Dolmens of North Caucasus

Dolmen near the Zhane river

Concentrations of megaliths, dolmens (Adyghe: исп-унэ) and stone labyrinths dating between the end of the 4th millennium and the beginning of the 2nd millennium B.C. have been found (but little studied) throughout the Caucasus Mountains, including Abkhazia. Most of them are represented by rectangular structures made of stone slabs or cut in rocks with holes in their facade. These dolmens cover the Western Caucasus on both sides of the mountain ridge, in an area of approximately 12,000 square kilometres of Russia and Abkhazia.

The Caucasian dolmens represent a unique type of prehistoric architecture, built with precisely dressed large stone blocks. The stones were, for example, shaped into 90-degree angles, to be used as corners or were curved to make a circle.

While generally unknown in the rest of Europe, these structures are equal to the great megaliths of Europe in terms of age and quality of architecture, but are still of an unknown origin. In spite of the variety of Caucasian monuments, they show strong similarities with megaliths from different parts of Europe and Asia, like the Iberian Peninsula, Italy, France, Great Britain, Ireland, Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Iran and India. A range of hypotheses has been put forward to explain these similarities and the building of megaliths on the whole, but still it remains unclear.

Approximately 3,000 of these megalithic monuments are known in the Western Caucasus, but more are constantly being found, while some are being destroyed. Today, many are in great disrepair and will be completely lost if they are not protected from vandals and general neglect. The North Caucasus Dolmens make up a lost city by the shore of the Black Sea. The dolmens could have been vaults of metal objects or jewelry that were pillaged by the invading Scythians around the first millennium BC. The dolmens could have been of spiritual significance, and are becoming cherished again today.

## Contents

* 1 Architecture of Circassian dolmens
* 2 Other Russian megalithic sites
* 3 See also
* 4 References

## Architecture of Circassian dolmens

A dolmen near Gelendzhik.

The dolmens have a limited variety in their architecture. The floor plans are square, trapezoidal, rectangular and round. All of the dolmens are punctuated with a portal in the centre of the facade. While round portholes are the most common, square ones are also found. In front of the facade is a court that usually splays out, creating an area where rituals possibly took place. The court is usually outlined by large stone walls, sometimes over a meter high, which enclose the court. It is in this area that Bronze and Iron Age pottery has been found - which helped date these sites -, along with human remains, bronze tools and silver, gold and semi-precious stone ornaments.

The repertoire of decoration for these megalithic structures is not extensive. Vertical and horizontal zigzags, hanging triangles and concentric circles are the most common motifs. One decorative motif that is quite common is found across the top of the porthole slab. It can best be described as a lintel held up by two columns. Pairs of breasts, done in relief, have also been found on a few dolmens. These breasts usually appear above the two columns of the porthole decoration. Perhaps related to these are the stone plugs, which were used to block the porthole, and are found with almost every tomb. They are sometimes phallic-shaped.

Some unusual items associated with dolmens are big round stone balls, double balls and animal sculptures.

Dolmen pyramid in Mamed Canyon

One of the most interesting megalithic complexes – group of three dolmens - stands in a row on a hill above Zhane River on the Black Sea coast in the Krasnodar area near Gelendzhik, Russia. In this area there is a great concentration of all types of megalithic sites including settlements and dolmen cemeteries. Large stone mounds surrounded the two monuments.

The central dolmen is rectangular in plan, 4 x 4 meters, while the two flanking dolmens are circular, 4 and 5 meters in diameter. The two round dolmens had been bulldozed - probably in the 1950s - in order to harvest the surrounding trees, but the main structure of the central dolmen had not been damaged.
Another (fourth) dolmen near the Zhane River has a secret entrance at the back of the chamber, and a façade, dummy entrance and courtyard at the front of the dolmen. There in addition to these pristine dolmens were some ruined dolmens.

## Other Russian megalithic sites

Other important megalithic sites of Russia have been found along Russia’s northern shores with the White Sea and the Barents Sea as well as at Vera Island.

## See also

* Megalithic art
* List of megalithic sites

## References

* [1]
* [2]
* [3]

1. ↑ "West Caucasian Dolmens Project Page". 25 February 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070225094959/http://www.archeo.ru/eng/themes/dolmens/. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
2. ↑ "Статьи". 6 January 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070106162228/http://megalith.ru/articles/. Retrieved 30 December 2017.
3. ↑ "home page - dolmens.land". https://www.dolmens.land/. Retrieved 30 December 2017.

* v
* t
* e

European megaliths

Armenia|

* Metsamor
* Zorats Karer

Azerbaijan|

* Gobustan Rocks

Bulgaria|

* Beglik Tash
* Garlo

France|

* Barnenez
* Tumulus of Bougon
* Caixa de Rotllan
* Carnac
* Menhir de Champ-Dolent
* Dolmen de Bagneux
* Broken Menhir of Er Grah
* Dolmen de Mané-Kerioned
* Filitosa
* Gallardet Dolmen
* Gavrinis
* Harrespil
* Kerzerho
* Locmariaquer megaliths
* Mane Braz
* Paddaghju
* Peyre-Brune
* Tremeca
* Verziau of Gargantua

Germany|

* Altendorf
* Denghoog
* Fraubillen cross
* Harhoog
* Lancken-Granitz dolmens
* Lohra
* Megaliths in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
* Niedertiefenbach
* Oldendorfer Totenstatt
* Riesenstein
* Route of Megalithic Culture
* Sieben Steinhäuser
* Wotanstein
* Züschen

Guernsey|

* Castel Menhir
* Le Creux ès Faïes
* Déhus Dolmen
* Les Fouillages
* La Gran'mère du Chimquière
* Le Trépied
* La Varde

Ireland|

* Ardgroom
* Beltany stone circle
* Bohonagh
* Brownshill Dolmen
* Brú na Bóinne
* Carrigagulla
* Carrowmore
* Castlestrange stone
* Creevykeel Court Tomb
* Drombeg
* Gaulstown Portal Tomb
* Glantane East
* Grange stone circle
* High cross
* Knocknakilla
* Meehambee Dolmen
* Piper's Stones
* Poulnabrone dolmen
* Reask
* Templebryan Stone Circle
* Turoe stone
* Uragh Stone Circle

Jersey|

* Jersey Dolmens
* La Hougue Bie

Malta|

* Megalithic Temples (Borġ l-Imramma
* Borġ in-Nadur
* Buġibba
* Debdieba
* Ġgantija
* Ħaġar Qim
* Ħal Ġinwi
* Kordin
* Mnajdra
* Qortin l-Imdawwar
* Santa Verna
* Skorba
* Ta' Ħaġrat
* Ta' Marżiena
* Ta' Raddiena
* Tal-Qadi
* Tarxien
* Tas-Silġ
* Xemxija
* Xrobb l-Għaġin)
* Hypogeum of Ħal-Saflieni
* Xagħra Stone Circle

Netherlands|

* Hunebed

Poland|

* Brąchnówko
* Grzybnica
* Odry
* Węsiory

Portugal|

* Almendres Cromlech
* Anta de Adrenunes
* Anta de Agualva
* Anta do Alto da Toupeira‎
* Antas do Barrocal
* Anta de Carcavelos
* Anta da Estria
* Antas da Valeira
* Anta do Monte Abraão
* Antas do Olival da Pêga
* Anta da Pedra dos Mouros
* Anta das Pedras Grandes
* Anta da Vidigueira
* Anta Grande do Zambujeiro
* Barreira Megalithic Complex
* Cunha Baixa Dolmen
* Dolmen of Carapito I
* Great Dolmen of Comenda da Igreja
* Menhir of Outeiro
* Menhir of Bulhoa
* Vale Maria do Meio Cromlech
* Xerez Cromlech

Russia|

* Dolmens of North Caucasus
* Thunder Stone
* Megaliths in the Urals
* Russian Geoglyph

Scandinavia|

* Picture stones
* Runestones
* Stone circles
* Stone ships

Spain|

* Antequera Dolmens Site
* La chabola de la Hechicera
* Cova d'en Daina
* Dolmen de Axeitos
* Dolmen of Guadalperal
* Dolmen of Menga
* Dolmen de la Pastora
* Dolmen del prado de Lácara
* Dolmen de Viera
* Son Matge

Ukraine|

* Boundary Stones

United Kingdom|

England:

* Arbor Low
* Avebury
* Barbrook One
* Birkrigg
* Boscawen-Un
* Boskednan
* Brown Willy Cairns
* The Bull Ring
* Burnmoor stone circles
* Castlerigg
* Craddock Moor
* Devil's Arrows
* Doll Tor
* Drizzlecombe
* Duloe
* Fernacre
* Gardom's Edge
* Goodaver
* Grey Wethers
* Hoarstones
* Hordron Edge
* Hurlers
* Leper Stone
* Long Meg and Her Daughters
* Mên-an-Tol
* The Merry Maidens
* Mitchell's Fold
* Nine Ladies
* Nine Stones, Altarnun
* Pipers
* Rollright
* Rudston Monolith
* Scorhill
* Stannon
* Stanton Drew
* Stonehenge
* Stripple
* Swinside
* Trethevy Quoit
* Trippet

Northern Ireland:

* Aughlish
* Ballynoe
* Beaghmore
* Corick
* Drumskinny
* Legananny
* Giant's Ring

Scotland:

* Balquhain
* Callanish
* I
* II
* III
* IV
* VIII
* X
* Carlin
* Cat Stane
* Clach an Trushal
* Colmeallie
* Drybridge
* Easter Aquhorthies
* Lochmaben Stone
* Pictish
* Ring of Brodgar
* Sheldon
* Stenness
* Steinacleit
* Strichen
* Yonder Bognie

Wales:

* Barclodiad y Gawres
* Bedd Arthur
* Bedd Taliesin
* Bodowyr
* Bryn Cader Faner
* Bryn Celli Ddu
* Bryn Gwyn stones
* Capel Garmon
* Carreg Coetan Arthur
* Carreg Samson
* Coetan Arthur
* Foel Chwern
* Llanfechell
* Lligwy Burial Chamber
* Maen Llia
* Maen Madoc
* Meini Hirion
* Moel Tŷ Uchaf
* Parc Cwm long cairn
* Penrhos Feilw
* Pentre Ifan
* St Lythans burial chamber
* Trefignath
* Tinkinswood
* Tŷ Newydd Burial Chamber
* Whetstones

General articles|

* Standing stone
* Dolmen
* Henge
* Menhir
* Stone circle
* Stone row
* Concentric stone circle
* Recumbent stone circle
* Chambered cairn
* Harrespil
* Photographs of stone circles
* Middle Eastern megaliths

0.00

(0 votes)

Original source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolmens of North Caucasus. Read more

|

Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Social:Dolmens_of_North_Caucasus&oldid=141616"
*[v]: View this template
*[t]: Discuss this template
*[e]: Edit this template