 0.339
Ivory Coast | 0.437  | 0.239  | 0.304  | 0.399  | 0.258
Guatemala | 0.435  | 0.263  | 0.259  | 0.239  | 0.174
Philippines | 0.431  | 0.283  | 0.287  | 0.36  | 0.193
Togo | 0.426  | 0.239  | 0.273  | 0.359  | 0.313
Lebanon | 0.426  | 0.258  | 0.248  | 0.319  | 0.26
Singapore | 0.425  | 0.339  | 0.121  | 0.356  | 0.361
Somaliland | 0.421  | 0.261  | 0.257  | 0.262  | 0.172
Ukraine | 0.406  | 0.234  | 0.273  | 0.351  | 0.317
Fiji | 0.406  | 0.267  | 0.215  | 0.303  | 0.282
India | 0.399  | 0.306  | 0.262  | 0.295  | 0.235
Tanzania | 0.398  | 0.359  | 0.264  | 0.334  | 0.348
Mauritania | 0.395  | 0.163  | 0.26  | 0.28  | 0.133
Pakistan | 0.388  | 0.26  | 0.256  | 0.32  | 0.156
Kyrgyzstan | 0.382  | 0.228  | 0.204  | 0.284  | 0.232
El Salvador | 0.378  | 0.147  | 0.218  | 0.149  | 0.144
Guinea-Bissau | 0.371  | 0.152  | 0.171  | 0.194  | 0.217
Gabon | 0.369  | 0.209  | 0.252  | 0.282  | 0.28
Iraq | 0.362  | 0.197  | 0.195  | 0.222  | 0.187
Mozambique | 0.362  | 0.243  | 0.229  | 0.225  | 0.244
Serbia | 0.361  | 0.265  | 0.25  | 0.231  | 0.316
Angola | 0.344  | 0.174  | 0.112  | 0.163  | 0.145
Democratic Republic of the Congo | 0.337  | 0.154  | 0.186  | 0.275  | 0.182
Central African Republic | 0.321  | 0.17  | 0.131  | 0.17  | 0.155
Ethiopia | 0.319  | 0.152  | 0.168  | 0.258  | 0.22
Kuwait | 0.317  | 0.301  | 0.101  | 0.267  | 0.236
Tunisia | 0.307  | 0.223  | 0.223  | 0.293  | 0.305
Cameroon | 0.297  | 0.137  | 0.122  | 0.122  | 0.191
Burkina Faso | 0.295  | 0.219  | 0.183  | 0.273  | 0.23
Uganda | 0.285  | 0.2  | 0.18  | 0.262  | 0.173
Zimbabwe | 0.285  | 0.186  | 0.215  | 0.215  | 0.189
Comoros | 0.284  | 0.115  | 0.206  | 0.191  | 0.226
Zanzibar | 0.284  | 0.233  | 0.173  | 0.264  | 0.256
Algeria | 0.281  | 0.134  | 0.11  | 0.184  | 0.26
Kazakhstan | 0.277  | 0.14  | 0.114  | 0.178  | 0.224
Turkey | 0.276  | 0.118  | 0.164  | 0.084  | 0.209
Bangladesh | 0.274  | 0.109  | 0.127  | 0.121  | 0.114
Morocco | 0.264  | 0.251  | 0.161  | 0.255  | 0.208
Palestine (West Bank)  | 0.26  | 0.139  | 0.173  | 0.148  | 0.211
Jordan | 0.259  | 0.249  | 0.12  | 0.22  | 0.203
Djibouti | 0.255  | 0.125  | 0.151  | 0.147  | 0.192
Haiti | 0.248  | 0.155  | 0.109  | 0.215  | 0.07
Mali | 0.235  | 0.153  | 0.175  | 0.252  | 0.198
Republic of the Congo | 0.234  | 0.107  | 0.189  | 0.193  | 0.131
Rwanda | 0.228  | 0.117  | 0.172  | 0.213  | 0.211
Uzbekistan | 0.221  | 0.081  | 0.064  | 0.16  | 0.16
Venezuela | 0.214  | 0.064  | 0.159  | 0.041  | 0.106
Libya | 0.213  | 0.11  | 0.156  | 0.229  | 0.15
Russia | 0.209  | 0.071  | 0.142  | 0.073  | 0.15
Thailand | 0.206  | 0.179  | 0.109  | 0.073  | 0.16
Cambodia | 0.206  | 0.063  | 0.117  | 0.067  | 0.092
Guinea | 0.191  | 0.098  | 0.17  | 0.08  | 0.132
Burundi | 0.189  | 0.079  | 0.087  | 0.079  | 0.107
Azerbaijan | 0.188  | 0.063  | 0.059  | 0.048  | 0.098
Iran | 0.182  | 0.105  | 0.047  | 0.093  | 0.171
Cuba | 0.178  | 0.056  | 0.088  | 0.098  | 0.229
Nicaragua | 0.177  | 0.034  | 0.114  | 0.028  | 0.081
Egypt | 0.175  | 0.118  | 0.092  | 0.091  | 0.093
Belarus | 0.175  | 0.042  | 0.059  | 0.039  | 0.224
Tajikistan | 0.175  | 0.048  | 0.054  | 0.055  | 0.07
Equatorial Guinea | 0.172  | 0.051  | 0.048  | 0.043  | 0.111
Oman | 0.17  | 0.137  | 0.121  | 0.062  | 0.185
Sudan | 0.169  | 0.074  | 0.09  | 0.063  | 0.102
Somalia | 0.162  | 0.101  | 0.09  | 0.145  | 0.081
Vietnam | 0.157  | 0.115  | 0.159  | 0.174  | 0.194
Hong Kong | 0.154  | 0.126  | 0.056  | 0.048  | 0.191
Turkmenistan | 0.149  | 0.035  | 0.032  | 0.025  | 0.088
Chad | 0.14  | 0.031  | 0.087  | 0.101  | 0.069
Palestine (Gaza)  | 0.138  | 0.081  | 0.122  | 0.071  | 0.165
Syria | 0.138  | 0.033  | 0.051  | 0.034  | 0.054
Laos | 0.134  | 0.108  | 0.115  | 0.057  | 0.129
South Sudan | 0.129  | 0.059  | 0.05  | 0.036  | 0.036
Yemen | 0.123  | 0.045  | 0.069  | 0.03  | 0.026
Bahrain | 0.122  | 0.055  | 0.036  | 0.068  | 0.113
Eswatini | 0.12  | 0.096  | 0.079  | 0.036  | 0.061
United Arab Emirates | 0.101  | 0.086  | 0.032  | 0.086  | 0.136
Myanmar | 0.093  | 0.046  | 0.093  | 0.062  | 0.067
Qatar | 0.088  | 0.083  | 0.022  | 0.104  | 0.099
North Korea | 0.087  | 0.01  | 0.045  | 0.011  | 0.084
Afghanistan | 0.082  | 0.028  | 0.019  | 0.025  | 0.019
China | 0.075  | 0.04  | 0.042  | 0.079  | 0.088
Eritrea | 0.073  | 0.012  | 0.011  | 0.033  | 0.124
Saudi Arabia | 0.016  | 0.043  | 0.026  | 0.06  | 0.109

## Impact and usage

Countries autocratizing (red) or democratizing (blue) substantially and significantly (2010–2020). Countries in grey are substantially unchanged.[12]

A variety of other organizations use V-Dem's dataset in the construction of their indicators.[13][14] USAID's Journey to Self Reliance Country Roadmap uses V-Dem's data to inform three of its indicators: Liberal Democracy (from V-Dem's Liberal Democracy Index), Social Group Equality (from V-Dem's Social Group Equality in Respect for Civil Liberties) and Civil Society and Media Effectiveness (from V-Dem's Diagonal Accountability Index).[13] The World Bank's Worldwide Governance Indicators also use V-Dem's data to inform their Control of Corruption indicator (includes V-Dem's Corruption index), Rule of Law Indicator (includes V-Dem's liberal component index), and the Voice and Accountability Indicator (includes V-Dem's Expanded freedom of expression, freedom of association, and Clean elections indicators).[14]

## Digital Society Project

The Digital Society Project is a subset of indicators on V-Dem's survey that asks questions about social media's political status and the internet.[11] Specifically, the Digital Society Project measures a range of questions related to internet censorship, misinformation online, and internet shutdowns.[15] This annual report includes 35 indicators assessing five areas: disinformation, digital media freedom, state regulation of digital media, the polarization of online media, and online social cleavages.[16][17] It has been updated each year starting in 2019, with data covering from 2000-2021.[16] Similar to other expert analyses like Freedom House, these data are more prone to false positives when compared with remotely sensed data, such as that from Access Now or the OpenNet Initiative.[17]

## Criticisms

V-Dem rankings were criticized by political sociologist Salvatore Babones for their decision to downgrade India while under Narendra Modi's premiership and called for a retraction, noting their evidence to be flawed and wildly disproportionate. While he agreed that the statistical models used by V-Dem for ranking countries are world-class, the problem with indices, according to him, derives from "idiosyncratic choice of indicators", "inexplicable scaling decisions", and "vulnerability to expert biases".[18][19] He found that V-Dem electoral indicators cannot differentiate between genuine & 'sham' democracies because of which one-party dictatorships can score higher than real democracies on election quality.[20][21] Political scientist Asutosh Varshney called V-Dem's proposition that India is an electoral autocracy an "overstretched claim".[22]

Political scientist Jonas Wolff criticized V-Dem for gradually abandoning a pluralist conceptualization of democracy. According to him, V-Dem has moved away from its original emphasis on the conceptual varieties of democracy and adopted an uncontested view of democracy as a liberal democracy while also ignoring the limitations of liberal democracy.[23]

## See also

* Democracy index

## References

1. ↑ "New index rates countries by degree of freedom for scholars". https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2020/03/30/new-index-rates-countries-degree-freedom-scholars.
2. ↑ V-Dem Institute (2022). "The V-Dem Dataset". https://www.v-dem.net/data/the-v-dem-dataset/.
3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Hegedüs, Daniel (2020). "Varieties of Democracy: Measuring Two Centuries of Political Change. By Michael Coppedge, John Gerring, Adam Glynn, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Daniel Pemstein, Brigitte Seim, Svend-Erik Skaaning, and Jan Teorell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. 226p. $99.99 cloth." (in en). Perspectives on Politics 18 (4): 1258–1260. doi:10.1017/S1537592720003059. ISSN 1537-5927.
4. ↑ Lührmann, Anna, Marcus Tannenberg, and Staffan I. Lindberg. "Regimes of the world (RoW): Opening new avenues for the comparative study of political regimes". Politics and Governance 6.1 (2018): 60.
5. ↑ Herre, Bastian (December 2, 2021). "The 'Regimes of the World' data: how do researchers measure democracy?". https://ourworldindata.org/regimes-of-the-world-data.
6. ↑ Herre, Bastian; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Roser, Max (2013-03-15). "Democracy". Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/democracy. Retrieved 2023-03-16.
7. ↑ "New democracy dataset to 'revolutionize' democracy research". https://news.nd.edu/news/new-democracy-dataset-to-revolutionize-democracy-research/.
8. ↑ Tucker, Joshua. "Open data and (15 million!) new measures of democracy". Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/02/12/open-data-and-15-million-new-measures-of-democracy/.
9. ↑ Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Kyle L. Marquardt, Juraj Medzihorsky, Daniel Pemstein, Nazifa Alizada, Lisa Gastaldi, Garry Hindle, Johannes von Römer, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, and Steven Wilson. 2020. "V-Dem Methodology v10". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.
10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi, Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Garry Hindle, Nina Ilchenko, Joshua Krusell, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Juraj Medzihorsky, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Josefine Pernes, Johannes von Römer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundström, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, Steven Wilson and Daniel Ziblatt. 2021. "V-Dem [Country–Year/Country–Date] Dataset v11.1" Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. https://doi.org/10.23696/vdemds21.
11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg,Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish, Lisa Gastaldi,Haakon Gjerløw, Adam Glynn, Allen Hicken, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Kyle L. Marquardt, Kelly McMann, Valeriya Mechkova, Pamela Paxton, Daniel Pemstein, Johannes vonRömer, Brigitte Seim, Rachel Sigman, Svend-Erik Skaaning, Jeffrey Staton, Aksel Sundtröm, EitanTzelgov, Luca Uberti, Yi-ting Wang, Tore Wig, and Daniel Ziblatt (2021). "V-Dem Codebook v11". Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project.
12. ↑ Nazifa Alizada, Rowan Cole, Lisa Gastaldi, Sandra Grahn, Sebastian Hellmeier, Palina Kolvani, Jean Lachapelle, Anna Lührmann, Seraphine F. Maerz, Shreeya Pillai, and Staffan I. Lindberg. 2021. Autocratization Turns Viral. Democracy Report 2021. University of Gothenburg: V-Dem Institute. https://www.v-dem.net/media/filer_public/74/8c/748c68ad-f224-4cd7-87f9-8794add5c60f/dr_2021_updated.pdf
13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 USAID (2020) FY 2021 USAID Journey to Self-Reliance Country RoadmapMethodology Guide. https://selfreliance.usaid.gov/docs/FY_2021_USAID_Journey_to_Self-Reliance_Country_Roadmap_Methodology_Guide.pdf
14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "WGI-Documents". The World Bank. https://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/Home/Documents.
15. ↑ Mechkova, V., Daniel P., Brigitte S.,&Steven W. (2020). Digital Society Project Dataset v2.Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project http://digitalsocietyproject.org/
16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Mechkova, Valeriya; Pemstein, Daniel; Seim, Brigitte; Wilson, Steven (2021). Digital Society Survey Codebook. Digital Society Project. http://digitalsocietyproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/DSP-Codebook-v3.pdf.
17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Fletcher, Terry; Hayes-Birchler, Andria (2020-07-30). "Comparing Measures of Internet Censorship: Analyzing the Tradeoffs between Expert Analysis and Remote Measurement". Data for Policy 2020. https://zenodo.org/record/3967398.
18. ↑ Jagannathan, R. (2023-02-28). "No method in the madness" (in en). https://www.business-standard.com/article/opinion/no-method-in-the-madness-123022801242_1.html.
19. ↑ Bhardwaj, Ananya (2022-11-07). "Sociologist who called Indian intellectuals 'anti-India' listed as 'foreign agent' in US, Australia" (in en-US). https://theprint.in/india/sociologist-who-called-indian-intellectuals-anti-india-listed-as-foreign-agent-in-us-australia/1202117/.
20. ↑ Babones, Salvatore. "ICR 2023 Indian Democracy Report: Inside the V-Dem Rankings". https://indiancentury.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/IRC-Inside-the-V-Dem-Rankings-Q.pdf.
21. ↑ Babones, Salvatore (2022-09-14). "Why India's democracy ranking should be taken with a grain of salt" (in en-US). https://theprint.in/opinion/why-indias-democracy-ranking-should-be-taken-with-a-grain-of-salt/1127765/.
22. ↑ Varshney, Ashutosh (2022-08-18). "India's Democratic Longevity and Its Troubled Trajectory" (in en). Democracy in Hard Places. pp. 34–C2.N48. doi:10.1093/oso/9780197598757.003.0002. ISBN 978-0197598757. https://academic.oup.com/book/43904/chapter/370126691.
23. ↑ Wolff, Jonas (2022-07-06). "From the Varieties of Democracy to the defense of liberal democracy: V-Dem and the reconstitution of liberal hegemony under threat". Contemporary Politics: 1–21. doi:10.1080/13569775.2022.2096191. ISSN 1356-9775. https://doi.org/10.1080/13569775.2022.2096191.

## Further reading

* Max Fisher, "U.S. Allies Drive Much of World's Democratic Decline, Data Shows: Washington-aligned countries backslid at nearly double the rate of non-allies, data shows, complicating long-held assumptions about American influence". The New York Times. November 16, 2021.
* Vanessa A. Boese, Markus Eberhardt: "Which Institutions Rule? Unbundling the Democracy-Growth Nexus", V-Dem Institute, Series 2022:131, February 2022.

## External links

* Official website

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