Movement disorder

For the journal, see Movement Disorders (journal).

Movement disorder

Bilateral platysma dystonia (with involuntary jerk movement)

Movement disorder is a range of neurological motor disorders which may present with either slow movements or an excess of movements.[1]

Using the term movement disorders synonymously with basal ganglia or extrapyramidal diseases is generally an oversimplification; movement disorder encompasses a wider range of disorders.[1]

## Contents

* 1 Classification
* 2 Diagnosis
* 2.1 Types
* 3 Treatment
* 4 History
* 5 References
* 6 External links

## Classification[edit | edit source]

Movement Disorders[2] | ICD-9-CM  | ICD-10-CM

|
|

Hypokinetic Movement disorders |  |
Parkinson's disease (Primary or Idiopathic Parkinsonism)  | 332  | G20
Secondary Parkinsonism |  | G21
Parkinson plus syndromes |  |
Hallevorden-Spatz Disease  |  | G23.0
Progressive Supranuclear Ophthalmoplegia |  | G23.1
Striatonigral degeneration |  | G23.2
Hyperkinetic Movement disorders |  |
Dystonia |  | G24
Drug induced dystonia |  | G24.0
Idiopathic familial dystonia  | 333.6  | G24.1
Idiopathic nonfamilial dystonia  | 333.7  | G24.2
Spasmodic torticollis | 333.83  | G24.3
Ideopathic orofacial dystonia |  | G24.4
Blepharospasm | 333.81  | G24.5
Other dystonias  |  | G24.8
Other extrapyramidal movement disorders  |  | G25
Essential tremor | 333.1  | G25.0
Drug induced tremor  |  | G25.1
Other specified form of tremor  |  | G25.2
Tremor unspecified  |  | R25.1
Myoclonus | 333.2  | G25.3
Opsoclonus | 379.59  | H57
Chorea (rapid, involuntary movement)  |  |
Drug induced chorea  |  | G25.4
Rheumatic chorea (Sydenham's chorea)  |  | I02
Huntington's Chorea | 333.4  | G10
Ballismus (violent involuntary rapid and irregular movements)  |  | G25.85
Hemiballismus (affecting only one side of the body)  |  | G25.85
Athetosis (contorted torsion or twisting)  | 333.71  | R25.8
Dyskinesia (abnormal, involuntary movement)  |  |
Tardive dyskinesia |  |
Tic disorders (involuntary, compulsive, repetitive, stereotyped)  |  | F95
Tourette's syndrome |  | F95.2
Drug-induced tics and tics of organic origin  | 333.3  | G25.6
Stereotypic movement disorder |  | F98.5
Paroxysmal nocturnal limb movement  |  | G25.80
Painful legs (or arms), moving toes (or fingers) syndrome  |  | G25.81
Sporadic restless leg syndrome |  | G25.82
Familial restless leg syndrome  |  | G25.83
Stiff-person syndrome | 333.91  | G25.84
Abnormal head movements  |  | R25.0
Cramp and spasm  |  | R25.2
Fasciculation |  | R25.3

## Diagnosis[edit | edit source]

Step I : Decide the dominant type of movement disorder[3]

Step II : Make differential diagnosis of the particular disorder[citation needed]

Step II: Confirm the diagnosis by lab tests[citation needed]

* Metabolic screening
* Microbiology
* Immunology
* CSF examination
* Genetics
* Imaging
* Neurophysiological tests
* Pharmacological tests

### Types[edit | edit source]

Movement disorders are conventionally divided into two major categories- hyperkinetic and hypokinetic.

Hyperkinetic movement disorders refer to dyskinesia, or excessive, often repetitive, involuntary movements that intrude upon the normal flow of motor activity.

Hypokinetic movement disorders refer to akinesia (lack of movement), hypokinesia (reduced amplitude of movements), bradykinesia (slow movement), and rigidity. In primary movement disorders, the abnormal movement is the primary manifestation of the disorder. In secondary movement disorders, the abnormal movement is a manifestation of another systemic or neurological disorder.[4]

## Treatment[edit | edit source]

See also: Parkinson's disease

Treatment depends upon the underlying disorder.[5] Movement disorders have been known to be associated with a variety of autoimmune diseases.[6]

## History[edit | edit source]

Vesalius and Piccolomini in 16th century distinguished subcortical nuclei from cortex and white matter. However Willis' conceptualized the corpus striatum as the seat of motor power in the late 17th century. In mid-19th-century movement disorders were localized to striatum by Choreaby Broadbent and Jackson, and athetosis by Hammond. By the late 19th century, many movement disorders were described but for most no pathologic correlate was known.[7]

## References[edit | edit source]

1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Jankovic, Joseph; Lang, Anthony E. (2022). "24. Diagnosis and assessment of Parkinson Disease and other movement disorders". In Jankovic, Joseph; Mazziotta, John C.; Pomeroy, Scott L. (eds.). Bradley and Daroff's Neurology in Clinical Practice. Vol. I. Common neurological problems (8th ed.). Edinburgh: Elsevier. pp. 310–333. ISBN 978-0-323-64261-3. Archived from the original on 2023-07-01. Retrieved 2023-05-25.
2. ↑ Singer, Harvey S.; Mink, Jonathan; Gilbert, Donald L.; Jankovic, Joseph (2015-10-27). Movement Disorders in Childhood. Academic Press. ISBN 9780124115804.
3. ↑ Poewe, Werner; Jankovic, Joseph (2014-02-20). Movement Disorders in Neurologic and Systemic Disease. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107024618. Archived from the original on 2019-12-16. Retrieved 2022-02-20.
4. ↑ Flemming, Kelly; Jones, Lyell (2015-06-15). Mayo Clinic Neurology Board Review: Clinical Neurology for Initial Certification and MOC. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190244934. Archived from the original on 2019-12-16. Retrieved 2022-02-20.
5. ↑ "MedlinePlus: Movement Disorders". Archived from the original on 2016-07-04. Retrieved 2022-02-20.
6. ↑ Baizabal-Carvallo, JF; Jankovic J. (2012-07-18). "Movement disorders in autoimmune diseases". Movement Disorders. 27 (8): 935–46. doi:10.1002/mds.25011. PMID 22555904. S2CID 25191890.
7. ↑ Lanska, Douglas J. (2010-01-01). "Chapter 33: the history of movement disorders". Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 95: 501–546. doi:10.1016/S0072-9752(08)02133-7. ISBN 9780444520098. ISSN 0072-9752. PMID 19892136.

## External links[edit | edit source]

Classification|

* ICD-10: F44.4, F98.4, G25.8-G25.9, R25
* ICD-9-CM: 333.9, 781.0
* MeSH: D009069

|

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Emotional and behavioral disorders

Emotional/behavioral|

* ADHD
* Conduct disorder
* Oppositional defiant disorder
* Emotional/behavioral disorder (EBD)
* Separation anxiety
* Social functioning
* Selective mutism
* RAD
* DAD
* Tic disorders
* Tourette syndrome
* Speech disorders
* Stuttering
* Cluttering
* Stereotypic movement disorder
* Elimination disorders
* Enuresis
* Encopresis

* v
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Diseases of the nervous system, primarily CNS

Inflammation|

| Brain|

* Encephalitis
* Viral encephalitis
* Herpesviral encephalitis
* Limbic encephalitis
* Encephalitis lethargica
* Cavernous sinus thrombosis
* Brain abscess
* Amoebic

|

Brain and spinal cord|

* Encephalomyelitis
* Acute disseminated
* Meningitis
* Meningoencephalitis

Brain/
encephalopathy|

| Degenerative|

| Extrapyramidal and
movement disorders|

* Basal ganglia disease
* Parkinsonism
* PD
* Postencephalitic
* NMS
* PKAN
* Tauopathy
* PSP
* Striatonigral degeneration
* Hemiballismus
* HD
* OA

* Dyskinesia
* Dystonia
* Status dystonicus
* Spasmodic torticollis
* Meige's
* Blepharospasm
* Athetosis
* Chorea
* Choreoathetosis
* Myoclonus
* Myoclonic epilepsy
* Akathisia

* Tremor
* Essential tremor
* Intention tremor
* Restless legs
* Stiff-person

|

Dementia|

* Tauopathy
* Alzheimer's
* Early-onset
* Primary progressive aphasia
* Frontotemporal dementia/Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
* Pick's
* Dementia with Lewy bodies
* Posterior cortical atrophy

* Vascular dementia

Mitochondrial disease|

* Leigh syndrome

Demyelinating|

* Autoimmune
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* For more detailed coverage, see Template:Demyelinating diseases of CNS

Episodic/
paroxysmal|

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|

Headache|

* Migraine
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Cerebrovascular|

* TIA
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Other|

* Sleep disorders
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CSF|

* Intracranial hypertension
* Hydrocephalus
* Normal pressure hydrocephalus
* Choroid plexus papilloma
* Idiopathic intracranial hypertension
* Cerebral edema
* Intracranial hypotension

Other|

* Brain herniation
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Both/either|

| Degenerative|

| SA|

* Friedreich's ataxia
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|

MND|

* UMN only:
* Primary lateral sclerosis
* Pseudobulbar palsy
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* LMN only:
* Distal hereditary motor neuronopathies
* Spinal muscular atrophies
* SMA
* SMAX1
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* SMALED1
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* SMA-PCH
* SMA-PME
* Progressive muscular atrophy
* Progressive bulbar palsy
* Fazio–Londe
* Infantile progressive bulbar palsy

* both:
* Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

* v
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Symptoms and signs relating to movement and gait

Gait|

* Gait abnormality
* CNS
* Scissor gait
* Cerebellar ataxia
* Festinating gait
* Marche à petit pas
* Propulsive gait
* Stomping gait
* Spastic gait
* Magnetic gait
* Truncal ataxia
* Muscular
* Myopathic gait
* Trendelenburg gait
* Pigeon gait
* Steppage gait
* Antalgic gait

Coordination|

* Ataxia
* Cerebellar ataxia
* Dysmetria
* Dysdiadochokinesia
* Pronator drift
* Dyssynergia
* Sensory ataxia
* Asterixis

Abnormal movement|

* Athetosis
* Tremor
* Fasciculation
* Fibrillation

Posturing|

* Abnormal posturing
* Opisthotonus
* Spasm
* Trismus
* Cramp
* Tetany
* Myokymia
* Joint locking

Paralysis|

* Flaccid paralysis
* Spastic paraplegia
* Spastic diplegia
* Spastic paraplegia
* Syndromes
* Monoplegia
* Diplegia / Paraplegia
* Hemiplegia
* Triplegia
* Tetraplegia / Quadruplegia
* General causes
* Upper motor neuron lesion
* Lower motor neuron lesion

Weakness|

* Hemiparesis

Other|

* Rachitic rosary
* Hyperreflexia
* Clasp-knife response

* v
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Neuroscience

* Outline of neuroscience
* History of neuroscience

Basic
science|

* Behavioral epigenetics
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